Deck 14: Emotional and Social Development in Early Adulthood

Question 1

More college students than in past generations __________.

A) pursue their education in a linear fashion
B) obtain their degree in three to four years
C) change majors as they explore career options
D) narrow their interests, attitudes, and values

Answer 1

C

Question 2

According to Levinson, which statement about gender differences in dreams is true?

A) Men's dreams tend to define the self in terms of relationships.
B) Both men's and women's dreams emphasize achievement in a career.
C) Women's dreams are usually more individualistic than men's dreams.
D) Most career-oriented women have "split dreams" involving both marriage and career.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Ryan is a typical emerging adult. Which of the following is he likely to say is the most essential for attaining adult status?

A) constructing a worldview
B) settling into a career
C) finishing his education
D) moving out of his parents' house

Answer 3

A

Question 4

When Yolanda thought about the future, she planned to get her first job at 22, be married by 24, and have her first child at 27, just like her older brother did. Yolanda has a well-defined __________.

A) split dream
B) social clock
C) "feminine" dream
D) life structure

Question 5

According to Vaillant, men become "keepers of meaning," or guardians of their culture, in their __________.

A) teens and twenties
B) thirties and forties
C) fifties and sixties
D) seventies and eighties

Question 6

Erikson believed that successful resolution of intimacy versus isolation prepares the individual for the middle adulthood stage, which focuses on __________.

A) initiative
B) autonomy
C) generativity
D) industry

Question 7

When Paul started his job, he developed a close relationship with Richard, a senior colleague. Richard helped Paul succeed in his job, and with Richard's help, Paul was quickly promoted. According to Levinson, Richard __________.

A) was acting out Paul's dream
B) was probably going through the age-30 transition
C) acted as a mentor to Paul
D) probably jeopardized his own dream

Question 8

According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of early adulthood is __________.

A) initiative versus guilt
B) industry versus inferiority
C) identity versus role confusion
D) intimacy versus isolation

Question 9

Today's emerging adults __________.

A) are not nearly as likely as contemporary older adults to participate in civic engagement
B) have a stronger pluralistic orientation than young people in previous generations
C) are less concerned than young people in previous generations about addressing global issues
D) have a higher voting rate than older adults in nearly all established democracies

Question 10

According to Levinson, a second transition occurs around age __________.

A) 20
B) 25
C) 30
D) 35

Question 11

Barry, a 21-year-old college student, has spent a lot of time exploring the breadth of his career options and has not yet made a commitment to a major. Johanna, age 20, committed to an engineering major and has been exploring her decision in depth. Which statement is most likely true?

A) Barry is less often anxious and depressed than Johanna.
B) Barry is higher than Johanna in emotional and social adjustment.
C) Johanna is more likely than Barry to engage in health-compromising behaviors.
D) Johanna scores higher than Barry in emotional and social adjustment.

Question 12

Which of the following 22-year-olds is the most likely to experience emerging adulthood?

A) Pramada, a middle-SES female in India
B) Percy, a high-SES male in the United Kingdom
C) Huan, a low-SES female in China
D) Albert, a high school dropout in the United States

Question 13

When a sample of 1,000 U.S. 18- to 29-year-olds diverse in SES and ethnicity was asked, "Do you consider yourself to have reached adulthood?" the majority of those between 18 and 21 gave __________ answer.

A) no
B) an emphatic "no"
C) an emphatic "yes"
D) an ambiguous "yes and no"

Question 14

According to Levinson, of the many components of the __________, usually only a few, relating to family, close friendships, and occupation, are central.

A) ego
B) internal working model
C) social clock
D) life structure

Question 15

Which statement accurately reflects a criticism of the concept of emerging adulthood?

A) The term emerging adulthood fails to describe the experience of most of the world's youths.
B) In the past, adulthood in complex societies has been attained at a distinct moment.
C) Emerging adulthood is likely to become prominent in developing countries with high poverty rates.
D) The concept of emerging adulthood is spreading in developing nations that play major roles in the global economy.

Question 16

Levinson found that during the transition to early adulthood, most young people __________.

A) focused on finding a life partner
B) constructed a dream that guided their decision making
C) became reflective about the meaning of life
D) became "keepers of meaning," or guardians of their culture

Question 17

__________ parenting in particular is linked to emerging adults' psychological well-being.

A) Overprotective
B) Permissive
C) Autonomy-supportive
D) Helicopter

Question 18

According to Vaillant, men focus on __________ in their twenties.

A) intimacy concerns
B) generativity
C) career consolidation
D) spiritual concerns

Question 19

Among economically better-off young people, __________ occurs much __________ in the lifespan than it did a generation or two ago.

