Deck 10: Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood

Question 1

As school-age children move into adolescence, self-concept is increasingly vested in feedback from __________.

A) close friends
B) people within the family
C) younger children
D) the inner self

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Loren needs constant reassurance and relies heavily on peers to affirm his self-worth. His parents are probably __________.

A) indulgent
B) warm and positive
C) repeatedly disapproving and insulting
D) firm with appropriate expectations

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Beginning in middle childhood, children's self-descriptions start to emphasize __________.

A) specific behaviors and observable traits
B) industry over inferiority
C) competencies
D) their own physical attributes

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Self-esteem __________ during elementary school.

A) becomes less realistic
B) is usually low
C) becomes less nuanced
D) generally remains high

Question 5

Which self-description is 10-year-old Destiny the most likely to use?

A) "I like horses and I'm always good."
B) "I'm smart in certain subjects like math and science."
C) "I never say mean things."
D) "I run fast and always win races."

Question 6

Which child living in a low-SES, predominantly African-American neighborhood is the most likely to have self-esteem problems?

A) Patti, a European-American child
B) Tamara, an African-American girl
C) Perry, a child from a low-SES family
D) Sherman, an African-American boy

Question 7

Erikson's sense of __________ combines several developments of middle childhood: a positive but realistic self-concept, pride in accomplishment, moral responsibility, and cooperative participation with agemates.

A) trust
B) autonomy
C) identity
D) industry

Question 8

Sam is an American fourth grader. Compared to his Asian agemates, when asked to describe himself, Sam is more likely to say __________.

A) "I'm in sixth grade"
B) "I'm an older brother"
C) "I like hockey"
D) "My friends really like me"

Question 9

School-age children __________.

A) use frequent social comparisons
B) compare their own performance to that of a single peer
C) describe themselves in extreme, all-or-none ways
D) rarely describe their own negative attributes

Question 10

School-age children with a strong sense of attachment security and whose parents use a(n) __________ child-rearing style feel especially good about themselves.

A) authoritative
B) authoritarian
C) permissive
D) uninvolved

Question 11

Eleven-year-old Leah has developed a sense of competence at a number of useful skills and tasks. She has a positive but realistic self-concept and takes pride in her accomplishments. According to Erikson, Leah has __________.

A) positively resolved the psychological conflict of middle childhood
B) developed an ideal self that guides her behavior
C) not yet encountered the psychological conflict of middle childhood
D) overcome the conflict of role confusion

Question 12

Francisco, a fifth grader, shows industriousness when he __________.

A) designs a robot and enters a competition with it
B) says he is popular with most of his peers
C) attributes his poor math skills to bad luck that day
D) disagrees with his parents about cutting his hair

Question 13

Which statement about self-esteem is true?

A) Boys score higher in language arts self-esteem than girls.
B) Boys exceed girls in self-esteem dimensions of social acceptance.
C) Chinese and Japanese children score lower in self-esteem than U.S. children.
D) Compared with African-American children, European-American children have slightly higher self-esteem.

Question 14

Chao is a Chinese second grader. Compared to his Western agemates, when asked to describe himself, Chao is more likely to say __________.

A) "I'm really smart"
B) "I like to read both fiction and nonfiction"
C) "I like math and building things"
D) "My little brother is crazy about me"

Question 15

Mr. and Mrs. Rodriguez want to foster a positive, secure self-image in their son. Which approach would you suggest?

A) When he appears hesitant, make decisions for him, to model good decision-making strategies.
B) Continuously compliment his performance, even when it is less than satisfactory.
C) Encourage him to strive for worthwhile goals, because his eventual achievement will foster self-esteem.
D) Set high expectations and make it clear he is expected to work as hard as necessary to meet them.

Question 16

By age 6 to 7, children have formed at least __________ broad self-evaluations.

A) two
B) four
C) six
D) eight

Question 17

During childhood and adolescence, perceived __________ correlates more strongly with overall self-worth than does any other self-esteem factor.

A) athletic competence
B) academic competence
C) physical appearance
D) social competence

Question 18

Self-esteem takes on a hierarchical structure in __________.

A) toddlerhood
B) preschool
C) middle childhood
D) adolescence

Question 19

Natasha's parents are indulgent. As a result, she probably __________.

A) has low self-esteem
B) has unrealistically high self-esteem
C) never exhibits aggressive behavior
D) evaluates her behavior against reasonable standards

Question 20

According to Erikson, the danger in middle childhood is __________, reflected in the pessimism of children who lack confidence in their ability to do things well.

A) shame
B) mistrust
C) inferiority
D) despair

Question 21

Between the ages of 6 and 12, children become more aware __________.

