Deck 14: Cardiovascular Physiology

Question 1

In the heart, valves are located

A) just between the atria and the ventricles.
B) just between the ventricles and the arteries.
C) just between the great veins and the atria.
D) between atria and ventricles and between ventricles and arteries.
E) just between the right and left ventricles.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The purpose of having valves in the cardiovascular system is to

A) provide sounds so that heart health can be monitored.
B) ensure that blood flows in one direction.
C) prevent blood from flowing too quickly.
D) regulate blood pressure.
E) provide the force for circulation.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Each of the following changes will result in increased blood flow to a tissue EXCEPT one.Identify the exception.

A) increased blood volume
B) decreased vessel diameter
C) increased blood pressure
D) decreased peripheral resistance
E) relaxation of precapillary sphincters

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which artery/arteries branch(es)is/are most proximal to the beginning of the aorta at the heart?

A) hepatic
B) renal
C) coronary
D) carotid
E) pulmonary

Question 5

Which of the following will increase flow in a vessel the most?

A) decrease length by 1 unit
B) increase radius by 1 unit
C) decrease viscosity by 1 unit
D) All have the same effect on flow.

Question 6

Which of the following statements about hydrostatic pressure is NOT True?

A) If a fluid is not moving, the pressure that it exerts is called hydrostatic pressure.
B) Force is not equal in all directions.
C) The lateral pressure component of moving fluid represents the hydrostatic pressure.
D) Hydrostatic pressure does not include the dynamic component of a moving fluid.
E) All of the statements are True.

Question 7

The most accurate definition of artery is a vessel that

A) carries highly oxygenated blood.
B) contains smooth muscle in its wall.
C) transports blood away from the heart.
D) transports blood toward the heart.
E) contains internal valves.

Question 8

At an intercalated disc,

A) the cell membranes of two cardiac muscle fibers are completely separated by a synapse.
B) the myofibrils are loosely attached to the membrane of the disc.
C) two cardiac muscle cells are connected by gap junctions.
D) t-tubules unite the membranes of the adjoining cells.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 9

When a quantity is expressed as "4 cm/sec," what is being described is the

A) flow rate.
B) velocity of flow.
C) pressure.
D) pressure gradient.
E) volume.

Question 10

The sac around the heart is the

A) peritoneum.
B) pleural sac.
C) pericardium.
D) myocardium.
E) epicardium.

Question 11

The driving force for blood flow is a(n)________ gradient.

A) osmotic
B) volume
C) pressure
D) gravity

Question 12

Which parameters are associated with increased resistance?

A) reduced flow
B) reduced friction
C) increased blood vessel diameter
D) decreased viscosity
E) decreased length

Question 13

The hepatic portal vein carries blood away from the

A) digestive tract.
B) liver.
C) kidneys.
D) spleen.
E) pancreas.

Question 14

The function of the pericardial fluid is to

A) provide oxygen to the heart.
B) reduce friction between the heart and the pericardium.
C) provide fuel to the heart.
D) remove waste products from the heart.
E) store calcium for the heart.

Question 15

Which organ is NOT known to include a special portal system for blood?

A) heart
B) kidney
C) liver
D) brain
E) All of these organs have portal systems.

Question 16

The term myogenic indicates that the heart muscle is the source of

A) the contractile force for pumping.
B) a hormone that indirectly regulates blood volume.
C) the electrical signal that triggers heart contraction.
D) receptors that trigger blood pressure reflexes.
E) stem cells that repair damaged heart tissue.

Question 17

Which valves have chordae tendineae?

A) aortic and pulmonary valves
B) bicuspid (mitral) and tricuspid valves
C) valves in veins
D) semilunar valves
E) coronary valves

Question 18

Capillaries are best described as

A) microscopic vessels in which blood exchanges material with the interstitial fluid.
B) thick walled vessels that convey blood away from the heart.
C) thin walled vessels that convey blood toward the heart.
D) thick walled vessels that carry blood rich in oxygen.
E) thin walled vessels that carry blood deficient in oxygen.

Question 19

In the 16th century, William Harvey discovered evidence that

A) the cardiovascular system transports blood and air.
B) the cardiovascular system is an open system.
C) arteries and veins are linked by capillaries.
D) blood is recirculated instead of consumed.
E) the liver manufactures blood.

