Deck 7: Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Question 1

Which of the following statements about the role of psychoanalytic theory in modern child development research is true?

A) All subsequent theories rejected the basic outlines of Freud's psychoanalytic theory.
B) One of the lasting contributions of psychoanalytic theory is its ability to capture the essence of personality during each period of development.
C) Psychoanalytic theorists' emphasis on the importance of experiences beyond infancy and early childhood is largely accepted by contemporary researchers.
D) Psychoanalytic theory has modern cross-cultural implications because contemporary researchers have psychoanalyzed individuals from all over the world.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The social smile

A) first appears during REM sleep.
B) is evoked by parent-child interaction.
C) emerges during the second week of life.
D) first appears in response to dynamic, eye-catching sights.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Imani, age 11 months, is wary of strangers. However, when his mother sits on the floor, Imani ventures a few feet away from her for a few minutes at a time, and then returns to her for emotional support. Imani is

A) engaging in effortful control.
B) exhibiting unusual behavior for a toddler with stranger anxiety.
C) using his mother as a secure base.
D) displaying avoidance rather than approach.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

From 4 to 6 months into the second year, angry expressions __________ in __________.

A) decrease; both frequency and intensity
B) increase; intensity but decrease in frequency
C) increase; both frequency and intensity
D) increase; frequency but decrease in intensity

Question 5

Infants' emotional expressions are

A) consistent across cultures and emerge in stagelike sequences.
B) easy for researchers to categorize because they are clearly recognizable.
C) hardwired at birth, and their responses to emotional cues are automatic.
D) closely tied to their ability to interpret the emotional cues of others.

Question 6

Newborn babies respond with __________ to too much or too little stimulation.

A) locked gazes
B) generalized distress
C) fear
D) "mouth-open" smiles

Question 7

Development of the social smile

A) reflects faster processing of information.
B) is highly encouraged among the Nso people.
C) varies substantially with culture.
D) appears as late as 12 to 14 weeks in German infants.

Question 8

The rise in fear after 6 months

A) keeps newly mobile babies' enthusiasm for exploration in check.
B) enables the infant to overcome obstacles.
C) prevents the child from displaying the social smile.
D) gives the infant a sense of shame and doubt.

Question 9

Baby Emma is learning to stand. Each time she falls, she looks at her dad. When he looks concerned, Emma cries. When he smiles and says, "You did it!" she tries again. Emma is using

A) a secure base.
B) emotional self-regulation.
C) social referencing.
D) effortful control.

Question 10

Sheldon, age 1, will most likely display a __________ smile for a friendly stranger.

A) sustained, wide
B) broad, "cheek-raised"
C) reserved, muted
D) "mouth-open"

Question 11

Babies' earliest emotional life consists of which two global arousal states?

A) happiness and sadness
B) fullness and hunger
C) attraction to and withdrawal from stimulation
D) happiness and fear

Question 12

In Erikson's theory, the conflict of toddlerhood is resolved favorably when parents

A) provide young children with suitable guidance and reasonable choices.
B) use appropriate and warm toilet-training techniques.
C) employ an authoritarian child-rearing style.
D) employ a permissive child-rearing style.

Question 13

According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of the first year is

A) autonomy versus shame and doubt.
B) basic trust versus mistrust.
C) initiative versus guilt.
D) industry versus inferiority.

Question 14

Infants raised in Israeli kibbutzim

A) are discouraged from developing a strong emotional bond with their mother.
B) display far greater stranger anxiety than their city-reared counterparts.
C) are routinely passed from one adult to another, which reduces their stranger anxiety.
D) show very little stranger anxiety compared with agemates.

Question 15

Laughter

A) reflects faster processing of information than smiling.
B) appears around 6 to 8 months of age.
C) first occurs in response to very gentle stimuli.
D) occurs more often when babies are interacting with new people.

Question 16

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, a healthy outcome during infancy is dependent on the

A) quantity of food offered.
B) amount of oral stimulation provided.
C) quality of caregiving.
D) availability of self-soothing.

Question 17

Basic emotions

A) are not evident in nonhuman primates.
B) are all present at birth.
C) have no evolutionary history of promoting survival.
D) are universal in humans.

