Deck 11: Nutrition During Pregnancy and Infancy

Question 1

The same rate of weight gain is recommended for women who are normal weight, underweight, or overweight at the start of pregnancy.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Infants who are born on time but have failed to grown well in the uterus are said to be small for gestational age.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

A women who gains excess weight during her pregnancy increases risk for all of the following EXCEPT an increased risk for the

A) mother developing high blood pressure.
B) mother developing gestational diabetes.
C) need for cesarean section to delivery infant.
D) infant being born with a low birthweight.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following statements regarding weight gain during pregnancy is FALSE?

A) The weight of the infant at birth accounts for about 25% of the mother's weight gain during pregnancy.
B) A healthy, normal-weight woman should gain 25-35 pounds during pregnancy.
C) The most variable source of weight gain is in the amount of maternal fat stored.
D) The mom's weight will reduce to near normal once the infant is born.

Question 5

Pre-eclampsia can pose a health danger to the

A) baby, but not the mother.
B) mother, but not the baby.
C) baby and the mother.
D) neither the baby nor the mother

Question 6

The fetus gets nourished by

A) absorbing nutrients for the bloodstream of the mother (the bloodstream of the embryo mixes with the bloodstream of the mother).
B) breaking down the lining of the uterus.
C) transferring of nutrients from the placenta.
D) none of these

Question 7

Morning sickness is most likely to occur during which trimester of pregnancy?

A) First
B) Second
C) Third
D) There is no trimester of pregnancy when morning sickness is more prevalent.

Question 8

Based on this visual, the weight gain recommendations for women vary most during the _____ trimester.

A) first
B) second
C) third

Question 9

Based on this visual, explain how the umbilical cord functions as the fetus' "lifeline" from the mom.

Question 10

Dieting during pregnancy is advised for a woman who is obese.

Question 11

A developing human from 2-8 weeks after fertilization is called a/an

A) embryo.
B) fetus.
C) premature infant.
D) zygote.

Question 12

The early embryo (before 5 weeks of age) gets nourished by

A) absorbing nutrients for the bloodstream of the mother (the bloodstream of the embryo mixes with the bloodstream of the mother).
B) breaking down the lining of the uterus.
C) transferring of nutrients from the placenta.
D) none of these

Question 13

By definition, a low-birth-weight infant is one who weighs less than ____ pounds at birth.

A) 2.5
B) 3.5
C) 5.5
D) 6.5

Question 14

Implantation is complete by 14 days after fertilization.

Question 15

Of the following, what is the most likely cause of morning sickness during pregnancy?

A) Iron deficiency
B) The mother eats foods she normally does not eating because of cravings
C) The weight gain of pregnancy puts pressure on the stomach
D) Hormonal changes associated with pregnancy

Question 16

Which of the following regarding exercise during pregnancy is FALSE?

A) Pregnancy can interfere with the woman's balance.
B) Physical activity during pregnancy can improve digestion and prevent constipation.
C) Physical activity in hot or humid environments is allowed during the entire pregnancy.
D) Women who weren't active before the pregnancy should slowly add low-intensity, low-impact activities.

Question 17

Which of the following statements about a woman who has gestational diabetes is FALSE?

A) Gestational diabetes usually resolves after she gives birth.
B) Gestational diabetes is common in women who are underweight when they become pregnant.
C) The mother is at increased risk for developing diabetes in the next 10 years.
D) If the gestational diabetes is not controlled well during pregnancy, the baby is likely to grow rapidly and be large for gestational age.

Question 18

Which of the following statements about the placenta is FALSE?

A) The placenta formed from both maternal and embryonic tissues.
B) For the majority of the pregnancy, the placenta will nourish the fetus.
C) The placenta nourishes the embryo from fertilization onward.
D) The placenta secretes hormones that are necessary to sustain the pregnancy.

Question 19

This graph show the changes to the gastrointestinal tract that occur when a women is pregnant. Why does heartburn occur during pregnancy? Is heartburn more likely to occur early or late in the pregnancy? Why does constipation occur during pregnancy? Is this more a problem early or late in the pregnancy?

Question 20

Pre-eclampsia is dangerous to the baby because it reduces blood flow to the placenta.

Question 21

A folate deficiency during pregnancy increases the risk of which of the following?

A) Low-birth-weight infants
B) Megablastic or macrocytic anemia
C) Neural tube defects, such as spina bifida
D) All of these are associated with folate deficiency during pregnancy.

Question 22

Most commonly, a multi-vitamin mineral supplement is prescribed for all pregnant women at the beginning of the pregnancy.

Question 23

Newer research indicates that calcium may play a role in preventing hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.

Question 24

Vitamin C enhances the absorption of iron.

Question 25

In order to meet the increased energy needs during pregnancy, total fat intake is increased during pregnancy.

Question 26

_______ is needed for the synthesis of DNA and hence for cell division.

A) Calcium
B) Folate
C) Vitamin D
D) Zinc

Question 27

Which of the following women would be most likely to experience pica?

