Deck 3: Digestion: From Meals to Molecules

Question 1

The ____ system aids the digestive system by secreting hormones which regulate how much we eat and how quickly food and nutrients travel through the digestive system.

A) cardiovascular
B) endocrine
C) integumentary
D) nervous

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The pancreas is part of the endocrine system and also part of the digestive system.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The gastrointestinal tract is a hollow tube that begins at the mouth and ends at the colon.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Which of the following is digested before being absorbed?

A) Minerals
B) Protein
C) Vitamins
D) Water

Question 5

Food still in the lumen is not available for use by the cells.

Question 6

Discuss how various other organ systems work with the digestive system to deliver nutrients and eliminate wastes.

Question 7

The smallest units of life are

A) atoms.
B) cells.
C) organs.
D) tissues.

Question 8

Enzymes are substrate specific, meaning that lipases will only digest lipids.

Question 9

Amylase is a hormone that digests carbohydrates.

Question 10

When you eat a taco, the tortilla, meat, cheese, lettuce, and tomato are broken apart, releasing the nutrients and other food components they contain. This process is called

A) absorption.
B) digestion.
C) neutralization.
D) transit.

Question 11

Sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids are absorbed into the body.

Question 12

Factors that influence transit time include all of the following EXCEPT the
a) composition of the meal.
b) emotional status of the individual.
c) use of certain medications.
d) all of these influence transit time.

Question 13

Protein molecules that increase the rate of specific chemical reactions without themselves being changed are

A) enzymes.
B) hormones.
C) mucus.
D) nerves.

Question 14

Indicate the name of each of the marked organs and describe each organ's function in the digestive system.

Question 15

The time it takes food to travel the length of the GI tract is called the transit time.

Question 16

Which of the following substances is not absorbed by the human body?

A) Amino acids
B) Fatty acids
C) Fiber
D) Sugars

Question 17

_____ lubricates, moistens, and protects the cells within the mucosa.

A) Bile
B) Enzymes
C) Lumen
D) Mucus

Question 18

Identify each of the structures within the digestive system.

Question 19

Which of the following is the correct order, from smallest unit to largest?

A) atoms → cells → molecules → tissues
B) atoms → molecules → cells → tissues
C) cells → molecules → tissues → cells
D) molecules → atoms → cells → tissues

Question 20

Proteins are broken down into _____ whereas fats are digested mostly into _____.

A) amino acids, sugars
B) amino acids, fatty acids
C) fatty acids, sugars
D) glucose, vitamins

Question 21

The mass of chewed food that is swallowed is called

A) bicarbonate.
B) the bolus.
C) chyme.
D) pepsin.

Question 22

These yogurts are good sources of ____, which contain active cultures of beneficial bacteria.

A) fiber
B) prebiotics
C) probiotics
D) Vitamin E

Question 23

The intestinal microflora synthesize small amounts of vitamin D.

Question 24

Glucose can be used to make fatty acids.

Question 25

The slow movement of food stuff through the _____ favors the growth of microflora.

A) large intestine
B) pancreas
C) small intestine
D) stomach

Question 26

Chewing food begins mechanical digestion and breaks up fiber.

Question 27

The gastric pits produce each of the following EXCEPT

A) an inactive form of pepsin.
B) hydrochloric acid.
C) mucus.
D) salivary amylase.

Question 28

What might occur if the sphincter denoted here doesn't close correctly, and some of the contents from the stomach enter into the esophagus?

A) Choking
B) Constipation
C) Heartburn
D) Peptic ulcers

Question 29

Bicarbonate neutralizes the acid in chyme, which allows ___ from the pancreas and small intestine to function.

A) capillaries
B) enzymes
C) hormones
D) lacteals

Question 30

During swallowing, the air passages are blocked by a flap of tissue called the pharynx.

Question 31

The majority of absorption occurs in the stomach.

Question 32

The ____ is responsible for swallowing and is also a part of the respiratory tract.

A) epiglottis
B) esophagus
C) mouth
D) pharynx

Question 33

_____ is a circular muscle that acts as a valve, opening and closing to allow the gastric contents to move throughout the GI tract.

A) Connective tissue
B) The lumen
C) A sphincter
D) The rectum

Question 34

The stomach

A) serves as a temporary storage site.
B) contents are highly alkaline.
C) secretes lipases that complete fat digestion.
D) manufactures bile.

Question 35

When the epiglottis doesn't move correctly, it can lead to

A) choking.
B) constipation.
C) heartburn.
D) vomiting.

Question 36

Fiber retains water, thus when adequate fiber and fluids are consumed, feces have a higher water content and are more easily passed.

Question 37

The first location of chemical and mechanical digestion is the stomach.

Question 38

Trypsin and chymotrypsin are lipases.

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT an end result of chemical digestion?

A) Amino acids
B) Fatty acids
C) Glucose
D) Protein

Question 40

Describe how food moves from the esophagus into the stomach.

Question 41

Each villus contains a capillary where fat-soluble nutrients are absorbed.

Question 42

Explain how the nutritional composition and size of the meal influence transit time.

Question 43

Which of the following statements about food allergies is FALSE?

A) An allergen is the name referred to the substance that causes an allergic reaction.
B) As food is digested, fragments of undigested protein trigger production of antibodies.
C) Some of the most common ingredients that cause allergic reactions are peanuts, milk, and eggs.
D) The first time a food is consumed, it triggers an allergic reaction.

