Deck 7: Vitamins

Question 1

Vegetable oils, such as peanut, cotton, and corn oils, are good sources of vitamin E.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Vitamin A is incorporated into chylomicrons for transport from the intestine.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Summarize the absorptive activities of this structure.

Answer 3

NOT answered

Question 4

Brian's need for a vitamin is 100 milligrams each day. The bioavailability of this vitamin is 35%. This means that Brian needs to consume _____ milligrams each day for this vitamin to meet his needs.

A) 65
B) 100
C) 135
D) 170

Question 5

Which of the following vitamins have a coenzyme form?

A) Niacin
B) Vitamin A
C) Vitamin D
D) Vitamin K

Question 6

Which of the following statements is true regarding this structure?

A) Vitamin E would be incorporated into this micelle for transport to the brush border.
B) Niacin would be incorporated into this chylomicron for absorption into the blood capillary.
C) Vitamin A would be incorporated into this chylomicron for transport to the microvilli.
D) None of these statements are true regarding the highlighted structure.

Question 7

Not all fortification is mandated by the government.

Question 8

If the diet is chronically low in fat-soluble vitamins, the bioavailability of which vitamins will be impacted most?

A) Folate and vitamin B12
B) Thiamin and riboflavin
C) Vitamins A and D
D) Vitamins C and E

Question 9

Most of the water-soluble vitamins are bound to blood proteins for transport.

Question 10

The best food sources of vitamin K are found in the MyPlate Protein and Vegetables food groups.

Question 11

For vitamins X and Y, the daily needs are 140 milligrams. The bioavailability of vitamin X is 45% and for vitamin Y is 20%. Which of the following statements is correct?

A) Daily intake for vitamin X is higher than vitamin Y
B) Daily intake for vitamin Y is higher than vitamin X
C) Daily intake for vitamin X is the same as vitamin Y
D) None of these statements are true.

Question 12

All the B vitamins are coenzymes.

Question 13

Coenzymes bind to enzymes to promote their activity.

Question 14

Which of the following statements is true regarding this organ?

A) It releases bile to aid in the absorption of fat-soluble nutrients.
B) Some niacin is absorbed here.
C) It secretes digestive enzymes that aid in the release of vitamins from the food.
D) The bacteria here synthesize small amounts of vitamin B₁₂.

Question 15

Which of the following MyPlate food group is the richest source of vitamin D?

A) Dairy
B) Fruits
C) Grains
D) Protein

Question 16

All of the following MyPlate food groups are good sources of vitamin B₁₂ except for the _____ group.

A) Dairy
B) Fruits
C) Protein
D) All of these are good sources of vitamin B₁₂.

Question 17

Almost all foods contain some vitamins, and all the food groups contain foods that are good sources of a variety of vitamins.

Question 18

Coenzymes are essential for the proper functioning of numerous hormones involved in metabolism.

Question 19

All of the following MyPlate food groups are good sources of folate except for the _____ group.

A) Dairy
B) Fruits
C) Grains
D) Vegetables

Question 20

The amount of a particular vitamin in a food depends on all of the following EXCEPT

A) how much of the food is consumed.
B) how the food is cooked.
C) how the food is stored.
D) what is added to the food during processing.

Question 21

Which of the following is/are antioxidants?

A) Vitamin C
B) Vitamin E
C) Selenium
D) All of these nutrients serve as antioxidants.

Question 22

Antioxidants act by enhancing the formation of free radicals.

Question 23

The wide distribution of pantothenic acid in foods makes deficiency rare in humans.

Question 24

The active ______ coenzyme is needed to convert pyruvate into acetyl-CoA.

A) folate
B) niacin
C) riboflavin
D) thiamin

Question 25

Niacin is synthesized in the body from the amino acid

A) alanine.
B) leucine.
C) riboflavin.
D) tryptophan.

Question 26

Pantothenic acid is needed for the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and amino acids.

Question 27

Which of the following are good sources of niacin?

A) chicken and trout
B) kiwi and apples
C) corn and oatmeal
D) orange juice and spinach

Question 28

Clare reads on the food label that the pizza contains enriched flour. Which of the following nutrients are added back to the flour in the enrichment process?

A) calcium
B) folate
C) thiamin
D) Vitamin C

Question 29

Which of the following vitamins must be included on the food label?

A) Niacin and thiamin
B) Riboflavin and iron
C) Vitamins A and C
D) Vitamins A and D

Question 30

An adequate consumption of riboflavin is crucial for the conversion of several other vitamins.