A) that others' facial expressions indicate their true feelings
B) that feelings of pride and guilt primarily occur when adults are present
C) of circumstances likely to spark mixed emotions
D) that basic emotions are related to personal responsibility

Question 22

Which statement about self-conscious emotions in middle childhood is true?

A) Children feel guilty only if an adult or peer is present to witness their transgressions.
B) Children feel guilty for any mishap, including those that are accidental.
C) Pride motivates children to take on further challenges, whereas guilt prompts them to strive for self-improvement.
D) Children rarely feel guilty for cheating or lying unless they are caught or punished for their behavior.

Question 23

__________ praise implies that competence develops through effort.

A) Person
B) Process
C) Indulgent
D) Inconsistent

Question 24

Marlena is enrolled in an intervention program that encourages learned-helpless children to believe that they can overcome failure by exerting more effort. This approach is known as __________.

A) achievement motivation
B) identity achievement
C) attribution retraining
D) vicarious learning

Question 25

Eleven-year-old Darwin is more likely than 6-year-old Janeen to explain emotion by referring to __________.

A) personality traits
B) observable characteristics
C) external events
D) internal states

Question 26

Excessive guilt is linked to __________.

A) ignoring responsibilities
B) intentional wrongdoing
C) depressive symptoms
D) lying and cheating

Question 27

Appreciating mixed emotions helps children realize that __________.

A) people's expressions may not reflect their true feelings
B) negative emotions are more frequent than positive emotions
C) positive and negative emotions cannot be experienced simultaneously
D) tone of voice is a more accurate predictor of emotion than facial expressions

Question 28

Children who develop __________ attribute their failures, not their successes, to ability.

A) learned helplessness
B) mastery-oriented attributions
C) a realistically oriented view of ability
D) an ideal self

Question 29

When Desiree gets an A in language arts, she assumes it was pure luck. Desiree probably __________.

A) is a mastery-oriented child
B) has high academic self-esteem
C) appreciates that effort matters
D) is a learned-helpless child

Question 30

Children who are high in academic self-esteem and motivation make __________ attributions, crediting their successes to __________.

A) learned-helpless; luck
B) mastery-oriented; ability
C) externally focused; effort
D) achievement-related; luck

Question 31

Between __________, children improve sharply in ability to distinguish pride from happiness and surprise.

A) birth and 12 months
B) ages 2 and 3
C) ages 4 and 5
D) ages 6 and 7

Question 32

When Gwen does not do as well as Lela on a math test, she says, "Lela got lucky. I know I'm the best math student in the class and I studied for two nights!" Gwen is using __________.

A) attributions
B) person praise
C) process praise
D) retraining

Question 33

Which statement about influences on achievement-related attributions is accurate?

A) Children with a mastery-oriented style often have parents who believe that their child is not very capable.
B) When girls do not do well, they tend to receive messages from teachers and parents that their ability is at fault.
C) American parents and teachers are more likely than their Asian counterparts to view effort as key to success.
D) Low-SES ethnic minority students often receive more favorable feedback from teachers, which encourages effort.

Question 34

In __________ coping, children appraise the situation as changeable, identify the difficulty, and decide what to do about it.

A) problem-centered
B) emotion-centered
C) effort-centered
D) avoidant

Question 35

Nine-year-old Krista gives part of her allowance to charity and collects canned goods for the food bank through her scout troop. Krista is developing __________.

A) pride
B) empathy
C) guilt
D) inferiority

Question 36

Asians attend more to __________ than to __________.

A) ability; effort
B) luck; effort
C) success; failure
D) failure; success

Question 37

Despite their higher achievement, __________ often attribute poor performance to lack of __________.

A) girls; effort
B) boys; ability
C) girls; ability
D) boys; effort

Question 38

Which statement about attribution retraining is true?

A) It encourages low-effort students to focus more on grades and less on mastering a task for individual improvement.
B) It incorporates difficult enough tasks that children will experience some failure, followed by repeated feedback that helps children revise their attributions.
C) It encourages children to believe that success should be attributed to ability, rather than luck or effort.
D) Children who participate in it do not require instruction in effective strategies and self-regulation.

Question 39

Ten-year-old Lakisha is likely to experience __________ even when no adult is present.

A) guilt for any mishap
B) intense shame over a transgression
C) helplessness upon failure
D) pride in a new accomplishment

Question 40

When John succeeds, his father says, "You're so smart!" However, when he fails, his father says, "You can't do that, can you? It's okay if you quit." John's father's messages could play a key role in John's adoption of a __________.

A) fixed view of ability
B) mastery-oriented style
C) high academic self-esteem
D) healthy self-image

Question 41

Which child is probably considerably more independent and trustworthy?

A) Sayuri, who copies her morality from her older brother
B) Dane, who is positively reinforced for good behavior
C) Yessenia, who has internalized rules for good conduct
D) Joe, who believes that truth telling is always good

Question 42

Children who believe that people's personality traits are __________ rather than __________ often judge others as either "good" or "bad."