Question 20

As blood vessel length increases,

A) resistance increases only.
B) flow decreases only.
C) friction decreases only.
D) resistance increases and flow decreases.
E) both resistance and flow increase.

Question 21

The depolarization of the pacemaker action potential spreads to adjacent cells through

A) gap junctions.
B) tight junctions.
C) chemical synapses.
D) desmosomes.

Question 22

Stretching a myocardial cell

A) only decreases the force of a contraction.
B) only allows more Ca²⁺ to enter.
C) only increases the force of contraction.
D) decreases the force of a contraction and allows more Ca²⁺ to enter.
E) allows more Ca²⁺ to enter and increases the force of a contraction.

Question 23

The action potential in a cardiac contractile cell causes

A) opening of L-type calcium channels.
B) opening of ryanodine receptor calcium channels.
C) activation of sodium-potassium ATPase.
D) activation of NCX transporters.
E) opening of HCN channels.

Question 24

The rapid depolarization phase of the action potentials of myocardial contractile cells is due to which ion(s)?

A) Ca²⁺ only
B) K⁺ only
C) Na⁺ only
D) both Ca²⁺ and K⁺
E) both Na⁺ and K⁺

Question 25

The medical term for heart attack is

A) heart failure.
B) myocardial infarction.
C) heart murmur.
D) fibrillation.
E) heart block.

Question 26

Autorhythmic cells

A) are also called pacemakers because they set the rate of the heartbeat.
B) are the same size as myocardial contractile cells.
C) have organized sarcomeres.
D) contribute to the force of contraction.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 27

The end of the plateau phase is due to the ________ of Ca²⁺ channels and ________ of K⁺ channels.

A) opening, opening
B) closing, closing
C) opening, closing
D) closing, opening

Question 28

ECGs

A) provide direct information about the heart function.
B) are most useful in diagnosing heart murmurs.
C) show the summed electrical potentials generated by all cells of the heart.
D) have two major components: waves and nodes.
E) measure the mechanical activity of the heart.

Question 29

The importance of the plateau phase of the action potential of myocardial cells is in

A) preventing overstretching of the cells.
B) enhancing the efficiency of oxygen use by the cells.
C) preventing tetanus.
D) preventing fibrillation.
E) regulating Ca²⁺ availability to the cells.

Question 30

When the heart is in fibrillation,

A) the myocardial cells may become damaged from contracting too fast.
B) the myocardial cells deplete their oxygen supply because they are contracting too fast, and the lactic acid produced damages the myocardial cells.
C) effective pumping of the ventricles ceases because the myocardial cells fail to work as a team, and the brain cannot get adequate oxygen.
D) the myocardial cells are contracting together as they should; fibrillation indicates a normal sinus rhythm of 75 beats per minute.
E) there is no contraction of the myocardium.

Question 31

The AV node is important because it

A) directs electrical impulses from the ventricles to the atria.
B) delays the transmission of the electrical impulses to the ventricles in order for the atria to finish contracting.
C) serves as the pacemaker in a normal heart.
D) electrically opens the AV valves.
E) None of these answers are correct.

Question 32

The fibrous skeleton of the heart is important because it

A) forces electrical activity to be conducted through the atrioventricular node.
B) transmits electrical activity from the atria to the ventricles.
C) helps guide the blood into the proper chambers in sequence.
D) directs the flow of blood into the arteries.

Question 33

Myocardial cells can generate action potentials spontaneously because they have

A) unstable ion channels.
B) permanently open channels for Na⁺ and K⁺.
C) a net influx of Na⁺.
D) L-type Ca²⁺ channels.
E) prolonged Ca²⁺ influx.

Question 34

In the condition known as complete heart block, what happens?

A) Coronary arteries are blocked by plaques, preventing blood and oxygen from reaching the myocardial contractile cells.
B) Electrical signals from the SA node never reach the ventricles, so the contraction of the atria is not coordinated with the contraction of the ventricles.
C) The fibrous skeleton of the heart breaks down, interfering with the passage of blood from the atria to the ventricles.
D) The mitral valve leaflets calcify and close, preventing blood from being pumped efficiently by the left side of the heart.
E) Blood flow through the foramen ovale is blocked.

Question 35

If channels are permeable to

A) Na⁺ only.
B) K⁺ only.
C) Ca²⁺ only.
D) Na⁺ and K⁺.
E) Ca²⁺ and K⁺.

