Deck 11: Physical Development in Middle Childhood

Question 1

Which of the following changes could you anticipate for the child of Ethiopian immigrants who relocated to the United States?

A) She will be taller and longer-legged than her agemates in Ethiopia.
B) She will be heavier and have thicker bones than her agemates in Ethiopia.
C) She will be taller than her parents, but will have shorter legs.
D) She will be shorter and start menstruation later than her agemates in Ethiopia.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Worldwide,

A) the shortest children can be found in hot, tropical regions.
B) body size always reflects evolutionary adaptations, regardless of environment.
C) growth norms can be applied universally to children age 8 and older.
D) a 9-inch gap exists between the smallest and the largest 8-year-olds.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

If they are typical of most children, then 7-year-old Julia is __________ 7-year-old David.

A) slightly shorter than
B) significantly taller than
C) slightly heavier than
D) the same height as

Answer 3

A

Question 4

In most industrialized nations, the secular gain in

A) boys' height and weight outpaces girls'.
B) height is continuing.
C) weight has slowed.
D) weight is continuing.

Question 5

Between ages of 6 and 12,

A) liagments become firmly attached to bones.
B) the bones of the body shorten and narrow.
C) all 20 primary teeth are lost and replaced by permanent ones.
D) primary teeth are gradually lost, starting with the molars.

Question 6

By age 9, the sex difference in the growth trend

A) stabilizes.
B) accelerates.
C) reverses.
D) slows.

Question 7

Sisters Hillary and Jennica are taller and heavier than their mother was at their age. This is an example of

A) a generative effect.
B) malocclusion.
C) a secular trend.
D) evolutionary adaptation.

Question 8

Grace, a third grader, is beginning to get many of her permanent teeth. Her mom is concerned because Grace's permanent teeth seem much too large. What can you tell Grace's mom?

A) Grace's permanent teeth will appear shorter as they "settle" in to her jaw.
B) As Grace loses all 24 of her primary teeth, the permanent teeth will appear smaller.
C) As Grace's neck and torso grow, her teeth will appear smaller.
D) Grace's jaw and chin bones will grow to accommodate the newly erupting teeth.

Question 9

During middle childhood, the bones of the body

A) stop growing.
B) shorten and narrow.
C) lengthen and broaden.
D) firmly attach to ligaments.

Question 10

Growth norms

A) should be applied universally.
B) are not applicable to ethnic minorities.
C) must be applied cautiously.
D) consider height but not weight.

Question 11

Akna is short and stocky. She probably lives in a

A) cold, Arctic area.
B) disease-ridden region.
C) wealthy nation.
D) tropical locale.

Question 12

In terms of growth norms, which of the following children is most likely to be the shortest?

A) Shane, who is from Australia
B) Rosa, who is from Colombia
C) Daryl, who is from Canada
D) Alice, who is from the United Kingdom

Question 13

After age 8, girls begin __________ at a faster rate than boys.

A) accumulating fat
B) adding muscle
C) pruning synapses
D) upper body growth

Question 14

In regions with widespread poverty, famine, and disease,

A) either no secular change or a secular decrease in body size has occurred.
B) a secular increase in body size exists, but it is delayed.
C) increases in overweight and obesity are widespread.
D) the secular gain in height has slowed in recent decades.

Question 15

Which of the following factors affects cultural differences in physical size?

A) climate
B) gender
C) cultural beliefs
D) crime rates

Question 16

Emma, age 8, can turn cartwheels, do the splits, and do handsprings. This is probably due to which two factors of growth in middle childhood?

A) ligaments not firmly attached to bones and increasing muscle strength
B) hardening and lengthening of the bones and tightening of ligaments
C) muscles that are loosely attached to bones and undeveloped muscle tone
D) underdeveloped hip joints and muscles that do not fully develop until adolescence

Question 17

Secular trends in physical growth involve changes in body size

A) from one region to another.
B) as a result of evolutionary adaptation.
C) from one generation to the next.
D) as a result of periodic growth spurts.

Question 18

On average, the dramatic adolescent growth spurt occurs __________ earlier in girls than in boys

A) 6 months
B) 1 year
C) 18 months
D) 2 years

Question 19

At age 6, the average North American child

A) weighs about 60 pounds.
B) begins to add about 7 pounds in weight each year.
C) is 3½ feet tall.
D) begins to grow at a rate of 4 to 5 inches each year.

Question 20

Most children need help with __________ until about 9 years of age.

