Deck 8: Sexuality and Non-Marital Relationships

Question 1

Ira Reiss suggests that the basic reason for the universal importance of human sexuality is that it encompasses the elements of physical pleasure and self-disclosure.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

In the United States, the Judeo-Christian doctrine embodies a hedonistic orientation toward sex.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

While there has been a steady decline in negative attitudes toward premarital sex since the 1970s and 1980s, a greater percentage of both males and females now consider promiscuity immoral or sinful.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Interactional theory focuses on sexual decision making and how individuals choose what to do.

Question 5

Data from college students revealed that men reported experiencing more pleasure and less guilt from their first sexual intercourse experience than did women.

Question 6

Social network theory reminds us that sexual behavior involves a dyad who decide between them what they will or will not do.

Question 7

Researchers such as Kinsey, as well as Masters and Johnson, suggest that the anatomic structures most essential to sexual response and orgasm are nearly identical in the human male and female.

Question 8

The text takes the position that sexual orientation is an interaction of biological, cognitive, and environmental factors.

Question 9

A review of 47 studies provided support to the notion that sex education tends to promote promiscuity and/or earlier sexual activity.

Question 10

The author argues for and research supports the idea that teaching students to "just say no" is an extremely effective method of preventing intercourse and pregnancy.

Question 11

Research by Masters and Johnson suggested that, in general, women tend to respond faster, more intensely, and longer to sexual stimulation than do men.

Question 12

Peer sexual behavior was found to be a significant predictor of adolescent sexual behavior for both sexes, but stronger for males.

Question 13

Data on teenagers suggest an actual decline in the 1990s in the percentage reporting sexual intercourse.

Question 14

The decision to engage in sexual activity is seldom influenced by school based clinics or sex education programs.

Question 15

Both strict and lenient parental disciplinary patterns were found to result in lower levels of sexual permissiveness with the highest permissiveness among adolescents with moderately strict parents.

Question 16

Findings support the hypothesis that individuals brought up in sexually conservative homes have less premarital heterosexual involvement than those from more liberal home environments.

Question 17

The use of cigarettes, alcohol, and illegal drugs increases the risk of early sexual behavior for both adolescent females and males.

Question 18

Sexual scripting is designated at the moment of birth or when one is identified as male or female.

Question 19

There are no societies that do not regulate and control the sexual behavior of its members.

Question 20

Heteronormativity is intended to convey a social process whereby the rules or scripts for acceptable social behavior are constructed by labeling unacceptable behaviors and attaching negative images and sanctions to those labels.

Question 21

In a sociological analysis of human sexuality, Ira Reiss

A) defines sexuality as erotic and genital responses produced by the cultural scripts of a society.
B) demonstrates that some societies have very few regulations on human sexual expression.
C) suggests that certain sexual behaviors such as extramarital intercourse are taboo in nearly all known societies.
D) does all of the above three.

Question 22

High-risk sexual behavior refers to frequent sexual relationships with multiple partners using no contraception.

Question 23

The relationship between parental disciplinary practices and sexual permissiveness of adolescents seems to suggest higher levels of adolescent permissiveness from

A) both strict and lenient parents.
B) moderately strict parents.
C) only lenient parents.
D) all of the above, that is, no relationship appears to exist.

Question 24

Figures from several sources based on the National Survey of Family Growth revealed that the percentage of teenagers reporting sexual intercourse in the 1990s

A) increased.
B) decreased.
C) did not change.
D) dropped for females, but increased dramatically for males.

Question 25

According to Simon and Gagnon, the process of sexualization or the formulation of sexual scripts does not include

A) training in human anatomy and reproductive functions.
B) cultural scenarios.
C) interpersonal context-specific behavior.
D) intrapsychic processes.

Question 26

The social process that privileges heterosexuals over homosexuals in U.S. society is known as:

A) homosociablity
B) heteronormativity
C) gay privilege
D) heteroskedasticity

Question 27

The American Psychological Association presents sexual orientation as being the likely result of

A) environmental factors.
B) cognitive factors.
C) biological factors.
D) the interaction of all of the above.

Question 28

William Simon and John Gagnon conceptualize the outcome or product of sexualization in terms of

A) sex roles.
B) gender roles.
C) cultural scripts.
D) sexual scripts.

Question 29

Kinsey, as well as Masters and Johnson, would likely agree that

A) male/female differences in sexual behavior are primarily based on biological or genetic factors.
B) men and women are homogeneous in the physiologic responses to sexual stimuli.
C) biological components can be ignored in studying and understanding sexual responses and behaviors.
D) males respond faster and more intensely to sexual stimulation than do females.

Question 30

The one sexual area where there may be a return to the norms of the 1970s is in regard to

A) behaviors such as heavy petting rather than intercourse.
B) negative attitudes toward premarital intercourse.
C) positive attitudes toward masturbation and oral-genital sex.
D) negative attitudes toward promiscuity.

