Deck 10: Becoming an Adult: Physical, Cognitive, and Personality Development in Young Adulthood.

Question 1

In Western cultures, the most widely used criteria for deciding whether a person has reached adulthood are role transitions, which involve assuming new responsibilities and duties.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Physical strength, dexterity, and coordination tend to peak in the late teens and early twenties, and decline predictably thereafter.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Primary control is aimed at affecting an individual's external world, while secondary control is aimed at affecting an individual's internal world.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Baltes and colleagues (2006) have suggested that cognitive development is "plastic," which means that intellectual deficits are immutable and cannot be remediated.

Question 5

The Seattle Longitudinal Study, begun in 1956, found that primary mental abilities tend to improve until the late thirties or early forties, and begin to decline thereafter.

Question 6

Most theories of intelligence are multidimensional, which means that they view intelligence as being a combination of many different kinds of intellectual ability.

Question 7

According to Erik Erikson, the major task of young adulthood is dealing with the psychosocial conflict of intimacy versus isolation.

Question 8

If you want to have the best cholesterol levels, you should have a higher level of LDLs and a lower level of HDLs.

Question 9

Cigarette smoking is associated with many different forms of cancer, including cervix, colon, bladder, and stomach cancer.

Question 10

Generally speaking, fluid intelligence tends to improve throughout adulthood, while crystallized intelligence declines during the same years.

Question 11

Colleges define returning adult students as individuals over the age of 35 who attend college.

Question 12

The "yes means yes" approach refers to refers to the need to obtain affirmative consent at each step during a sexual encounter.

Question 13

There is some evidence that the distal cortex of the parietal lobe of the cerebrum is not fully developed until the mid-twenties, which explains why risky and "edgy" behaviors tend to decrease during these years.

Question 14

Feared selves represent who we could become and what we would like to become, as well as the specific age by which we would like those changes to occur.

Question 15

Alcoholism is viewed by most experts as being separate and different from addiction to other mind-altering substances, since it is the most easily treated form of substance-related problem.

Question 16

The vast majority of those who quit smoking cigarettes do so on their own.

Question 17

Binge drinking is defined as drinking five or more drinks in a row for men and four or more drinks in a row for women, all within the past two weeks.

Question 18

Reading comprehension, number fluency, inductive reasoning, and spatial orientation are all examples of secondary mental abilities.

Question 19

Some human developmentalists view the late teens through the early thirties as a period called "emerging adulthood," a time when one is no longer an adolescent but not quite fully an adult.

Question 20

A life-span construct refers to one's expectations about the future.

Question 21

Some developmentalists have categorized the ____ as a period called emerging adulthood.​

A) ​ages of 18 to 21 years
B) ​late teens to the mid- to late twenties
C) ​early twenties to early thirties
D) ​late teens to the early thirties

Question 22

According to Erikson, the major task for young adults is to deal with the psychosocial conflict of ____.​

A) ​identity versus role confusion
B) ​generativity versus stagnation
C) ​intimacy versus isolation
D) ​independence versus dependence

Question 23

The average age at which a person gets married in the United States has ____ since 1970.​

A) ​increased by almost seven years
B) ​decreased by four years
C) ​increased by five years
D) ​decreased by two years

Question 24

Christina is a real character. Although she is in her early twenties, she has not "slowed down" in her need for more and more intense experiences. In the last year she has gone skydiving, bungee jumping from a bridge, has gone drag racing with her boyfriend, and has experimented with some new drugs. Christina's behaviors are an example of​

A) ​identity confusion.
B) ​maturational fixation.
C) ​plasticity.
D) ​edgework.

Question 25

Colleges usually refer to students over the age of ____ as returning adult students, which implies that these individuals have already reached adulthood.​

A) ​32
B) ​28
C) ​35
D) 25​

Question 26

In most cultures, ____ is the most important rite of passage, as it is seen as a prelude to childbearing. This, in turn, provides clear evidence of reaching adulthood.