A) finishing one's education; earlier
B) having children; earlier
C) marrying; later
D) attending college; later

Question 20

Following a social clock of some kind seems to foster __________.

A) feelings of distress
B) occupational flexibility
C) generativity
D) social stability

Question 21

After marriage, other-sex friendships __________.

A) increase for both sexes
B) continue to increase for men
C) continue to increase for women
D) are rare for both sexes

Question 22

Which siblings are most likely to become more frequent companions as they get older and marry?

A) brothers Virgil and Ray
B) Roderick and his younger sister, Dixie
C) Sondra and her younger brother, Jeramy
D) sisters Navaeh and Jada

Question 23

Which statement is true about mate selection?

A) Romantic love is rarely an important factor in mate selection.
B) Little support exists for the idea that "opposites attract."
C) People rarely select partners who resemble themselves.
D) Partners who are similar in personality are less likely to stay together.

Question 24

Adrian developed a secure attachment to his parents when he was a child. Adrian probably characterizes his most important adult love relationship in terms of __________.

A) shared interests, emotional distance, and status
B) dependency, security, and sacrifice
C) desperation, anxiety, and fear
D) trust, happiness, and friendship

Question 25

In the transformation from a passionate to a companionate and compassionate bond, __________ may be the aspect of love that determines whether a relationship survives.

A) passion
B) commitment
C) monogamy
D) intimacy

Question 26

Which statement is true about same-sex friendships?

A) Women generally evaluate same-sex friendships more positively than men do.
B) Men are generally more disapproving than women if friends do not meet their expectations.
C) Throughout life, men have more intimate same-sex friends than women.
D) Gay and lesbian romantic relationships rarely develop out of close same-sex friendships.

Question 27

Gloria's marriage was riddled with jealousy, emotional highs and lows, and desperation about whether her husband returned her affection. Though she offered support to her husband, Gloria did so in ways that poorly fit his needs. Based on this information, it is likely that Gloria has a(n) __________ attachment history.

A) secure
B) avoidant
C) resistant
D) trusting

Question 28

College students of Asian heritage are more likely than their Western counterparts to endorse a view of love strongly based on __________.

A) companionship
B) physical attraction
C) passion and romance
D) deep emotion

Question 29

From the college years through career exploration and settling into work roles, __________.

A) other-sex friendships increase
B) same-sex friendships cease to be vital contexts for sharing
C) same-sex friendships decrease in importance
D) siblings become more frequent companions

Question 30

Sal and Sadie have been married for 40 years. When asked to compare their current relationship to when they were newlyweds, they are most likely to say that __________.

A) their marriage has more passionate love now than earlier
B) they love each other more now than they did earlier
C) their marriage has more conflict now than it did earlier
D) they have become more like intimate friends than romantic partners

Question 31

Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love identifies __________ as three components that shift in emphasis as romantic relationships develop.

A) passion, intimacy, and commitment
B) passion, companionship, and caring
C) intimacy, emotional maturity, and dependability
D) mutual attraction, companionship, and commitment

Question 32

Which individual is the most likely to report lower-quality and less enduring love relationships?

A) Darren, a gay man who publicly advocates for LGBTQ+ rights
B) Shanelle, a heterosexual woman who has negative feelings about homosexuals
C) Anya, a lesbian who is out to her friends, family, and co-workers
D) Lionel, a gay man who harbors negative feelings toward homosexuals

Question 33

__________ love is strong at the beginning of a relationship.

A) Compassionate
B) Affectionate
C) Passionate
D) Companionate

Question 34

As young adults develop romantic ties and marry, __________.

A) same-sex friendships cease to be vital contexts for personal sharing
B) they direct more of their disclosures toward their partners
C) they disclose more to their same-sex friends
D) other-sex friendships cease to exist

Question 35

Adult friends are usually __________.

A) different in sex and age, but similar in SES
B) similar in age, but different in sex and SES
C) different in SES and age, but similar in sex
D) similar in age, sex, and SES

Question 36

Compared with women, men __________.

A) are more skilled at communicating in ways that foster intimacy
B) offer more comfort in their close relationships
C) offer less helpful support in their close relationships
D) are more skilled at negotiating conflict

Question 37

In interviews with arranged-marriage couples from diverse countries who reported that their love gradually grew over time, the contributing factor most often mentioned was __________.

A) passion
B) commitment
C) communication
D) physical attraction

Question 38

Which individual probably has the highest number of other-sex friends?

A) Alyssa, a single mother and high school dropout
B) Melina, an employed female chemist
C) Cedric, a married man in middle adulthood
D) Barry, a married father of four

Question 39

Compared to shorter-term relationships, men in longer lasting friendships __________.