A) tooth brushing
B) flossing
C) properly using mouthwash
D) rinsing after tooth brushing

Question 21

A body mass index (BMI) above the 95th percentile for a child's age and sex is considered

A) underweight.
B) normal.
C) overweight.
D) obese.

Question 22

Secretions of particular __________ are related to social and emotional adjustment.

A) gray matter
B) neurotransmitters
C) synapses
D) growth hormones

Question 23

June's mom is concerned that she is not eating a well-balanced diet. One solution is to

A) make sure she eats three healthy meals a day, but allow at least one junk food snack between meals.
B) keep cheese, fruit, raw vegetables, and peanut butter readily available for snacks.
C) make sure to have new, novel healthy food items available for snacks.
D) allow her to make her own food choices because children naturally select balanced diets.

Question 24

Milo's neurotransmitters are not present in appropriate balances. He has begun to experience seizures and loss of motor control. Milo may suffer from

A) epilepsy.
B) cerebral palsy.
C) muscular dystrophy.
D) autism.

Question 25

A common way to treat malocclusion is by

A) requiring regular teeth cleaning.
B) filling all cavities promptly.
C) putting braces on the teeth.
D) flossing at least three times per week.

Question 26

Jane, age 7, is a thumb sucker. As a result, Jane is at risk for

A) tooth decay.
B) malocclusion.
C) gum disease.
D) premature tooth loss.

Question 27

In developing countries, rates of obesity have risen as a result of

A) misinformation about good nutrition.
B) diets low in meats and energy-dense refined foods.
C) an urbanized shift toward sedentary lifestyles.
D) the positive side effects of increased contact with industrialized nations.

Question 28

Which of the following children is the most likely to suffer from untreated tooth decay?

A) Devon, who lives in a single-parent household
B) Vincent, who is low-SES
C) Penny, who is an only child
D) Jiyeon, who is Korean American

Question 29

According to longitudinal research, a parent-reported diet high in sugar, fat, and processed food in early childhood predicted __________ IQ at age 8.

A) much higher
B) average
C) slightly lower
D) significantly lower

Question 30

Eight-year-old Elijah is one of 32 percent of U.S. children who are

A) overweight.
B) obese.
C) malnourished.
D) morbidly obese.

Question 31

Seven-year-old Sanjay would likely say he __________ after eating junk foods.

A) feels better
B) focuses better
C) is happier
D) feels sluggish

Question 32

Pax suffers from malnutrition. Which of the following statements is probably correct?

A) Pax will produce less cortisol and be nonresponsive to stressful situations.
B) Pax will suffer from impaired motor coordination and inattention.
C) Pax will exhibit normal motor skills, but altered psychological functioning.
D) Pax will display normal psychological functioning, but delayed motor functioning.

Question 33

White matter

A) decreases steadily throughout childhood.
B) consists largely of myelinated nerve fibers.
C) does not exist in the prefrontal cortex.
D) contains mostly of neurons and supportive material.

Question 34

Gray matter

A) replaces white matter in middle childhood.
B) consists largely of myelinated nerve fibers.
C) increases steadily throughout childhood and adolescence.
D) declines as synaptic pruning and death of surrounding neurons proceed.

Question 35

Researchers believe that brain functioning may improve in middle childhood partly because of

A) rapid brain growth.
B) an overabundance of gray matter.
C) the influence of hormones.
D) the decrease in white matter.

Question 36

Pruning and reorganization of brain circuits lead to

A) decreased capacity for inhibition.
B) increased incidences of seizures.
C) poorer sustained attention.
D) gains in working-memory capacity.

Question 37

More than 50 percent of U.S. children

A) have untreated tooth decay.
B) suffer from malocclusion.
C) have at least some tooth decay.
D) need braces by age 10.

Question 38

Which of the following is a cause of malocclusion?

A) sleeping with a bottle
B) eating too many sweets
C) wearing braces
D) crowding of permanent teeth

Question 39

_________ increases by only 10 percent during middle childhood and adolescence.

A) White matter
B) The weight of the brain
C) Gray matter
D) The number of synapses

Question 40

Eating an evening meal with parents leads to a diet lower in

A) carbohydrates.
B) milk products.
C) fast foods.
D) prepackaged foods.

Question 41

Which of the following children is most likely to have myopia?

A) Travis, who lives in a low-SES household
B) Deanna, whose parents have good eyesight
C) Allie, who weighed 8 pounds at birth
D) Xiou Chen, who spends much time reading

Question 42

By the end of the school years, nearly 25 percent of all children have

A) otitis media.
B) myopia.
C) nocturnal enuresis.
D) asthma.