A) Marie, a pregnant Caucasian mother of 2 living in Chicago
B) Sophia, a young, non-pregnant Hispanic mother living in Washington, DC
C) Natalie, an African American mother of 4 living in rural Midwest
D) Amy, a non-pregnant, African American mother of 1 living in poverty

Question 28

Food cravings during pregnancy indicate that the pregnant woman is deficient in certain vitamins and minerals.

Question 29

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Many women start pregnancy with diminished iron stores.
B) The RDA for iron during pregnancy is about 150% of that for nonpregnant women.
C) The majority of the iron transferred from the mom to the fetus occurs in the last trimester.
D) Meeting increased iron needs is achieved most easily through the increased consumption of whole-grain products and spinach.

Question 30

The distribution of kcalories from the energy-yielding macronutrients remains very similar between pregnant and nonpregnant women.

Question 31

________ is essential for the regeneration of active forms of folate.

A) Iron
B) Vitamin B₁₂
C) Vitamin D
D) Zinc

Question 32

To accommodate the growth of the fetal skeletal needs, the calcium recommendation during pregnancy is increased substantially.

Question 33

Which of the following women has a greater risk of hypertensive disorder during pregnancy?

A) Susie, a 30 year old Caucasian mother of 2
B) Jenni, a 40 year old African American living in poverty
C) Staci, a 35 year old Hispanic mother of 1
D) Mildred, a Caucasian 20 year old college student

Question 34

This graph illustrates the differences between the recommended daily intake of several key nutrients and energy. Which of the following statements is true?

A) The water need is equivalent to one additional cup per day.
B) A simple snack of a fruit or nuts would help to achieve the increased fiber recommendation.
C) Energy needs are doubled during pregnancy.
D) As protein needs are greatly increased during pregnancy, amino acid supplements are often recommended.

Question 35

Zinc absorption is inhibited by high _____ intake.

A) calcium
B) vitamin C
C) iron
D) niacin

Question 36

This label shows the nutrient information for a prenatal vitamin. Why does this supplement contain such a large amount of vitamin D? Why such a large amount of folic acid? Why is it low in calcium?

Question 37

As a pregnant woman is providing the nourishment for herself and the fetus, her nutrient and energy needs are doubled throughout the pregnancy.

Question 38

Which of the following nutrients is/are most commonly deficient during pregnancy?

A) Calcium and vitamin D
B) Folate and vitamin B₁₂
C) Iron and zinc
D) All of these are commonly deficient in pregnant women.

Question 39

This graph illustrates embryonic/fetal development throughout pregnancy, including organ system development. Review the information provided in this graph, then respond to the following: Define the term teratogen, Why are there certain periods when damage from teratogens is likely to be greatest and other times when the damage may be less severe for a given organ system? Why do these time periods differ for different organ systems?

Question 40

Adequate vitamin D intake is essential to ensure efficient _____ absorption.

A) calcium
B) folate
C) iron
D) zinc

Question 41

Because the majority of cell differentiation occurs during the ____ phase, this is the time when exposure to teratogens can do the most damage.

A) embryonic
B) fetal
C) implantation
D) zygote

Question 42

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of cocaine's effects during pregnancy?

A) It is a central nervous system stimulant.
B) Use by the mother during pregnancy increases her risk for a miscarriage.
C) It is a large molecule; therefore, it does not cross the placenta and enter fetal blood.
D) Many of its effects during pregnancy occur because it constricts blood vessels, thereby reducing oxygen and nutrient delivery to the fetus.

Question 43

Fertility can be reduced when

A) a woman has low body fat.
B) a woman has too much body fat.
C) women have either low body fat or too much body fat.
D) body fat has no implication on fertility.

Question 44

Which of the following is the hormone that stimulates milk production in a woman who has just given birth?

A) Human chorionic gonadotropin
B) Parathyroid hormone
C) Progestin
D) Prolactin

Question 45

Beginning in 1998, grain products were fortified with _____ in an attempt to increase its consumption.

A) folate
B) iron
C) niacin
D) vitamin C

Question 46

Pregnant women should consume _______ of caffeine a day.

A) 100 mg
B) 200 mg
C) <300 mg
D) >600 mg

Question 47

To avoid dehydration and ensure adequate breast milk production, women who are breastfeeding should consume about _____cup(s) of additional fluid each day.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 48

Exposure to second-hand smoke is not a concern for a pregnant woman or the fetus.

Question 49

In regard to pregnancy nutrition, the term "let down" is in reference to

A) changes in the anatomy of the body during pregnancy.
B) hormonal changes that allow for fetal development.
C) infant delivery.
D) milk production.

Question 50

Which of the following foods is most commonly associated with mercury contamination?

A) Citrus fruits
B) Fish
C) Nuts
D) Tofu

Question 51

Based on the information presented in this visual, why is a folate deficiency most critical during the embryonic period?

A) A folate deficiency is most critical during this period because vitamin B₁₂ tends to be low during this time.
B) A folate deficiency is most critical during this period because iron stores in the mother have been depleted.
C) A folate deficiency is most critical due to the rapid cell division occurring during this period.
D) None of these are correct reasons.