Question 31

Vitamin ___ is important for amino acid synthesis and protein metabolism.

A) B₂
B) B₆
C) C
D) B₁₂

Question 32

Because fat-soluble vitamins are not stored in the body to any great extent, deficiency symptoms are quick to appear.

Question 33

An antioxidant is a substance that protects against oxidative damage.

Question 34

Which of the following statements regarding thiamin is true?

A) Alcoholics are particularly susceptible to thiamin deficiency because thiamin absorption is decreased due to the effect the alcohol has the GI tract.
B) Beriberi is quite common in the U.S.
C) Increasing thiamin intake increases the body's ability to produce ATP.
D) Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is a thiamin toxicity.

Question 35

Niacin supplementation can be toxic.

Question 36

Mary needs to increase her thiamin consumption. Which of the following contains the most thiamin?

A) ¼ c sunflower seeds
B) 3 oz pork chop
C) 3 oz rainbow trout
D) 1 c oatmeal

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of pellagra?

A) dementia
B) dermatitis
C) diabetes
D) diarrhea

Question 38

Vitamins C and D are directly involved in converting the energy in carbohydrate and fat into ATP.

Question 39

One of the best sources of riboflavin in the diet is milk.

Question 40

Raw egg whites contain the protein avidin that binds biotin and prevents its absorption.

Question 41

Vitamin C is best known for its role in the synthesis and maintenance of collagen. What is collagen? How does vitamin C's role in collagen related to the symptoms of scurvy?

Question 42

Folate deficiency can lead to macrocytic or megablastic anemia.

Question 43

Collagen is a __________. Vitamin C is necessary to form ___________ that hold adjacent collagen strands together and give the protein_________.

A) mineral, muscle, strength
B) protein, muscle, structure
C) protein, bonds, strength
D) vitamin, muscle, structure

Question 44

High levels of homocysteine in the blood increases cardiovascular risk.

Question 45

Megaloblastic anemia is a reduction in the blood's capacity to carry oxygen that is characterized by abnormally large immature and mature red blood cells.

Question 46

When Vitamin C intake is below 10 mg per day, the symptoms of _______ begin to appear.

A) beriberi
B) pellagra
C) rickets
D) scurvy

Question 47

A family member has been taking Vitamin C supplements, but is now wondering if he should continue to spend money on these supplements. What have you learned about Vitamin C that might help them with an evidence-based decision?

A) Excessive supplementation can cause dementia.
B) Vitamin C is known to prevent the common cold.
C) Excessive supplementation can interfere with drugs prescribed to prevent blood clotting.
D) Excessive supplementation can cause diarrhea and can interfere with drugs prescribed to slow blood clotting.

Question 48

Vitamin B₆ is needed for transamination and deamination reactions, and to remove the acid group from amino acids, as illustrated in the figure provided. What is the significance of each of these types of reactions?

Question 49

Which of the following statements regarding vitamin B₁₂ is false?

A) Vitamin B₁₂ is synthesized by the microflora in the large intestine.
B) Vitamin B₁₂ is absorbed in the duodenum section of the small intestine.
C) Vitamin B₁₂ needs the Intrinsic Factor to be absorbed.
D) The body stores and reuses vitamin B₁₂ more efficiently than it does most other water-soluble vitamins.

Question 50

Based on the information depicted in this visual, describe how a deficiency or toxicity of either folate or vitamin B₁₂ can affect the functionality of the other.

Question 51

Based on the content in this visual, identify each of the three labeled parts in A:B:C order.

A) cysteine: homocysteine: methionine
B) homocysteine: cysteine: methionine
C) methionine: homocysteine: cysteine
D) methionine: cysteine: homocysteine

Question 52

Which of the following MyPlate food groups is the richest in vitamin B₁₂?

A) Fruits
B) Grains
C) Protein
D) Vegetables

Question 53

Which of the following populations is not at increased risk of folate deficiency?

A) The elderly
B) Non-smoking teenage males
C) Pregnant women
D) Alcoholics

Question 54

Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency is particularly problematic because

A) it causes irreversible brain damage.
B) it causes microcytic anemia.
C) it prevents folate from being converted to one of its active forms.
D) its UL is set too high.

Question 55

Low maternal folate intake increases the risk of birth defects called neural tube defects.

Question 56

Folate coenzymes are needed for the

A) synthesis of collagen.
B) synthesis of RNA.
C) metabolism of some vitamins.
D) synthesis of DNA and metabolism of some amino acids.