A) ​marriage
B) ​reaching puberty
C) ​graduating from school
D) ​losing one's virginity

Question 27

Morris is 43 years of age, and is going back to college part-time to earn a degree so that he can enhance his advancement prospects at his job. Morris would be considered a

A) ​returning adult student.
B) ​mid-life student.
C) ​transitional student.
D) ​nontraditional student.

Question 28

The desire to live a more "aggressive" life through physically and emotionally threatening situations on the boundary between life and death is termed ____.

A) ​motivated risk-taking
B) ​paradoxical role-confusion
C) ​enhancement
D) ​edgework

Question 29

​Nicola is 18 years old and engages in many risky behaviors. For example, she drives very fast and recklessly, and does not use any protection when having sex. If Nicola is a typical adolescent, these behaviors will ____ when she gets older.

A) ​slightly increase in frequency
B) ​remain at the same frequency level
C) ​decrease in frequency
D) ​significantly increase in frequency

Question 30

Of the following individuals, how many are in the period called emerging adulthood?Matthias, who is a 18-year-old college student; Toby, who is a 35-year-old businessman and single father of one daughter; Gunther, who is a 25-year-old law student; Liesl, who is a 13-year-old girl from a Jewish family and has recently celebrated her bat mitzvah.​

A) ​two
B) ​one
C) ​three
D) ​four

Question 31

Before a person can successfully create an intimate relationship with another person, Erikson felt that they had to first​

A) ​establish their own, independent residence.
B) ​begin their career.
C) ​complete their education
D) ​establish an identity of their own.

Question 32

During ____, there tends to be a significant drop in one's participation in risky behaviors such as driving recklessly, having sex without contraception, and engaging in extreme sports.​

A) ​young adulthood
B) ​late adolescence
C) ​early adolescence
D) ​middle adolescence

Question 33

A rite of ____ involves a ritual or ceremonial event that marks initiation into adulthood.​

A) ​demarcation
B) ​passage
C) ​maturation
D) ​arrival

Question 34

For college students ages 18 to 25, the broader college experience that includes socialization in adult roles helps foster​

A) ​the skills needed to achieve financial independence.
B) ​the transition to adulthood.
C) ​skills needed to join the workforce..
D) ​social relationships.

Question 35

How would neuroscientists explain the early adulthood shifts in behavior that are often seen in the early twenties?​

A) ​There is a decrease in cortical activity in the diencephalon-the hypothalamus and thalamus-which in turn leads to a stabilizing of endocrine activities.
B) ​There is a thickening of the corpus callosum, so information can travel more readily across the cerebral hemispheres.
C) ​There is further development in the prefrontal cortex, which is involved in higher level thinking processes.
D) ​There is increased myelination in the structures of the hindbrain-the pons, medulla, and cerebellum-which leads to greater control of impulsive behaviors.

Question 36

One researcher, Males (2009, 2010), has suggested that the brain development hypothesis that is often used to explain the transition to adulthood in young adults is wrong. Instead, Males argues that ____ is a stronger predictor of risky behavior than neurological changes.​

A) ​sexual activity or inactivity
B) ​endocrine functioning
C) ​poverty
D) ​sex

Question 37

Yacef suddenly finds himself newly married and out of school with a new job. Yacef is experiencing​

A) ​possible selves.
B) ​fluid intelligence.
C) ​reflective judgment.
D) ​role transitions.

Question 38

Neuroscience research suggests that the _____, a part of the brain involved in high-level thinking is not fully developed until a person reaches the mid-20s.​

A) ​prefrontal cortex
B) ​amygdala
C) ​corpus callosum
D) ​temporal lobe

Question 39

Raymond is about to graduate from high school. He is one of 100 seniors in his class who will be receiving their diploma this weekend. If Raymond's high school is typical of most in the United States, about ____ of these soon-to-be graduates will go right on to college.​

A) ​60
B) ​70
C) ​50
D) ​40

Question 40

In Western cultures, voting, completing an education, beginning full-time employment, leaving home and establishing financial independence, getting married, and having children are all examples of the assumption of new responsibilities that defines​

A) ​genotypical markers.
B) ​emergent shifts.
C) ​role transitions.
D) ​rites of passage.