Question 18

Twenty-two-year-old Daniel is overly dependent on his girlfriend. Daniel continually doubts his ability to meet new challenges. According to psychosocial theory, Daniel may not have fully mastered the tasks of __________ and __________ during infancy and childhood.

A) mistrust; shame
B) trust; doubt
C) trust; autonomy
D) autonomy; mistrust

Question 19

When an unfamiliar adult picks up Louisa, age 9 months, she begins to cry and struggles to get down. Louisa is exhibiting

A) stranger anxiety.
B) avoidant attachment.
C) insecure attachment.
D) separation anxiety.

Question 20

Which of the following statements is supported by research on emotional development?

A) Infants, children, and adults use diverse responses to express a particular emotion.
B) The emotional expressions of blind infants are exaggerated compared to infants with normal vision.
C) Babies on the visual cliff generally display a fearful facial expression but do not show other signs of fear.
D) Wide cultural differences exist in the facial expressions that people associate with different emotions.

Question 21

According to research on social referencing, which of the following responses from Tanner's mom is the most likely to encourage him to get up and try again after he falls down while learning to walk?

A) a concerned look
B) a cautious smile
C) speaking the words "oh, no!"
D) laughter combined with saying "oopsie-daisy"

Question 22

In the early months, infants

A) have only a limited capacity to regulate their emotional stress.
B) are unable to regulate any form of emotional stress.
C) are not very easily overwhelmed.
D) rely primarily on self-soothing for distraction and reorientation of attention.

Question 23

Self-conscious emotions

A) involve distinct facial expressions.
B) do not require self-awareness.
C) are universally experienced in response to the same types of situations.
D) require adult instruction in when to feel proud, ashamed, or guilty.

Question 24

Results from the groundbreaking longitudinal study on temperament conducted by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess showed that

A) temperament can increase a child's chances of experiencing psychological problems.
B) because temperament is innate, parenting practices cannot modify children's emotional styles.
C) temperament cannot protect a child from the negative effects of a highly stressful home life.
D) the psychological traits that make up temperament in childhood play a very small role in adult personality.

Question 25

Self-conscious emotions appear __________ of the __________ year.

A) in the middle; first
B) at the end; first
C) in the middle; second
D) at the end; second

Question 26

Bindi quickly establishes regular routines, is generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences. In Thomas and Chess's model of temperament, Bindi would be classified as a(n) __________ child.

A) easy
B) slow-to-warm-up
C) difficult
D) uninhibited

Question 27

Effortful control

A) requires adult instruction and modeling.
B) is regarded as a major dimension of temperament.
C) plays a limited role in mental and social development.
D) is an ability that is present at birth.

Question 28

In Rothbart's model of temperament,

A) distractibility and irritable distress are considered opposite ends of the same dimension.
B) persistence and fearful distress are considered opposite ends of the same dimension.
C) fearful distress and irritable distress distinguish between reactivity triggered by fear and reactivity due to frustration.
D) the dimensions are overly broad, such as regularity of body functions and intensity of reaction.

Question 29

Gil describes his son as calm and cautious. He describes his daughter as cheerful and energetic. Gil's descriptions refer to

A) effortful control.
B) categorical self.
C) temperament.
D) level of reactivity.

Question 30

Which of the following are self-conscious emotions?

A) guilt, shame, and pride
B) shame, doubt, and fear
C) embarrassment, pride, and sadness
D) envy, happiness, and disgust

Question 31

Self-conscious emotions

A) are present at birth.
B) are universal and basic.
C) include happiness, fear, anger, and sadness.
D) involve injury to or enhancement of our sense of self.

Question 32

Which of the following statements is supported by research on emotional self-regulation?

A) Compared with North Americans, Japanese and Chinese adults discourage the expression of strong emotion in babies.
B) Beginning in infancy, girls have a harder time regulating negative emotion than boys.
C) By the second year, toddlers are quite skilled at using language to comfort themselves.
D) Parents imitate their babies' displays of negative emotion more often than displays of positive emotion.

Question 33

Beginning in early childhood, capacitity for effortful control predicts

A) outcomes such as low academic achievement and moral immaturity.
B) characteristics such as timidity, meekness, and fearfulness of social situations.
C) the ability to engage in group participation through adolescence and adulthood.
D) favorable development and adjustment in cultures as diverse as China and the United States.