Question 36

The action potentials of myocardial autorhythmic cells, are due to a combination of increasing Na²⁺ ________ and decreasing K⁺ ________.

A) influx, efflux
B) efflux, influx
C) influx, influx
D) efflux, efflux

Question 37

A typical action potential of a myocardial contractile cell lasts ________ millisecond(s).

A) less than 1
B) 1-5
C) 50-100
D) at least 200
E) at least 500

Question 38

Electrical shock to the heart is usually used to treat

A) ventricular fibrillation.
B) atrial fibrillation.
C) heart block.
D) heart murmur.
E) myocardial infarction.

Question 39

The flattening of the action potentials of myocardial contractile cells, called the plateau phase, is due to a combination of ________ K⁺ permeability and ________ Ca²⁺ permeability.

A) increasing, increasing
B) decreasing, decreasing
C) increasing, decreasing
D) decreasing, increasing

Question 40

During the plateau phase of the action potentials of myocardial contractile cells, which ion(s)is/are crossing the membrane?

A) Ca²⁺ only
B) K⁺ only
C) Na⁺ only
D) both Ca²⁺ and K⁺
E) both Na⁺ and K⁺

Question 41

During the isovolumic phase of ventricular systole,

A) the atria contract.
B) the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves are closed.
C) blood is ejected into the great vessels.
D) the ventricles are relaxing.
E) the ventricles are filling with blood.

Question 42

The QRS complex of an ECG corresponds to

A) the depolarization of the atria.
B) the progressive wave of ventricular depolarization.
C) the repolarization of the ventricles.
D) atrial repolarization.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 43

Atrial contraction

A) begins during the first part of the P wave.
B) begins just after the T wave.
C) begins just after the Q wave.
D) begins during the latter part of the P wave.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 44

Which event happens at the start of a cardiac cycle?

A) Blood is ejected from the atrium.
B) The SA node fires.
C) The P wave develops.
D) Ventricular systole occurs.
E) Atrial systole occurs.

Question 45

The P wave of an ECG corresponds to

A) the depolarization of the atria.
B) the progressive wave of ventricular depolarization.
C) the repolarization of the ventricles.
D) atrial repolarization.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 46

In electrocardiography, a lead is a(n)

A) electrode.
B) pair of electrodes.
C) cable that attaches between the ECG machine and the body.

Question 47

During the cardiac cycle,

A) the P wave of the ECG occurs between the first and second heart sounds.
B) the QRS complex of the ECG precedes the increase in ventricular pressure.
C) the third heart sound occurs during atrial systole.
D) the second heart sound coincides with the QRS complex of the ECG.
E) the greatest increase in ventricular pressure occurs during the ejection phase.

Question 48

The term used to describe the amount of blood in the ventricle available to be pumped out of the heart during the next contraction is

A) cardiac output (CO).
B) heart rate (HR).
C) end-diastolic volume (EDV).
D) stroke volume (SV).
E) end-systolic volume (ESV).

Question 49

Ventricular contraction

A) begins during the first part of the P wave.
B) begins just after the T wave.
C) begins just after the Q wave.
D) begins during the latter part of the P wave.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 50

During ventricular systole,

A) the atria are contracting.
B) blood is entering the ventricles.
C) the AV valves are closed.
D) the pressure in the ventricles declines.
E) the ventricles are relaxed.

Question 51

Which of these will increase the heart rate?

A) only sympathetic stimulation to the SA node
B) only the application of epinephrine to the SA node
C) only the application of acetylcholine to the SA node
D) both sympathetic stimulation and application of epinephrine to the SA node
E) both sympathetic stimulation and application of acetylcholine to the SA node

Question 52

The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a contraction is called the

A) end-diastolic volume.
B) end-systolic volume.
C) stroke volume.
D) cardiac output.
E) cardiac reserve.

Question 53

Epinephrine and norepinephrine increase ion flow through ________ channels.

A) Na⁺ only
B) K⁺ only
C) Ca²⁺ only
D) If only
E) If and Ca²⁺

Question 54

In order for blood to enter the heart,

A) the atria must be in diastole.
B) the pressure in the atria must be lower than in the veins.
C) the AV valves must be open.
D) the atria must not only be at rest but the atrial pressure must be lower than the veins.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 55

The term that describes the volume of blood circulated by the heart in one minute is

A) cardiac output (CO).
B) heart rate (HR).
C) end-diastolic volume (EDV).
D) stroke volume (SV).
E) end-systolic volume (ESV).