Question 41

Which of the following groups of individuals has the lowest death rate during the early adulthood years?​

A) ​Asian and Pacific Islanders
B) ​African Americans
C) ​Latinos
D) ​European Americans

Question 42

Tom was a 40-year-old African American father of two girls, was married to his high school sweetheart, and had a thriving career as an attorney in private practice. Tragically, Tom died just two weeks after his birthday party. Statistically, the MOST LIKELY cause of his death was a(n)​

A) ​pulmonary embolism.
B) ​heart attack.
C) ​accident.
D) ​act of violence.

Question 43

Which of the following individuals is likely to establish their financial independence from their parents the earliest?​

A) ​Kelly, who graduated from high school and went right to work rather than college
B) ​Julie, who is in her second year of college
C) ​Katie, who is in her third year of medical school
D) ​Melinda, who has just started in a Master's program after graduating from college

Question 44

Conflicting results in research on Erikson's view of establishing intimacy may occur because

A) ​individuals place more importance on identity than on intimacy.
B) ​men and women resolve identity and intimacy issues differently.
C) ​friendships sometimes lead to intimacy.
D) ​there is a growing trend of men resolving intimacy issues before identity issues.

Question 45

Based on statistics, which of these 30-year-old adults is MOST LIKELY to die within a year?​

A) ​Buster, a European American male
B) ​Tamarick, an African American male
C) ​Nik, a European American female
D) ​Jean, an Asian American female

Question 46

For many people, the key to establishing their identity as an adult is achieving ____ independence.​

A) ​educational
B) ​financial
C) ​physical
D) ​political

Question 47

Young adult men between the ages of 25 and 34 are ____ times as likely to die as women of the same age.​

A) ​2.5
B) ​2.0
C) ​4.0
D) ​1.5

Question 48

Which of the following is the most common change in vision that people experience during their middle-adulthood years?​

A) ​They lose their ability to see things in the dark.
B) ​They lose some of their color vision.
C) ​They become farsighted and need reading glasses.
D) ​They become nearsighted and need glasses to see things at distance.

Question 49

Physical functioning generally peaks during​

A) ​early adolescence.
B) ​young adulthood
C) ​middle adulthood.
D) ​middle adolescence.

Question 50

The number one cause of death among Americans between the ages of 25 and 44 is​

A) ​accidents.
B) ​diabetes.
C) ​cancer.
D) ​heart disease.

Question 51

According to your textbook, the single biggest contributor to health problems in the United States is​

A) ​overeating.
B) ​smoking.
C) ​alcohol consumption.
D) ​taking illegal drugs.

Question 52

When all of the research regarding Erikson's proposed relationship between identity and intimacy is examined, it appears that​

A) ​the theory only applies to women.
B) ​there are multiple pathways to achieving identity and intimacy.
C) ​young adults who attend college achieve identity formation sooner.
D) ​the theory only applies to men.

Question 53

Roughly ____ people die each year from smoking-related illnesses, and medical treatment of smoking-related ailments costs more than ____ annually.​

A) ​220,000; $190 million
B) ​440,000; $100 billion
C) ​350,000; $1.9 billion
D) ​40,000; $19 million

Question 54

Betram is 30 years of age, and his sensory systems are changing normally for his age. Which of the following would he probably have the MOST difficulty hearing clearly?​

A) ​The high-pitched voice of his three-year old daughter.
B) ​The "bang bang bang" of the tennis shoes that are tumbling in his clothes dryer.
C) ​The announcers on a football game on television, which has the volume increased to adequate levels.
D) ​The deep, booming voice of his boss, who is leading a meeting at work.

Question 55

Your authors note that cigarette smoking is associated with an increased risk of many different types of cancer. Which of the following body parts is NOT one they identified?