Question 34

According to Thomas and Chess, the difficult child

A) shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli.
B) is irregular in daily routines.
C) shows unique blends of temperamental characteristics.
D) displays no identifiable temperamental traits.

Question 35

According to Rothbart, individuals differ not just in their reactivity on each dimension but also in

A) effortful control.
B) self-concept.
C) goodness of fit.
D) interactional synchrony.

Question 36

Cross-cultural research indicates that

A) the situations in which adults encourage various self-conscious emotions vary from culture to culture.
B) in collectivist cultures, most children are taught to feel pride over personal achievement.
C) expressions of basic emotions differ widely from culture to culture, but expressions of self-conscious emotions are universal.
D) in individualistic cultures, most children are taught to feel embarrassment over personal achievement.

Question 37

Alice is inactive, shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli, and adjusts slowly to new experiences. In Thomas and Chess's model of temperament, Alice would be classified as a(n) __________ child.

A) slow-to-warm-up
B) uninhibited
C) difficult
D) easy

Question 38

After being gently scolded for taking a toy away from his cousin, 20-month-old Rainer lowers his eyes, hangs his head, and hides his face with his hands. Rainer is expressing

A) envy.
B) shame.
C) pride.
D) empathy.

Question 39

Emotional self-regulation requires

A) emotional contagion.
B) goodness of fit.
C) automatic processing of information.
D) voluntary, effortful management of emotions.

Question 40

Evan covers his eyes when the Wicked Witch of the West appears on the screen while he is watching The Wizard of Oz. Evan is using

A) a secure base.
B) emotional self-regulation.
C) social referencing.
D) self-soothing.

Question 41

In families with several children,

A) parents tend to look for similarities between siblings.
B) parents often regard siblings as less distinct than other observers do.
C) both identical and fraternal twins tend to become increasingly similar in personality with age.
D) parents' tendency to emphasize each child's unique qualities affects their parenting practices.

Question 42

Goodness of fit is

A) only effective with sociable, securely attached children.
B) rarely successful with difficult children.
C) only effective with infants and toddlers.
D) at the heart of infant-caregiver attachment.

Question 43

Which of the following statements about observations of children conducted in the home or laboratory is true?

A) In homes, observers find it easier to capture rare but important events.
B) Researchers can better control children's experiences in the lab.
C) Fearful children tend to respond better in a lab setting than in their own homes.
D) Observations by researchers in the home or laboratory are usually more subjective than parental reports.

Question 44

The ethological theory of attachment

A) suggests that the infant's emotional tie to the mother is the foundation of all later relationships.
B) recognizes the infant's emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival.
C) emphasizes the importance of feeding as the central context in which caregivers and babies build close emotional bonds.
D) suggests that infants learn to prefer their mother because she functions as both a primary caregiver and a social partner.

Question 45

__________ involves creating child-rearing environments that recognize each child's temperament while simultaneously encouraging more adaptive functioning.

A) Goodness of fit
B) Social referencing
C) Emotional self-regulation
D) Effortful control

Question 46

Observation of which of the following children is likely to provide a researcher with the most accurate long-term prediction of temperament?

A) Quinn, a newborn
B) Ava, age 12 months
C) Samantha, age 2
D) Tyson, age 4

Question 47

Jazmin, age 18 months, cries and climbs on her mother when she attempts to leave Jazmin with a babysitter. Jazmin is displaying

A) an internal working model.
B) interactional synchrony
C) social referencing.
D) separation anxiety.

Question 48

In which of Bowlby's phases do children negotiate with the caregiver, using requests and persuasion to alter the caregiver's goals?

A) preattachment
B) "attachment in the making"
C) "clear-cut" attachment
D) formation of a reciprocal relationship

Question 49

Compared with North American Caucasian infants, Chinese and Japanese babies tend to be

A) less irritable.
B) more active.
C) less inhibited.
D) more vocal.

Question 50

Baby Jane has begun to develop a sense of trust. She expects that her mother will respond when signaled. But Jane does not protest when separated from her mother. In which of Bowlby's phases does Jane best fit?

