Deck 21: The Digestive System

Question 1

Rugae, plicae, and villi are all features that accomplish

A) secretion of enzymes.
B) secretion of hormones.
C) an increase in surface area.
D) immune function.
E) mechanical digestion.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Identify the answer choice that lists the GI functions that are most closely regulated by the body.

A) absorption and motility
B) digestion and motility
C) secretion and digestion
D) motility and secretion
E) motility, secretion, and digestion

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Features of the submucosa include

A) blood and lymph vessels.
B) a major nerve network.
C) Peyer's patches.
D) blood vessels, lymph vessels, and a major nerve network.
E) blood vessels, lymph vessels, a major nerve network, and Peyer's patches.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The myenteric plexus is

A) a layer of circular smooth muscle.
B) a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle.
C) a network of neurons.
D) the mucus secreting layer of the digestive tract.
E) primarily composed of connective tissue.

Question 5

The lamina propria and mucous epithelium are components of the

A) serosa.
B) adventitia.
C) muscularis mucosa.
D) mucosa.
E) submucosa.

Question 6

The motor activity of the muscularis externa is controlled by the

A) submucosal plexus.
B) myenteric plexus.
C) migrating motor complex.
D) extrinsic neurons.
E) motilin.

Question 7

Sandwiched between the layer of circular and longitudinal muscle in the muscularis externa is the

A) mucosa.
B) submucosa.
C) muscularis mucosa.
D) myenteric plexus.
E) submucosal plexus.

Question 8

The ________ is a significant site of absorption of water and electrolytes, but NOT of nutrients.

A) mouth
B) stomach
C) small intestine
D) large intestine
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 9

Peyer's patches are characteristic of the

A) stomach.
B) esophagus.
C) pancreas.
D) intestine.
E) colon.

Question 10

The layer of connective tissue between the digestive epithelium and a layer of smooth muscle is the

A) lamina propria.
B) muscularis mucosae.
C) submucosa.
D) submucosal plexus.
E) myenteric plexus.

Question 11

In the intestine, the epithelial cells have

A) leaky junctions.
B) tight junctions.
C) electrical gap junctions.

Question 12

Digestion refers to the

A) progressive dehydration of indigestible residue.
B) input of food into the digestive tract.
C) release of substances into the lumen of the gut.
D) absorption of nutrients in the gut.
E) breakdown of food into particles small enough to cross epithelial cells.

Question 13

Secretion refers to the

A) progressive dehydration of indigestible residue.
B) input of food into the digestive tract.
C) release of substances into the lumen of the gut.
D) absorption of nutrients in the gut.
E) breakdown of food into particles small enough to cross epithelial cells.

Question 14

Contraction of the ________ alters the surface area by moving villi.

A) mucosa
B) submucosa
C) submucosal plexus
D) muscularis mucosae
E) adventitia

Question 15

G cells of the stomach secrete

A) cholecystokinin.
B) secretin.
C) gastrin.
D) enterokinase.
E) pepsin.

Question 16

Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion?

A) stomach
B) pancreas
C) spleen
D) colon
E) esophagus

Question 17

Intestinal crypts

A) only increase the surface area of the mucosa of the small intestine.
B) only carry products of digestion that will not pass through the walls of blood capillaries.
C) only produce new cells for the mucosa of the small intestine.
D) only function in the absorption of nutrients.
E) increase the surface area of the mucosa of the small intestine and produce new cells for the mucosa of the small intestine.

Question 18

Which of the following is the sequence of layers from the lumen to the outer wall of the digestive tract?

A) serosa, submucosa, mucosa, muscularis externa
B) submucosa, mucosa, serosa, muscularis externa
C) mucosa, submucosa, serosa, muscularis externa
D) submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa, mucosa
E) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

Question 19

The subepithelial connective tissue of the GI tract, immediately beneath the epithelium, is the

A) muscularis mucosae.
B) lamina propria.
C) submucosa.
D) serosa.
E) submucosal plexus.

Question 20

Chief cells secrete

A) pepsinogen.
B) gastrin.
C) mucus.
D) hydrochloric acid.
E) intrinsic factor.

Question 21

Mucus functions in

A) protection only.
B) lubrication only.
C) enzyme activation only.
D) protection and lubrication.
E) protection, lubrication, and enzyme activation.