A) tend to be more competitive with one another
B) are more apt to say they like to "do something" when they are together
C) disclose more personal information to one another
D) engage in more joint activities, but limit personal disclosure

Question 40

Which statement is true about perceptions of intimate relationships in Eastern cultures?

A) Trying to satisfy dependency needs through an intimate bond is regarded as immature.
B) Mature intimate relationships are based on autonomy and intense emotion.
C) Even today, young people do not resist if parents arrange a marriage with little chance of love.
D) In choosing a lifelong partner, young people are expected to consider obligations to others.

Question 41

Just 16 percent of contemporary U.S. 18- to 29-year-olds __________.

A) leave home
B) are employed
C) are married
D) return home after leaving

Question 42

Americans Faye and Max met in graduate school and married after they both graduated. They both work full-time. Which of the following is most likely true?

A) Faye and Max share housework equally.
B) Faye and Max share child-care responsibilities equally.
C) Max spends nearly twice as much time as Faye on housework.
D) Max puts in about 60 percent of weekly child-care hours that Faye does.

Question 43

Which statement is true about attitudes regarding marriage in the United States today?

A) A majority of American adults agree that marriage is becoming obsolete.
B) More than half of high-SES emerging adults say they never want to get married.
C) Most U.S. unmarried young adults say they want to marry and have children.
D) Marriage is not a central life goal for more than two-thirds of low-SES emerging adults.

Question 44

At present, 49 percent of U.S. adults __________.

A) live together as married couples
B) do not want to have children
C) have been married at least once
D) cohabit rather than marry

Question 45

Which individual is the most likely to establish early residential independence?

A) Peyton, who attends a local community college
B) Zahara, who works part-time and does not go to college
C) Makayla, whose parents are divorced and combative
D) Garland, whose parents just celebrated their 25th anniversary

Question 46

Mike and Carol are married. Mike is the head of the household. He works outside the home as an architect. Carol devotes herself to caring for Mike and their children and creating a comfortable home. They have a(n) __________ marriage.

A) egalitarian
B) arranged
C) matriarchal
D) traditional

Question 47

__________ young adults are more likely than their counterparts to marry partners of another race or ethnicity.

A) Middle-SES
B) Religious
C) Highly educated
D) Homosexual

Question 48

Within the family life cycle, stress tends to be greatest __________.

A) in early adulthood
B) in middle age
C) in late adulthood
D) during transitions between phases

Question 49

Which statement is true about the family life cycle?

A) The family life cycle represents a fixed progression of stages.
B) The family life cycle is only applicable to families in industrialized nations.
C) Few variations exist in the sequence and timing of phases in the family life cycle.
D) Some people do not experience all family life-cycle phases.

Question 50

Emma left home to attend college and lived on her own until she got married. As her own children grew up and left home, Emma's parenting responsibilities declined. She eventually retired and her husband died. This series of phases that Emma has experienced is referred to as the __________.

A) family life cycle
B) dual-loss model
C) social clock
D) cultural structure

Question 51

__________ of U.S. 18- to 25-year-olds return to their parents' home for brief periods after first leaving.

A) Just over one-quarter
B) Slightly over half
C) Three-quarters
D) Nearly all

Question 52

In families with five to ten siblings, __________.

A) intimacy is more important than commitment
B) sibling bonds are weaker than in small families
C) close sibling bonds may replace friendships
D) friends are preferred confidants over siblings

Question 53

__________ is the most consistent predictor of marital stability.

A) Religious similarity
B) Age at marriage
C) Acceptance of in-laws
D) Educational level

Question 54

In the United States today, the average age of leaving home __________.

A) resembles the departure age at the beginning of the twentieth century
B) is lower than it is in Scandinavian countries
C) is lower than the departure age in the 1960s
D) is higher than it is in Mediterranean countries

Question 55

Which young adult is more likely to live on her own?

A) Mae Ling, a first-generation Asian American
B) Aaliyah, an African-American college student
C) Julia, a well-off European American
D) Marisa, an unmarried Latina

Question 56

Typical young adults living at home in the United States today __________.

A) contribute to the family economy
B) are financially dependent on their parents
C) receive government support
D) work full-time

Question 57

Leaving home very early is associated with __________.

A) later childbearing
B) parental financial support
C) parental emotional support
D) less successful educational lives

Question 58

Most well-educated, career-oriented women expect a(n) __________ marriage.

A) matriarchal
B) traditional
C) egalitarian
D) patriarchal

Question 59

Which couple is the most likely to equally share authority and household responsibilities?

A) Emilio and Katrina, a Hispanic heterosexual couple
B) Ty and Sharone, an African-American heterosexual couple
C) Courtney and Eleanor, a European-American same-sex couple
D) Han and Anna, an Asian-American heterosexual couple

Question 60

In egalitarian marriages, __________.