Question 56

A heart rate of 125 beats per minute could be correctly termed

A) bradycardia.
B) tachycardia.
C) an arrhythmia.
D) fibrillation.
E) a normal resting heart rate.

Question 57

During ventricular ejection,

A) the ventricles are in systole.
B) the QRS complex is just starting.
C) the semilunar valves are closed.
D) the AV valves are open.
E) blood is forced into veins.

Question 58

The cardiac output is equal to

A) the difference between the end-diastolic volume and the end-systolic volume.
B) the product of heart rate and stroke volume.
C) the difference between the stroke volume at rest and the stroke volume during exercise.
D) the stroke volume less the end-systolic volume.
E) the product of heart rate and blood pressure.

Question 59

According to Starling's law of the heart, the cardiac output is directly related to the

A) size of the ventricle.
B) heart rate.
C) venous return.
D) thickness of the myocardium.
E) end-systolic volume.

Question 60

Which of the following events result in the first heart sound?

A) The AV valves open.
B) The AV valves close.
C) The semilunar valves close.
D) The semilunar valves open.
E) The atria contract.

Question 61

The chambers of the heart that receive blood from the veins are the ________.

Question 62

The chambers of the heart that pump blood into the arteries are the ________.

Question 63

Match the following terms to the correct answer:
A.tricuspid valve
B.bicuspid valve
C.aortic valve
D.pulmonary valve
also called the mitral valve

Question 64

Match the name of the wave with the correlated event.
A.P wave
B.QRS complex
C.T wave
D.PR segment
E.ST segment
immediately followed by ventricular contraction

Question 65

Stimulation of the beta receptors on heart muscle results in

A) the formation of cAMP.
B) decreased rate of contraction.
C) decreased force of cardiac contraction.
D) increased sensitivity to acetylcholine.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 66

Match the name of the wave with the correlated event.
A.P wave
B.QRS complex
C.T wave
D.PR segment
E.ST segment
atrial contraction

Question 67

________ are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

Question 68

The primary function of the cardiovascular system is ________.

Question 69

Match each term with its definition.
A.cardiac output (CO)
B.heart rate (HR)
C.end-diastolic volume (EDV)
D.stroke volume (SV)
E.end-systolic volume (ESV)
the amount of blood pumped out of the heart during one contraction

Question 70

Match the name of the wave with the correlated event.
A.P wave
B.QRS complex
C.T wave
D.PR segment
E.ST segment
ventricular depolarization

Question 71

Match the following terms to the correct answer:
A.tricuspid valve
B.bicuspid valve
C.aortic valve
D.pulmonary valve
has three cuplike leaflets and has the aorta on one side

Question 72

Match each term with its definition.
A.cardiac output (CO)
B.heart rate (HR)
C.end-diastolic volume (EDV)
D.stroke volume (SV)
E.end-systolic volume (ESV)
the volume of blood circulated by the heart in one minute

Question 73

________ are blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart.

Question 74

Match each term with its definition.
A.cardiac output (CO)
B.heart rate (HR)
C.end-diastolic volume (EDV)
D.stroke volume (SV)
E.end-systolic volume (ESV)
the amount of blood left in the ventricle after it contracts

Question 75

Match the name of the wave with the correlated event.
A.P wave
B.QRS complex
C.T wave
D.PR segment
E.ST segment
ventricular repolarization

Question 76

Match the name of the wave with the correlated event.
A.P wave
B.QRS complex
C.T wave
D.PR segment
E.ST segment
atrial depolarization

Question 77

Match the following terms to the correct answer:
A.tricuspid valve
B.bicuspid valve
C.aortic valve
D.pulmonary valve
an AV valve that has three flaps

Question 78

Match each term with its definition.
A.cardiac output (CO)
B.heart rate (HR)
C.end-diastolic volume (EDV)
D.stroke volume (SV)
E.end-systolic volume (ESV)
the amount of blood in the ventricle available to be pumped out of the heart during one contraction

Question 79

Match the following terms to the correct answer:
A.tricuspid valve
B.bicuspid valve
C.aortic valve
D.pulmonary valve
a semilunar valve that has the right ventricle on one side

Question 80

Drugs known as beta blockers will

A) increase heart rate.
B) decrease heart rate.
C) increase stroke volume.
D) increase cardiac output.
E) decrease the end-systolic volume.