A) ​cervical
B) stomach​
C) ​brain
D) ​blood (leukemia)

Question 56

To maximize your odds of being healthy, you should do all of the following EXCEPT​

A) ​avoid smoking.
B) ​eat a well-balanced, nutritional diet.
C) ​monitor your alcohol consumption.
D) ​avoid exercising too much.

Question 57

Which statement by 30-year-old Flossie, who is typical for a person of her age, is most likely false?​

A) ​"My visual acuity is about as good as it has ever been."
B) ​"I am about as strong as I will ever be."
C) ​"My hearing is not quite as good as it used to be."
D) ​"I am a lot less coordinated than I used to be."

Question 58

Your best friend William tells you that he is thinking of moving back in with his parents now that he has graduated from college. "If I do that for a year or two, I will be able to save my money and get independent much faster than if I try living on my own right away." Since you have read this chapter and know the research into this sort of thing, what would be your best response?​

A) ​This is a good idea, because men who move back in with their parents become financially independent faster, while women who do so take longer to establish such independence.
B) ​The research really supports that idea, because both men and women who live with their parents for one to three years while establishing their own career can become financially independent much faster than those who live on their own.
C) ​This is a bad idea, because women who move back in with their parents become financially independent faster, while men who do so take longer to establish such independence.
D) ​This probably isn't a good idea, because it will actually take you longer to become financially independent if you move back with them than if you live on your own.

Question 59

Physical strength, coordination, and dexterity tends to peak in the late twenties and early thirties, and then decline throughout the rest of the life for​

A) ​women, but not men.
B) ​men, but not women.
C) ​both men and women.
D) ​neither men nor women.

Question 60

Who would Erikson say is MOST capable of true intimacy?​

A) ​Cindy, who is overdependent on her boyfriend
B) ​Harrison, who is 16 years old
C) ​Burt, who finds it scary to date seriously
D) ​Aileen, who has a clear sense of identity

Question 61

The most common problem reported by college students who are frequent binge drinkers is​

A) ​missing a class.
B) having a hangover.​
C) ​having blackouts.
D) ​doing something they regret.

Question 62

The term ____ refers to the amount of energy one's body needs.​

A) ​glycemic level
B) ​body mass index
C) ​digestive efficiency
D) ​metabolism

Question 63

How is the consumption of alcohol related to the promotion of health?​

A) ​Heavy drinkers have the greatest benefits
B) ​Abstainers have the greatest benefits
C) ​Alcohol consumption has not been related to any health benefits
D) ​Moderate drinkers have the greatest benefits

Question 64

While some believe that binge drinking is just a fun thing to do at parties, the results of such behavior really contradict such a notion. Which of the following is an accurate consequence of binge drinking?​

A) ​Somewhere around 1,800 college students between the ages of 18 and 24 die every year in the United States from drinking too much.
B) ​The rates of assault on college campuses actually go down when drinking goes up, as people become too incapacitated by drinking to go out and get into trouble.
C) ​The rate of binge drinking in the general public has increased in the same proportions that it has increased among college students.
D) ​Around 700,000 college students a year are victims of alcohol-related date-rape.

Question 65

Binge drinking is defined for men as consuming ____ or more drinks in a row and for women as consuming ____ or more drinks in a row within the past two weeks.​

A) ​6; 5
B) ​5; 4
C) ​4; 3
D) ​7; 5

Question 66

Good cholesterol is to ____ as bad cholesterol is to ____.​

A) ​UDLs; MDLs
B) ​HDLs; LDLs
C) ​MDLs; UDLs
D) ​LDLs; HDLs

Question 67

The ____ campaign was launched in 2011 by the U.S. Department of Agriculture to help people make better, healthier selections when it came to their meals.​

A) ​Eating Smarter Not Larger
B) ​Food Wheel
C) ​Nutritional Pyramid
D) ​Choose My Plate

Question 68

Rose has been actively alcoholic for several years now, and she has finally decided to address the problem. If she looks to the most widely known option for treating her addiction, she will​

A) ​go to Alcoholics Anonymous.
B) ​seek support from people at her church as she attempts to overcome her addiction on her own.
C) ​engage the services of an individual psychotherapist.
D) ​start taking medications designed to make her sick when she drinks.