Question 31

Female students in Australia who had gone topless at a beach

A) agreed that their behavior was sexual and exhibitionist.
B) tended to view toplessness as appropriate in many settings in addition to the beach.
C) had a higher self-esteem than those who had not gone topless.
D) felt that the community and most of their peers disapproved of their behavior.

Question 32

The instructional guides that exist at the level of collective life are termed

A) interpersonal scripts.
B) cultural scenarios.
C) intra-psychic scripting.
D) internal dialogue.

Question 33

Studies of the impact of formal sex education programs on premarital sexual behavior indicate that they are directly related to

A) greater use of contraceptives.
B) a greater incidence of premarital sexual activity.
C) more permissive attitudes toward premarital sex.
D) a higher incidence of teenage pregnancy.

Question 34

Premarital sexual intercourse is likely to increase

A) as sex education increases.
B) as a couple approaches commitment or marriage.
C) as parent-child sexual communication increases.
D) under all of the above conditions.

Question 35

Studies of adolescents suggest that sexual involvement is directly related to

A) peer influences.
B) parent-child communication.
C) parental attitudes toward premarital sex.
D) all of the above.

Question 36

The Centers for Disease Control reports that as of 2006, the number of reported AIDS cases in the United States was about

A) 98,000.
B) 983,000.
C) 1,793,000.
D) over 2.5 million.

Question 37

Data from U.S. college students showed that the percentage that agreed that behaviors such as heavy petting, sexual intercourse, and oral-genital sex were acceptable during engagement was about

A) one-fourth or 25 percent.
B) one-half or 50 percent.
C) three-fourths or 75 percent.
D) nearly everyone, that is more than 95 percent.

Question 38

The process by which persons learn and internalize their sexual self-concepts, values, attitudes, and behaviors is termed

A) genderization.
B) anatomic socialization.
C) sexualization.
D) symbolic interaction theory.

Question 39

Studies suggest that teenagers sexual and contraceptive behavior is strongly influenced by

A) parental attitudes toward premarital sex and contraception.
B) parent-child communication about sex and contraception.
C) both A and B above.
D) neither A nor B above.

Question 40

Research suggests that sexually transmitted diseases, particularly AIDS, have been influential in pushing unmarried women toward sexual abstention.

Question 41

Simon and Gagnon argue that sexual scripting must occur at three distinct levels. What are they? Describe each.

Question 42

The ____________ designates the who, what, when, where, and why of sexuality.

Question 43

Concern about HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases appears to have increased

A) the number of partners of men, but decreased the number for women.
B) the pill and diaphragm use among unmarried women.
C) condom use among unmarried women.
D) All of the above have increased.

Question 44

An enduring emotional, romantic, sexual or affectional attraction to another person is referred to as one's __________.

Question 45

Compared to low risk-takers, high risk-taking adolescents were found to have

A) lower GPA's.
B) more frequent alcohol consumption.
C) a greater history of sexual and physical abuse.
D) all of the above three.

Question 46

According to __________ theory, individuals form and re-form their self-concepts based on reactions from others in their social networks.

Question 47

A social process whereby the rules or scripts for acceptable social behavior are constructed by labeling unacceptable behaviors and attaching negative images and sanctions to those labels is called _____________.

Question 48

Describe changes in the incidence and prevalence of premarital intercourse for both males and females prior to 1980 and since 1980. How can these changes be explained?

Question 49

Many people believe that sex education should be taught in and belongs in the home. What are the arguments for and against this idea? What does research suggest about such an approach to sex education?

Question 50

How do biological theories differ from sociological theories of sexual behavior? Discuss the significance of biological factors and social factors in understanding female/male differences in sexual behavior.

Question 51

List and discuss various ways in which human sexuality is socially regulated.

Question 52

__________ theory focuses on sexual decision making and how individuals choose what to do.

Question 53

The process by which persons learn and internalize their sexual self-concepts, values, attitudes, and behavior is called ______________.

Question 54

__________ theories of sexual behavior focus on innate, genetic, hormonal, and physiological factors.

Question 55

Explain what is meant by sexual orientation. From where does sexual identity arise? Why is it important for social scientists to study sexual orientation?

Question 56

________ sexual intercourse is defined as coitus involving at least one partner who is single and has not been previously married.

Question 57

What does research indicate about the relationship between the sexual behavior of adolescents and (a) parent-child communication and (b) parental discipline? Describe how each finding might be explained.

Question 58

The sexuality _______ contrasts "natural" sex with "unnatural"sex and attempts to constrain sexual behavior to heterosexual intercourse.

Question 59

What are the major ideas of and contributions made by social network theory and choice theory in our understanding of human sexuality?

Question 60

Sex with multiple partners with no use of protection against sexually transmitted diseases or unwanted pregnancies is referred to as __________ sexual behavior.

Question 61

List three examples of high-risk sexual behavior. Why do people engage in these types of behaviors?

Question 62

How is high-risk sexual behavior related to HIV/AIDS? Explain.
Chapter 9 The Marital System
9.1