Question 52

This is a photo of young children who have fetal alcohol syndrome. What are the characteristics of a child who has fetal alcohol syndrome? How does this differ from alcohol-related neuro-developmental disorders? Why does alcohol consumption during pregnancy cause these conditions?

Question 53

One of the greatest risk factors for poor pregnancy outcome is poverty.

Question 54

Maternal malnutrition can affect their child's risk of developing chronic disease later in life.

Question 55

During which trimester is it safe for a woman to drink alcohol socially?

A) First
B) Second
C) Third
D) Complete abstinence is recommended

Question 56

Pregnant teens are at increased risk of all of the following EXCEPT for

A) delivering a pre-term infant.
B) delivering a low-birth-weight infant.
C) developing gestational diabetes.
D) developing hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.

Question 57

Oxytocin

A) causes let-down to occur.
B) causes morning sickness during pregnancy.
C) increases maternal weight gain during pregnancy.
D) results in increased blood volume in mother during pregnancy.

Question 58

As compared to the pregnancy recommendations, the recommendation for which of the following is not increased during lactation?

A) Carbohydates
B) Fiber
C) Protein
D) Water

Question 59

Based on the breast milk consumption of an infant during the first 6 months of life, approximately _____calories are required from the mother each day.

A) 100
B) 250
C) 500
D) 750

Question 60

In general, the nutrient needs of a pregnant teen are ______ the nutrient needs of a nonpregnant 39-year-old woman

A) greater than
B) the same as
C) less than

Question 61

This graph charts the growth rate of the infant. Which of the following is the correct interpretation of the information provided in this graph?

A) The infant's birth weight is much higher than the general population.
B) The infant had weight gain that was much greater than expected from 15 to 18 months of age.
C) The infant's birth weight is lower than the general population and has remained at this percentile into childhood.
D) This infant experienced catch-up growth between 3 and 6 months of age.

Question 62

As a general rule of thumb, an infant should ______ her birthweight by her first birthday.

A) double
B) triple
C) quadruple
D) Weight gain in infancy is not compared to birthweight.

Question 63

The first milk that is produced by the breast, containing more immune factors than milk produced later in lactation, is called

A) colostrum.
B) cow's milk.
C) formula.
D) pica.

Question 64

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Folate needs are increased during lactation because it is secreted in the breastmilk.
B) Vitamin B₁₂ may be deficient in the breast milk of vegan mothers.
C) Iron needs are increased during lactation as it is secreted in the breastmilk.
D) Increasing calcium intake during lactation does not prevent loss of calcium from maternal bones.

Question 65

Newborn infants are given a shot of ____ at birth to prevent uncontrolled bleeding.

A) calcium
B) iron
C) vitamin D
D) vitamin K

Question 66

Because infants change so much during the first year, energy requirements are made for three age groups.

Question 67

Which of the following nutrients make up the majority of an infant's diet during the first 6 months of life?

A) carbohydrate
B) fat
C) iron
D) protein

Question 68

The growth charts for children assess the status of which of these parameters?

A) Height, weight, and body fat
B) Body fat, head circumference, and weight
C) Height, weight, and head circumference
D) Body fat, head circumference and weight

Question 69

Which of the following statements about feeding infants is true?

A) The microorganisms that cause colds are passed from the mother to infant in breast milk.
B) HIV infection is passed from the mother to infant in breast milk.
C) Nicotine from cigarettes is not passed from the mother to infant in breast milk.
D) Breastfeeding leads to decreased bone density in the lactating mother.

Question 70

_______ is the nutrient that is most commonly deficient in infants who are consuming adequate energy and protein.

A) Calcium
B) Iron
C) Vitamin D
D) Zinc

Question 71

Breastmilk is low in vitamin D.

Question 72

Healthy infants consume about 55% of their energy as fat during the first 6 months of life.

Question 73

Infants require more calories per pound of body weight than adults.

Question 74

An infant boy's growth follows the purple line indicated with the arrow. Based on this growth chart, he is experiencing

A) diabetes.
B) failure to thrive.
C) obesity.
D) overweight.

Question 75

Rapid weight loss is NOT recommended during lactation because it can decrease milk production.

Question 76

Which of the following statements about breast milk is FALSE?

A) Breast milk contains antibodies that provide immune protection to infant.
B) Hormones present in breast-milk make the infant grow larger much more quickly as compared to formula-fed infants.
C) The strong suckling required for breast feeding contributes to speech development.
D) Enzymes in breast milk prevent the growth of harmful microorganisms in the infant's colon.

Question 77

Fluoride is important for tooth development, even before the teeth erupt.

Question 78

Based on the information presented in this graphic, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) The total amount of energy required by a newborn is less than the amount needed by adult.
B) An infant's need for calories per kilogram of body weight is greater than those needed by an adult.
C) An infant's need for calories per kilogram of body weight is less than those needed by an adult.
D) The total amount of energy needed by an adult is greater than that needed by an infant.

Question 79

Infants have a _____ proportion of body water than do adults.

A) higher
B) lower
C) very similar

Question 80

Growth charts can be used to compare an infant's growth with that of other infants the same age.