A) preattachment
B) "attachment in the making"
C) "clear-cut" attachment
D) formation of a reciprocal relationship

Question 51

Professor Hardwick is interested in the strong affectionate tie children have with special people in their lives that leads them to experience pleasure and joy when they interact with those people and to be comforted by their nearness in times of stress. Professor Hardwick studies

A) attachment.
B) goodness of fit.
C) temperament.
D) sociocultural theory.

Question 52

Consistently, the short 5-HTTLPR genotype combined with maladaptive parenting leads to

A) externalizing problems, including defiance and aggression.
B) inhibited social behavior and very low rates of peer acceptance.
C) decreased emotional reactivity as a result of withdrawal.
D) increased fearfulness during maternal separation.

Question 53

Brendon reacts negatively to and withdraws from novel stimuli. He could be classified as a(n) __________ child.

A) sociable
B) shy
C) easy
D) uninhibited

Question 54

Research on the role of heredity in temperament indicates that

A) heritability estimates derived from twin studies suggest a major role for genetic factors in temperament and personality.
B) identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins across a wide range of temperamental traits and personality measures.
C) only 5 to 10 percent of individual differences in temperament have been attributed to differences in genetic makeup.
D) heritability estimates are much higher for expressions of positive emotion than for negative emotion.

Question 55

Which of the following is more likely to be found in shy children than in sociable children?

A) a higher heart rate from the first few weeks of life
B) lower levels of amygdala activity in response to novel stimuli
C) lower levels of saliva concentrations of cortisol
D) a drop in blood pressure when faced with novelty

Question 56

In the 1950s, a famous experiment of rhesus monkeys reared with terry-cloth and wire-mesh "surrogate mothers" provided evidence that

A) attachment does not depend on hunger satisfaction.
B) the infant's characteristics play the largest role in the relationship.
C) sensitive caregiving is key to the development of a secure attachment pattern.
D) attachment security in infancy is highly dependent on hunger satisfaction.

Question 57

Research on sex differences in temperament shows that

A) girls are more daring than boys, and they have a large advantage in effortful control.
B) boys are more anxious and timid than girls, and they are slightly more impulsive.
C) girls' advantage in effortful control contributes to better school performance.
D) boys are more active than girls, but they also tend to be more anxious and timid.

Question 58

The overall stability of temperament is

A) moderate in infancy and toddlerhood.
B) low from the preschool years on.
C) low in infancy and toddlerhood.
D) high from the preschool years on.

Question 59

Results of Jerome Kagan's longitudinal research on the development of shyness and sociability found that

A) about 70 percent of 4-month-olds were easily upset by novelty.
B) nearly all of the extreme groups retained their temperamental styles as they get older.
C) most children's dispositions became less extreme over time.
D) as infants, more children were shy than were highly sociable.

Question 60

Studies indicate that children who possess the __________ 5-HTTLPR gene show increased irritability when their mothers' anxiety about parenting increases.

A) long
B) short
C) mutated
D) normal

Question 61

Three-year-old Cara knows that her mother will pick her up from preschool every day after snacktime. Cara seeks comfort from her mother whenever she is in an unfamiliar or stressful situation. These examples show that Cara has developed

A) an internal working model.
B) effortful control.
C) interactional synchrony.
D) a categorical self.

Question 62

__________ babies tend to receive overstimulating, intensive care.

A) Avoidant
B) Secure
C) Disorganized/disoriented
D) Resistant

Question 63

Baby Ashley picks up her ball and says, "Ball!" Ashley's father responds with a big smile and an enthusiastic, "That's right! Ball!" In return, Ashley laughs. When Ashley is tired and crying, her father picks her up, rubs her back, and sings softly to her. Ashley and her father are engaged in

A) attachment in the making.
B) social referencing.
C) goodness of fit.
D) interactional synchrony.

Question 64

__________ adult-infant coordination, in which interactional synchrony occurs, is the best predictor of attachment security.

A) Loose
B) Tight
C) Moderate
D) Variable

Question 65

In the Strange Situation, Richard is unresponsive to his mother when she is present. When she leaves, Richard reacts to the stranger in much the same way as to his mother. When his mother returns, Richard pays no attention to her. Richard is demonstrating __________ attachment.

A) insecure-avoidant
B) secure
C) disorganized/disoriented
D) insecure-resistant

Question 66

Separation protest declines during which of Bowlby's phases?