Question 43

Ten percent of U.S. school-age children suffer from nocturnal enuresis, which refers to

A) nightmares.
B) bedwetting during the night.
C) a brief period when breathing stops temporarily.
D) fear of the dark.

Question 44

During middle childhood, the Eustachian tube becomes longer, narrower, and more slanted, resulting in __________ of __________.

A) more frequent bouts; otitis media
B) higher rates; strep throat
C) lower rates; sinus infections
D) reduced incidence; otitis media

Question 45

As many as 20 percent of low-SES children develop __________ as a result of repeated middle ear infections.

A) cancer
B) otitis media
C) some hearing loss
D) minor brain damage

Question 46

Which of the following people most likely has a genetic susceptibility to overweight, which emerges only under Western dietary conditions?

A) Ray, who is of Cherokee descent
B) Wes, who is of Samoan descent
C) Andrea, who is of Colombian descent
D) Carrie, who is of African descent

Question 47

The most effective interventions for childhood obesity are

A) family-based and focus on changing behaviors.
B) crash diets that are high in fiber and low in carbohydrates.
C) school-based programs that focus on physical activity.
D) sports that emphasize individual competition.

Question 48

Studies reveal that children who __________ are more likely to be overweight later in life.

A) eat more slowly
B) get less nightly sleep
C) have limited TV access
D) are responsive to internal hunger cues

Question 49

Jonathan, age 10, was born underweight because his mother smoked during pregnancy. Jonathan is at risk for

A) obesity.
B) anorexia.
C) bulimia.
D) a fast basal metabolism.

Question 50

Which of the following children is at risk for excessive weight gain?

A) Lauralee, whose parents are normal weight
B) Stewart, who was malnourished in the past
C) Zachary, who was breastfed for two years
D) Donna, whose parents are vegans

Question 51

Chronic stress triggers __________, which, in turn, frequently induces a raging appetite and subsequent weight gain.

A) insulin resistance
B) diabetes
C) parental overfeeding
D) a sedentary lifestyle

Question 52

Which of the following statements about nocturnal enuresis is true?

A) The condition is usually sporadic and has no hereditary ties.
B) More girls suffer from nocturnal enuresis than boys.
C) Enuresis can be caused by a failure of muscular responses that inhibit urination.
D) Punishing a school-age child for wetting the bed usually decreases the occurrence.

Question 53

Kwame's parents are immigrants. As children, they suffered from long periods of food deprivation. As a result, they pressure Kwame to eat. This practice could

A) lead Kwame to establish a higher basal metabolism rate.
B) disrupt Kwame's appetite control centers in his brain.
C) undermine Kwame's ability to regulate his own food intake.
D) ensure that Kwame eats a well-balanced diet.

Question 54

Which of the following statements about the consequences of obesity is true?

A) The consequences of obesity rarely continue into adulthood.
B) Obese children tend to show better school achievement than their healthy-weight agemates.
C) Overweight adults are less likely than their normal-weight agemates to be rented apartments.
D) Obese children seldom experience social isolation that persists into adolescence.

Question 55

__________ is the most common vision problem in middle childhood.

A) Presbyopia
B) Tunnel vision
C) Astigmatism
D) Myopia

Question 56

Schools can help reduce obesity by

A) serving fewer meals.
B) offering more sports.
C) ensuring regular physical activity.
D) increasing vending machine access.

Question 57

Rewarding children for __________ leads to greater liking for physical activity.

A) time spent exercising
B) reducing sedentary time
C) eating smaller portions
D) documenting caloric intake

Question 58

Myopia is one of the few health conditions to

A) decrease with age.
B) be entirely preventable.
C) increase with SES.
D) be naturally reversible.

Question 59

Childhood obesity in China

A) is influenced by cultural beliefs that excess body fat represents prosperity and health.
B) is especially high in rural regions and nearly nonexistent in urban areas.
C) is far more prevalent among young girls than among boys.
D) peaked in the 1980s and has decreased in the last 25 years.

Question 60

Overweight children

A) are at low risk for emotional problems.
B) are likely to have overweight parents.
C) decide when to eat on the basis of hunger.
D) spend very few hours watching television.

Question 61

Which of the following statements about chronically ill children is true?

A) About 10 percent of U.S. children suffer from severe chronic illnesses.
B) Children with chronic illnesses usually outperform agemates on academic progress.
C) A strong link exists between good family functioning and child well-being for chronically ill children.
D) Most chronically ill children fare well in emotional and social adjustment.