A) fixed; changeable
B) malleable; constant
C) nurtured; genetic
D) singular; mixed

Question 43

In middle childhood, __________ contribute(s) to the development of trust and sensitivity.

A) friendships
B) informal peer groups
C) peer conformity
D) formal group membership

Question 44

Fernando's parents respond sensitively and helpfully when he is distressed. Fernando is probably __________.

A) empathetic and prosocial
B) low in self-esteem
C) overwhelmed by negative emotion
D) less empathetic than his agemates

Question 45

Which child is the most likely to believe in racial and ethnic equality?

A) Yaowu, a child who attends an ethnically diverse school and shares feelings with close, cross-race friends
B) Gonzalo, a child who believes that people's personality traits are fixed rather than changeable
C) Deonte, a child with overly high self-esteem who justifies his own extremely favorable self-evaluations
D) Silvana, a child who feels good about her own ethnicity and whose parents highlight group distinctions

Question 46

During the school years, friendship becomes __________.

A) less complex
B) more psychologically based
C) more proximity based
D) less trust based

Question 47

During the school years, once a friendship forms, __________ becomes its defining feature.

A) proximity
B) stability
C) similarity
D) trust

Question 48

Poorly regulated children often experience __________.

A) hostile, dismissive parental reactions to distress
B) sensitive, helpful parental reactions to distress
C) a strong sense of emotional self-efficacy
D) a favorable self-image and an optimistic outlook

Question 49

Research confirms that an effective way to reduce prejudice is through __________.

A) segregation of children in classrooms to promote ethnic pride
B) encouraging children to view each other's personality traits as fixed
C) highlighting group distinctions and sorting children into racial and ethnic groups
D) intergroup contact in racially and ethnically diverse cooperative learning groups

Question 50

Muriel spends most of her time with a particular set of girlfriends, who are in the same classroom and are similar to her in academic achievement and popularity. Muriel is __________.

A) a controversial child
B) a popular-antisocial child
C) part of a peer group
D) part of a counterculture

Question 51

The more children believe that people can change their personalities, the __________.

A) less time they spend volunteering to help people in need
B) more they judge others as either "good" or "bad"
C) more they report liking members of disadvantaged out-groups
D) less they report seeing themselves as similar to members of disadvantaged out-groups

Question 52

Compared to Canadian agemates, Chinese schoolchildren are more likely to rate lying favorably when __________.

A) it is used to cover up antisocial acts
B) it supports the individual at the expense of the group
C) the intention is modesty
D) the intention is self-protection

Question 53

The more adults highlight __________, the more likely white children will express in-group favoritism and out-group prejudice.

A) intergroup contact
B) ethnic diversity
C) the damage caused by prejudice
D) group distinctions

Question 54

Which child is more likely to hold racial and ethnic prejudices?

A) Anna, who judges others as "good" or "bad"
B) Becky, who has high interracial contact
C) Richard, who has overly high self-esteem
D) Jared, who has an ethnically diverse family

Question 55

Research on peer groups during middle childhood shows that __________.

A) children who belong to a peer group rarely use relationally aggressive tactics to oust no longer "respected" children
B) within peer groups, children learn cooperation, leadership, followership, and loyalty to collective goals
C) most school-age children believe it is okay for a group to exclude a peer on the basis of unconventional appearance
D) formal peer groups, such as 4-H or religious youth groups, rarely satisfy children's desire for group membership

Question 56

Compared with preschoolers, school-age children __________.

A) are more physically aggressive
B) engage in more prosocial acts
C) resolve conflicts less effectively
D) use less persuasion and compromise

Question 57

Chelsea tells her classmate, "I don't like your haircut." Which child is the most likely to evaluate Chelsea's truthfulness very negatively?

A) Jesse, age 5
B) Shizuko, age 8
C) Palmira, age 6
D) Chadwick, age 4

Question 58

When Erica's best friend makes her angry, she takes a deep breath and counts to 10. Erica is using __________.

A) problem-centered coping
B) emotion-centered coping
C) mastery-oriented attributions
D) learned helplessness

Question 59

Which statement about moral development in middle childhood is true?

A) School-age children typically say truth telling is always good and lying is always bad.
B) In middle childhood, children primarily rely on reinforcement to acquire morally relevant behaviors.
C) During the school years, children construct a flexible appreciation of moral rules.
D) While school-age children think about right and wrong, they usually copy their morality from others.

Question 60

Studies in diverse Western nations confirm that by age 5 to 6, __________ children generally evaluate their own racial group favorably and other racial groups less favorably or negatively.