A) preattachment
B) "attachment in the making"
C) "clear-cut" attachment
D) formation of a reciprocal relationship

Question 67

Studies of institutionalized adoptees indicate that

A) it is imperative that the first attachment bond develop within the first year of life.
B) late adoptees, placed in homes after age 4, do not display social or emotional problems.
C) late adoptees are likely to shy away from adult attention once adopted.
D) a first attachment can develop as late as 4 to 6 years of age.

Question 68

In designing the Strange Situation, Mary Ainsworth and her colleagues reasoned that securely attached infants and toddlers

A) should use the parent as a secure base from which to explore in an unfamiliar setting.
B) are just as easily comforted by an unfamiliar adult as by the parent.
C) combine anger and clinginess when reunited with a parent who has left the room for a time.
D) do not show distress when the parent leaves the room.

Question 69

In the Strange Situation, Juan uses his mother as a secure base. When she leaves the room, Juan cries for a few minutes. When she returns, Juan seeks contact with her and then begins to explore toys once again. Juan is displaying characteristics of __________ attachment.

A) insecure-avoidant
B) secure
C) disorganized/disoriented
D) insecure-resistant

Question 70

Drawing on cross-cultural research on attachment, which of the following infants is most likely to display an insecure-avoidant attachment?

A) Gretchen, who is from Germany
B) Yuri, who is from Japan
C) Darius, who is from the United States
D) Sascha, who is from an Israeli kibbutz

Question 71

In low-SES families with many daily stresses, attachment generally

A) changes from insecure pattern to another.
B) remains stable.
C) moves toward security.
D) fluctuates between security and insecurity.

Question 72

According to Bowlby, out of their experiences during the four attachment phases, children

A) learn autonomy and develop self-soothing because they learn that the caregiver cannot be relied upon during stress.
B) move from secure attachment to insure attachment and, over time, back again to secure attachment.
C) construct enduring an affectionate tie to the caregiver that they can use as a secure base in the parent's absence.
D) commonly develop either avoidant or resistant attachment styles before settling into a secure attachment.

Question 73

In the Strange Situation, Kimani seeks closeness to her mother and fails to explore. When her mother leaves, Kimani is distressed. When she returns, Kimani hits her. Kimani is displaying characteristics of __________ attachment.

A) insecure-avoidant
B) secure
C) disorganized/disoriented
D) insecure-resistant

Question 74

In the Strange Situation, Antwan ignores his mother and displays and odd, frozen posture. He does not cry when his mother leaves the room. When she returns, Antwan looks away when she is holding him. Antwan is displaying characteristics of __________ attachment.

A) insecure-avoidant
B) secure
C) disorganized/disoriented
D) insecure-resistant

Question 75

Which of the following statements about attachment is supported by research?

A) Mothers of resistant infants tend to be overstimulating and intrusive.
B) Securely attached infants often receive inconsistent care.
C) Persistently depressed mothers tend to promote an avoidant attachment classification.
D) Mothers of resistant infants are often unresponsive to infant signals.

Question 76

Japanese infants rarely show __________ attachment.

A) disorganized/disoriented
B) avoidant
C) resistant
D) secure

Question 77

Research on infant attachment of the Dogon people of Mali, Africa, revealed no one showed __________ attachment to their mothers.

A) resistant
B) avoidant
C) secure
D) disorganized/disoriented

Question 78

The Attachment Q-Sort

A) is not suitable for children between 1 and 5 years.
B) is less time-consuming than the Strange Situation.
C) does not differentiate between types of insecurity.
D) taps fewer attachment-related behaviors than the Strange Situation.

Question 79

Studies of adopted children who spent their first year or more in deprived Eastern European orphanages indicate that

A) late adoptees, placed in homes after age 4, have more difficulty bonding with their adoptive parents.
B) adoptees do not typically show social or emotional problems if adopted before the age of 6.
C) fully normal emotional development depends on establishing a close tie with a caregiver early in life.
D) adoptees' delays and impairments tend to disappear in middle childhood.

Question 80

__________ is moderately related to attachment security in diverse cultures and SES groups.

A) Goodness of fit
B) Social referencing
C) Grandparent primary caregiving
D) Sensitive caregiving