Question 44

A _____ meal stays in the stomach the longest.

A) high-carbohydrate
B) high-fat
C) high-protein
D) low-fat

Question 45

Collectively, the microvilli are referred as the brush border.

Question 46

____ is a chronic condition in which acidic stomach contents leak into the esophagus, causing pain and damaging the esophagus.

A) Constipation
B) GERD
C) Heartburn
D) Vomiting

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT a common food allergen?

A) eggs
B) milk
C) strawberries
D) wheat

Question 48

The most common cause of peptic ulcers is misuse of medications such as aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Question 49

Explain how the structure of the small intestine relates to its function in absorption. Include a description of brush border, villi and microvilli, lacteal, and capillary.

Question 50

Jasmine has gallstones and experiences severe pain when she eats. What substance should she avoid to try to reduce the pain she is experiencing?

A) Caffeinated coffee
B) French fries
C) Fresh fruits and vegetables
D) Peppermint and spearmint

Question 51

Vitamin E and fatty acids are absorbed via

A) active transport.
B) facilitated diffusion.
C) osmosis.
D) simple diffusion.

Question 52

____ neutralizes the acidic chyme as it enters the small intestine.

A) Bile
B) Bicarbonate
C) Gastrin
D) Pepsin

Question 53

Peyer's patches, located in the mucosa of the small intestine, function to:

A) aid nutrients in entering the circulatory system.
B) enhance the functioning of digestive processes.
C) increase the motility of the gastrointestinal tract.
D) prevent harmful organisms present in the gastrointestinal tract from making us sick.

Question 54

The nutritional composition of a meal affects how long it stays in the stomach.

Question 55

Gallstones can interfere with bile secretions and reduce fat absorption.

Question 56

The transport of substances across a cell membrane with the aid of a carrier molecule and the expenditure of energy is

A) active transport.
B) facilitated diffusion.
C) osmosis.
D) simple diffusion.

Question 57

A Helicobacter pylori infection can cause

A) constipation.
B) food allergies.
C) gallstones.
D) peptic ulcers.

Question 58

Food allergies have their origins in the GI tract.

Question 59

Diffusion is the net movement of substances from an area of concentration to an area of___ concentration.

A) higher, lower
B) lower, higher
C) neither (there is no net movement)

Question 60

The regulation of stomach motility and secretion

A) does not vary based on the composition of the meal.
B) is affected by the food that has not yet reached the stomach.
C) is controlled in part by the hormone pepsin.
D) is not affected by the material that has exited the stomach.

Question 61

Gluten-free diets are essential for people with celiac disease, but a gluten-free diet has also been promoted for weight loss. How could one lose weight by following a gluten-free diet?

Question 62

The exchange of nutrients and gases occurs across the thin walls of the

A) blood capillaries.
B) lacteals.
C) pharynx.
D) large intestine.

Question 63

Cellular respiration occurs in the ___ of the cell.

A) mitochondria
B) nucleus
C) phagocyte
D) ribosomes

Question 64

As compared to when you are at rest between meals, when you have eaten a meal, a ____________ proportion of your blood goes to your digestive system.

A) smaller
B) the same
C) greater

Question 65

The _____ system eliminates the majority of nitrogen-containing metabolic waste products.

A) circulatory
B) integumentary
C) respiratory
D) urinary

Question 66

Nutrients are used for energy or to synthesize substances in the body after they are absorbed.

Question 67

Water, minerals, and nitrogen-containing by-products of protein digestion are filtered out of the blood by the lungs.

Question 68

Cellular respiration converts all of the substrates into energy EXCEPT:

A) amino acids.
B) carbon dioxide.
C) fatty acids.
D) glucose.

Question 69

Substances absorbed into the lymphatic system do not pass through the liver before entering the general blood circulation.

Question 70

The hepatic portal circulation delivers nutrients from the lacteals to the liver.

Question 71

As compared to when you are at rest between meals, when you are exercising, a ___________ proportion of your blood goes to your digestive system.

A) smaller
B) the same
C) greater

Question 72

The lymphatic system is a circulatory system.

Question 73

Protein is synthesized by the _____ of the cell.

A) mitochondria
B) nucleus
C) phagocyte
D) ribosomes

Question 74

Lymph vessels from the intestine drain into the thoracic duct near the heart.

Question 75

Cellular respiration uses oxygen to convert glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.

Question 76

In regard to blood circulation, if you begin with oxygen-poor blood that reaches the heart from the body and is pumped through arteries to capillaries of the lungs, then determine the order for the following: 1. In capillaries of the body, nutrients and oxygen move from the blood to body tissues.
2) Oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart from the lungs by veins.
3) In capillaries of the lungs, oxygen from inhaled air is picked up by the blood and carbon dioxide is released into the lungs and exhaled.
4) Oxygen-rich blood is pumped out of the heart into arteries leading to the body.

A) 1 → 3 → 4 → 2
B) 4 → 2 → 1 → 3
C) 3 → 2 → 4 → 1
D) 2 → 3 → 1 → 4

Question 77

The end results of cellular respiration include all of the following EXCEPT

A) amino acids.
B) carbon dioxide.
C) energy.
D) water.

Question 78

Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system?

A) Aiding in the absorption of water-soluble substances
B) Containing infection-fighting cells
C) Draining fluid that collects in tissues and between cells
D) All of these are functions of the lymphatic system.

Question 79

Excess amino acids can be converted into fatty acids and stored as body fat.