A) low-SES
B) immigrant
C) white
D) minority

Question 61

__________ children are at risk for poor school performance, substance abuse, and antisocial behavior in adolescence and criminality in adulthood.

A) Average
B) Controversial
C) Rejected
D) Popular

Question 62

Titus feels similar to other boys. Titus is __________.

A) gender atypical
B) gender dysphoric
C) gender typical
D) androgynous

Question 63

When classmates are asked to rate each other's likability, __________ children get many positive votes, whereas __________ children are seldom mentioned.

A) popular; neglected
B) neglected; rejected
C) popular; rejected
D) controversial; neglected

Question 64

On a measure of peer acceptance, Jed gets many negative votes and no positive ones. Jed is a __________ child.

A) neglected
B) rejected
C) controversial
D) popular-antisocial child

Question 65

The children in Nadine's class are asked to identify classmates whom they like most or like least. Nadine receives the highest number of votes, part of which are positive and part of which are negative. Nadine is a __________ child.

A) popular
B) rejected
C) controversial
D) neglected

Question 66

__________ children are likely to develop a learned-helpless approach to peer difficulties-concluding, after repeated rebuffs, that they will never be liked.

A) Controversial
B) Rejected-withdrawn
C) Rejected-aggressive
D) Popular-antisocial

Question 67

Harrison is a popular-antisocial child. Which description contains the characteristics he is likely to display?

A) He performs well in school and communicates with peers in friendly and cooperative ways.
B) He is athletically skilled but is a poor student who causes trouble and defies adult authority.
C) He displays a wide range of negative social behaviors and is overwhelmed by social anxiety.
D) He engages in low rates of interaction but does not report feeling unhappy about his social life.

Question 68

Research on peer victimization shows that __________.

A) most bullies who engage in face-to-face verbal attacks are girls
B) school codes against bullying are rarely effective at reducing peer victimization
C) interventions that change victimized children's negative opinions of themselves are helpful
D) chronic victims tend to be active when passive behavior is expected

Question 69

The largest subtype of rejected children is rejected-__________ children.

A) withdrawn
B) passive
C) prosocial
D) aggressive

Question 70

School-age friends __________.

A) usually break up their friendship within months
B) are usually opposite from one another in personality
C) tend to be similar in race, ethnicity, and SES
D) tend to be dissimilar in sociability and popularity

Question 71

Alyssa feels comfortable being a girl, which consequently makes her happy. Which self-evaluation reflects Alyssa's gender identity?

A) gender contentedness
B) gender typicality
C) felt pressure to conform to gender roles
D) gender dysphoria

Question 72

From third to sixth grade, boys tend to __________ their identification with "masculine" personality traits, whereas girls' identification with "feminine" personality traits __________.

A) strengthen; declines
B) weaken; strengthens
C) steadily maintain; accelerates over time
D) weaken; remains steady

Question 73

The best way to reduce bullying is to __________.

A) teach victims to be passive when active behavior is expected
B) promote prosocial attitudes and behaviors in youth environments
C) teach victims to fight back and mete out like behaviors
D) support exclusion of bullies from school settings

Question 74

Rejected-withdrawn children are __________.

A) extremely antagonistic
B) bullies toward younger children
C) passive and socially awkward
D) uninterested in peer interaction

Question 75

Felix has many friends and is happy with his peer relationships. But he often bullies others and engages in calculated relational aggression. Felix can be hostile and disruptive, but he also engages in positive, prosocial acts. Felix is a __________ child.

A) popular-prosocial
B) rejected-aggressive
C) controversial
D) neglected

Question 76

Elementary school teachers tend to stereotype boys who display "masculine" behavior as __________.

A) lazy and troublesome
B) diligent and compliant
C) smart and competent
D) hardworking and compliant

Question 77

Which statement about gender-atypical children in middle childhood is true?

A) Although gender-atypical children sometimes feel rejected, they seldom experience serious adjustment difficulties.
B) School-age children who experience rejection because of their gender-atypical traits suffer profoundly.
C) Experts agree that the best way to help gender-atypical children is to make them more gender typical.
D) Gender-typical and gender-atypical children show similar gains in self-esteem in third through seventh grade.

Question 78

Research shows that school-age children of both sexes __________.

A) rate "masculine" occupations as having higher status than "feminine" occupations
B) are usually tolerant when boys engage in cross-gender acts
C) often feel gender-atypical but are afraid to talk about it
D) will usually reject and ridicule a tomboyish girl

Question 79

Laquita performs well in school and communicates with her peers in friendly and cooperative ways. She is a __________ child.

A) popular-antisocial
B) controversial
C) rejected-aggressive
D) popular-prosocial

Question 80

In middle childhood, the amount of time children spend with parents __________.

A) declines slightly
B) increases slightly
C) declines dramatically
D) increases dramatically