Question 57

The symptoms of vitamin C deficiency include gums that swell and bleed. Why does this occur?

A) The lack of vitamin C allows bacteria in the mouth to irritate the gums.
B) The lack of vitamin C decreases the pH of the mouth.
C) There is reduced collagen synthesis.
D) There is increased plaque formation around the gums.

Question 58

The Intrinsic Factor is necessary for the absorption of which B vitamin?

A) Folate
B) Niacin
C) Riboflavin
D) Vitamin B₁₂

Question 59

Which of the following is not a function of vitamin B₆?

A) Synthesis of hemoglobin
B) Synthesis of the myelin sheath
C) Synthesis of collagen
D) Transamination and deamination

Question 60

The best food sources for folate and for vitamin B₁₂ are fresh fruits and vegetables.

Question 61

Vitamin E protects membranes in red blood cells, white blood cells, nerve cells, and lung cells. Why are these cells in particular in need of high amounts of vitamin E?

A) All of these cells are important in fighting infections
B) Oxygen concentrations in these cells are high
C) These cells have an especially high energy need
D) Lipid concentrations in these cells are high

Question 62

Vitamin A deficiency can result in permanent blindness, as illustrated in this picture. Discuss blindness from vitamin A deficiency occurs in the context of vitamin A's role in tissue formation. Use the following terms in your answer: epithelial tissue, mucus, differentiation, keratin, and a definition of xerophthalmia.

Question 63

Vitamin K is used more rapidly than other fat-soluble vitamins, so a constant supply is necessary.

Question 64

Vitamin D deficiency can result in bone deformation in children, as illustrated in this picture. What is the name of the vitamin D deficiency when it occurs in children? What are the physical characteristics? What is the name of the vitamin D deficiency when it occurs in adults? What are the physical characteristics? Why are the physical characteristics different for children as compared to adults?

Question 65

_______is the major symptom of Vitamin K deficiency.

A) Abnormal blood coagulation
B) Anemia
C) Night blindness
D) Rickets

Question 66

Which of the following statements regarding vitamin A is FALSE?

A) Protein and zinc status are important for healthy vitamin A status.
B) Beta-carotene is the most potent vitamin A precursor.
C) Pepsin is necessary to release the vitamin A from protein-based sources.
D) Worldwide, vitamin A deficiency is rare.

Question 67

Based on the visual, what effect does active vitamin D have at the small intestine level?

A) Active vitamin D increases the absorption of calcium and phosphorus.
B) Active vitamin D stimulates calcium retention.
C) Inactive vitamin D is activated.
D) Inactive vitamin D releases calcium and phosphorus into the blood.

Question 68

The process whereby immature cells change in structure and function to become specialized is called

A) cell differentiation.
B) gene expression.
C) night blindness.
D) rhodopsin.

Question 69

To ensure normal blood clotting, newborn babies are typically given a vitamin K injection.

Question 70

If you spend too much time in the sun, your body can reach toxic levels of vitamin D.

Question 71

This visual represents a toxicity of ______ leading the toxicity disease _______.

A) beta-carotene, hypercarotenemia
B) niacin, pellagra
C) vitamin A, xerophthalmia
D) vitamin D, rickets

Question 72

Cells that are deficient in vitamin A become hard and dry because they produce _______, a protein.

A) retinal
B) opsin
C) keratin
D) xerophthin

Question 73

Active ________ is required to maintain normal blood calcium and phosphorus levels.

A) Vitamin A
B) Vitamin E
C) Vitamin C
D) Vitamin D

Question 74

Premature infants are at a higher risk of vitamin E deficiency than full-term babies.

Question 75

Vitamin D deficiency disease in children is called

A) osteopenia.
B) osteoporosis.
C) osteomalacia.
D) rickets.

Question 76

When vitamin D is deficient, calcium absorption is greatly affected.

Question 77

Preformed vitamin A includes beta-carotene.

Question 78

The parathyroid hormone is released to decrease blood calcium levels.

Question 79

With a severe deficiency of _______, even a bruise or small scratch could cause you to bleed to death.

A) Vitamin D
B) Vitamin K
C) Vitamin E
D) Vitamin A

Question 80

In its role as an antioxidant, _____ guards cell membranes, body proteins, DNA, and cholesterol, and thus helps prevent heart disease, cancer, macular degeneration, and other chronic diseases.

A) thiamin
B) vitamin D
C) Vitamin E
D) Vitamin K