A) there is a clear division of roles
B) partners share power and authority
C) the husband is the head of the household
D) the wife is responsible for family economic well-being

Question 61

Fathers frequently turn to __________ to figure out how to relate to their child.

A) experts
B) friends
C) their own fathers
D) their partners

Question 62

Which woman is more likely to delay parenthood or decide against it altogether?

A) Coral, who has a traditional gender-role orientation
B) Renée, who has a high-status, demanding job
C) Hermilia, who works at a low-level, undemanding job
D) Amanda, who is unemployed

Question 63

More people seek family therapy while parenting __________ than during any other phase of the family life cycle.

A) newborns
B) preschoolers
C) adolescents
D) young adults

Question 64

For most new parents, the arrival of a baby __________.

A) causes a serious decline in marital satisfaction
B) leads to a short-term rise in relationship satisfaction
C) does not cause significant marital strain
D) leads to a sharp increase in overall life satisfaction

Question 65

Which statement is true about parenting young children?

A) The younger the child, the lower the parents' sense of risk in finding child care.
B) Parents report that raising young children negatively affects psychological well-being.
C) Involved parents say that parenthood requires them to tune out others' feelings and needs.
D) Rearing young children is a powerful source of adult development.

Question 66

Overall, people over age 35 who have always been single __________.

A) report feeling slightly less happy than people recently divorced
B) report feeling slightly happier than people recently widowed
C) are content with their lives
D) are happier than married people

Question 67

Improved family communication, improved parent-child interaction, and social support are all benefits of __________.

A) being a stay-at-home parent
B) adopting traditional gender roles
C) having children early in a marriage
D) parent education courses

Question 68

Among U.S. adults age 40 and older, 85 percent of women and 76 percent of men __________.

A) are married
B) have been married at least once
C) are parents
D) have two or more children

Question 69

Raymond is a single, African-American, 30-year-old man. Statistically, what is the most likely reason for his singlehood?

A) religion
B) education
C) divorce
D) unemployment

Question 70

Guadalupe and Julio collaborate in parenting roles, engaging in effective coparenting. Consequently, they are __________ likely to __________.

A) less; feel competent as parents
B) more; use effective child-rearing practices
C) less; have children who are developing well
D) more; be committed to traditional gender roles

Question 71

After the birth of a child, gender roles of husband and wife usually __________.

A) become more traditional
B) become more egalitarian
C) are unaffected
D) are reversed

Question 72

The warm, affectionate relationship and affirmation of one's adult status are two of the reasons that many adults cite for choosing to __________.

A) cohabit
B) get married
C) remarry
D) have children

Question 73

Which statement is true about marital satisfaction?

A) Women report feeling slightly happier with their marriages than men do.
B) When a marriage is distressed, women are more likely than men to express dissatisfaction.
C) When a marriage is distressed, men are more likely than women to seek professional help.
D) Partners who hold overly positive biases concerning each other's attributes are less happy with their relationships.

Question 74

In today's complex world, men and women are __________ than in previous generations.

A) more skilled at raising children
B) less likely to care about parenting practices
C) less certain about how to rear children
D) more likely to place a high priority on parenting

Question 75

A second birth typically requires that fathers __________.

A) revert to a more traditional gender role around the home
B) spend more time outside the home as a wage earner
C) take an even more active role in parenting
D) tend to the older child less often

Question 76

The rate of never-married Americans age 25 and older has __________ since 1960.

A) decreased slightly
B) increased slightly
C) more than doubled
D) stayed the same

Question 77

Many perpetrators treated for partner abuse __________.

A) have no difficulty managing their anger
B) grew up in homes with authoritative parents in egalitarian relationships
C) attribute greater blame to themselves than to their partners
D) repeat their violent behavior with the same or a new partner

Question 78

One of the most common disadvantages of parenthood cited by contemporary couples is __________.

A) a decline in marital satisfaction
B) role overload
C) the necessary care and teaching
D) inability to travel

Question 79

Men with a high school diploma or less and highly educated women in prestigious careers are overrepresented among singles after age 30 because __________.

A) they are the most likely to have married and divorced young
B) women tend to "marry down" and men tend to "marry up"
C) women tend to "marry up" and men tend to "marry down"
D) they are the most likely to be closed to a long-term relationship

Question 80

In partner abuse studies spanning many countries in which people are asked directly, __________.

A) rates of assault experienced by men and women are similar
B) men are twice as likely as women to experience psychological abuse
C) women are twice as likely as men to experience physical abuse
D) partner abuse is much higher in other-sex than in same-sex relationships