Question 69

In the United States, nearly ____ percent of adults between the ages of 25 and 44 years are considered heavy drinkers.​

A) ​10
B) ​7
C) ​5
D) ​12

Question 70

Why is it that many people consider alcoholism to be a form of addiction?​

A) ​Because there are always legal problems associated with such catastrophic misuse of alcohol
B) ​Because it involves physical dependence as well as the experience of withdrawal symptoms
C) ​Because there is evidence of a neurological impact of the use of alcohol in greater and greater amounts
D) ​Because there is a loss of control over the consumption of alcohol that is involved

Question 71

For smokers who successfully give up cigarettes, the risks of coronary heart disease and stroke return to that of never smokers after a period of roughly ____ years.​

A) ​15
B) ​10
C) ​18
D) ​12

Question 72

More than 90% of those who successfully stop smoking cigarettes do so​

A) ​by taking prescription medications.
B) ​by chewing nicotine gum.
C) ​on their own.
D) ​by using nicotine replacement patches.

Question 73

Ruth has been smoking cigarettes for many years, and her habit has become so severe that she smokes at least two packs every day. For which of the following medical issues is she at increased risk?​

A) ​Turner's syndrome
B) ​ulcerative colitis
C) ​Parkinson's
D) ​a fractured hip

Question 74

The American Cancer Society estimates that between 66% and 75% of those cigarette smokers who try to quit smoking end up starting up again within ____ month(s).​

A) ​one
B) ​12
C) ​six
D) ​three

Question 75

Smoking during one's lifetime has a measurable negative impact on ____ in adults over fifty years of age.​

A) social functioning​
B) ​Intimate relationships
C) ​job promotions
D) ​cognitive functioning

Question 76

Which best describes the relationship between LDLs and HDLs?​

A) ​LDLs break down HDLs
B) ​HDLs break down LDLs
C) ​LDLs transform into HDLs
D) ​HDLs transform into LDLs

Question 77

"I really think about quitting smoking," Michael often says to his friends, "but after doing it for so long I think it is too late to be of any benefit to me." What should his friends tell him?​

A) ​"You will reduce your risk of stroke and coronary heart disease to normal within 5 years of quitting smoking, so give up the cigarettes!"
B) ​"Well there's really no way to know if it would help, but you'd sure smell a lot better if you gave up the cigarettes!"
C) ​"Actually, within one year of quitting cigarettes your lungs regain their normal ability to move out mucus!"
D) ​"That's probably correct, so just keep smoking. What is most important now is that you avoid putting second-hand smoke into others' lungs."

Question 78

Stanley has just visited his cardiologist, and he is told that it would be a very good idea if he were to lower his level of low density lipoproteins and increase his level of high density lipoproteins. Which of the following would Stanley be well advised to do to make this happen?​

A) ​Add a stool softener to his medication combination.
B) ​Start taking vitamin D with "rose hips."
C) ​Start taking calcium supplements each night before bed.
D) ​Add more fiber to his diet.

Question 79

Of the following individuals, how many qualify as having experienced an episode of binge drinking? (a) Martha, who had 6 drinks within a 30 minute period at her sister's wedding about 6 weeks ago; (b) Janice, who had 3 shots of vodka in 5 minutes at the club last weekend; (c) Erik, who won a contest with his friend by having 7 shots of tequila in 7 minutes last night; (d) Aaron, who had 4 beers in an hour during the football game on Saturday.​

A) ​4
B) ​1
C) ​2
D) ​3

Question 80

Of all of the following neurotransmitters, how many are disrupted by the ingestion of alcohol? (a) norepinephrine; (b) glutamate; (c) serotonin; (d) GABA; (e) dopamine​

A) ​three
B) ​five
C) ​two
D) ​four