Question 62

__________ leads to a 9 percent reduction in __________ injuries, a leading cause of permanent physical disability and death in school-age children.

A) Wearing protective helmets; head
B) Proper use of car seats and seat belts; spinal
C) Teaching children to use crosswalks; pedestrian
D) Improving playgrounds; motor vehicle accident

Question 63

As Breanna gets older, how will her batting abilities change?

A) Her speed will increase, but her accuracy will stay the same.
B) Her speed will stay the same, but her accuracy will improve.
C) Batting motions will involve her entire body.
D) Batting motions will primarily involve her upper body.

Question 64

The most effective treatment for enuresis is/are

A) stimulants.
B) a urine alarm.
C) anxiety medication.
D) punishment.

Question 65

When Elliot engages in intense exercise, particularly in cold weather or during allergy season, his bronchial tubes fill with mucus and contract. This causes him to cough and have serious breathing difficulties. Elliot has

A) nocturnal enuresis.
B) asthma.
C) emphysema.
D) bronchitis.

Question 66

Which of the following is related to asthma?

A) obesity
B) enuresis
C) otitis media
D) myopia

Question 67

Which of the following children is most likely to be a risk-taker?

A) Priyanka, whose parents are safety-conscious
B) Jesse, whose parents strictly supervise his activities
C) Daphne, whose parents consistently enforce rules
D) Marcus, whose parents use punitive discipline

Question 68

Compared with preschoolers, school-age children are

A) physically less pliable.
B) physically more elastic.
C) more agile, but less able to balance.
D) stronger, but less agile.

Question 69

About one-third of U.S. children with chronic illnesses have

A) diabetes.
B) cystic fibrosis.
C) sickle cell anemia.
D) asthma.

Question 70

Which of the following statements about children's understanding of health is true?

A) Much health information given to children is reinforced by other sources, such as television advertising.
B) Children are able to link engaging in preventive behaviors with later health consequences.
C) Health is seldom an important goal for most school-age children, who feel good most of the time.
D) Most school-age children are unable to comprehend a wide range of health information.

Question 71

Mikkah is 8 years old and experiences nocturnal enuresis. His parents have decided against any type of treatment, feeling that he will "outgrow it." His parents should know that

A) treatment in middle childhood has immediate, positive psychological consequences.
B) enuresis is a lifelong condition and is not something that can be outgrown.
C) doing nothing is, in fact, the most effective treatment for enuresis.
D) without medical intervention, the condition can worsen and lead to other problems.

Question 72

Imparting health information to school-age children is difficult because they

A) are far more concerned about schoolwork, friends, and play.
B) have time perspectives that relate past, present, and future.
C) are typically rebellious and ignore the suggestions of authority figures.
D) are skeptical of advertising, which makes a huge effort to promote healthy living.

Question 73

Medication is __________ for treating enuresis.

A) the preferred method
B) a last resort
C) strongly discouraged
D) a short-term solution

Question 74

A ball thrown by a(n) __________ travels an average speed of 29 feet per second.

A) 6-year-old girl
B) 6-year-old boy
C) 8-year-old girl
D) 8-year-old boy

Question 75

Which of the following children is at greatest risk of suffering from asthma?

A) Shoshanna, who was born overweight
B) Lucy, who is middle-SES
C) James, who is African American
D) Haruki, whose parents do not smoke

Question 76

Parents

A) often underestimate children's safety knowledge.
B) often underestimate children's physical abilities.
C) have little influence on children's safety knowledge.
D) must be educated about children's age-related safety capabilities.

Question 77

Most efforts to impart health concepts to school-age children have __________ impact on behavior.

A) no
B) little
C) a moderate
D) a significant

Question 78

Danica, age 9, executes difficult tumbling routines. Since she started gymnastics at age 4, Danica has become more pliable and elastic. This means that Danica has improved

A) agility.
B) flexibility.
C) balance.
D) force.

Question 79

Children experience a somewhat higher rate of illness during the first two years of elementary school than later, because of

A) exposure to sick children and a immune system that is still developing.
B) a lack of immunizations required for school entry.
C) poor hygiene and a lack of preventative measures in schools.
D) increased contact with unfamiliar foods in school lunches.

Question 80

Which of the following statements about childhood injuries is true?

A) Injury fatalities decrease from middle childhood into adolescence.
B) Injury rates for girls are considerably higher than those for boys.
C) Motor vehicle accidents are the leading cause of injury fatalities in middle childhood.
D) Sports-related injuries are the second leading cause of injury in middle childhood.