Question 22

During the cephalic phase of gastric secretion,

A) the stomach responds to distention.
B) secretin inhibits parietal and chief cells.
C) there is an increased flow of action potentials along the vagus nerve to the stomach.
D) the intestine reflexively inhibits gastric emptying.
E) production of gastric juice slows down.

Question 23

The swallowing center in the brain, which coordinates the muscular reflexes, is located in the

A) cerebrum.
B) medulla oblongata.
C) pons.
D) cerebellum.
E) hypothalamus.

Question 24

The release of many GI tract hormones is stimulated by a particular food or substance.Which hormone is INCORRECTLY paired with its stimulus?

A) CCK - fatty foods
B) secretin - acid in the small intestine
C) GIP - glucose in the small intestine
D) motilin - acid in the stomach
E) gastrin - peptides and amino acids

Question 25

Functions of the large intestine include

A) chemical digestion of chyme.
B) temporary food storage.
C) absorption of water and compaction of feces.
D) absorption of most products of digestion.
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 26

Nutrient absorption occurs primarily in the

A) stomach.
B) liver.
C) small intestine.
D) large intestine.
E) stomach and small intestine.

Question 27

Nearly 90% of our dietary calories from fat are in the form of

A) steroids.
B) phospholipids.
C) triglycerides.
D) cholesterol.
E) fat-soluble vitamins.

Question 28

Amylases, the enzymes used to digest carbohydrates, are secreted by

A) salivary glands into the mouth only.
B) gastric glands into the stomach only.
C) the pancreas into the intestine only.
D) salivary glands into the mouth and gastric glands into the stomach.
E) salivary glands into the mouth and the pancreas into the intestine.

Question 29

An enzyme that will digest proteins into amino acids is

A) lipase.
B) amylase.
C) nuclease.
D) maltase.
E) carboxypeptidase.

Question 30

The ________ are sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold some of the visceral organs in their proper position.

A) serosa
B) adventitia
C) mesenteries
D) fibrosa
E) lamina propria

Question 31

Which of the following statements is True about GI muscle contractions?

A) Phasic contractions last only seconds and occur in the stomach and small intestine.
B) Tonic contractions are sustained for minutes and occur in the small intestine.
C) Cycles of smooth muscle contraction and relaxation are associated with fast wave potentials.
D) Contractions of the smooth muscle do not depend on calcium.
E) None of these statements are True.

Question 32

The gastric phase of gastric secretion is triggered by the

A) sight, thought, or smell of food.
B) entry of food into the stomach.
C) entry of chyme into the small intestine.
D) entry of chyme into the large intestine.
E) release of cholecystokinin and secretin by the small intestine.

Question 33

In the digestive system, HCl is released by ________, whereas HCO₃⁻ is secreted primarily from the ________.

A) parietal cells of the stomach, pancreas
B) the pancreas, parietal cells of the stomach
C) parietal cells of the stomach, liver
D) the liver, parietal cells of the stomach

Question 34

Powerful contractions that occur a few times each day in the colon are called

A) segmentation.
B) tonic contractions.
C) phasic contractions.
D) peristalsis.
E) mass movements.

Question 35

Slow waves are

A) cycles of smooth muscle contraction and relaxation.
B) cycles of depolarization and repolarization.
C) reflexes that originate and are integrated in the enteric nervous system.
D) peristaltic contractions.
E) segmental contractions.

Question 36

Which of the following events does NOT occur when you swallow?

A) Respiration is inhibited.
B) The upper esophageal sphincter closes.
C) The epiglottis closes.
D) The lower esophageal sphincter relaxes.

Question 37

Bile is

A) secreted by hepatocytes only.
B) manufactured by the gallbladder only.
C) released into the stomach only.
D) secreted by hepatocytes and manufactured by the gallbladder.
E) secreted by hepatocytes, manufactured by the gallbladder, and released into the stomach.

Question 38

Which of the following statements is True?

A) A basolateral GLUT5 transporter moves glucose out of the intestinal epithelial cell.
B) Fructose moves across the apical membrane by active transport.
C) Glucose and galactose use different transporters in absorption.
D) Glucose and galactose absorption uses an apical Na⁺-glucose SGLT symporter.
E) None of the statements are True.

Question 39

________ are pacemakers for slow wave activity.

A) Interstitial cells of Cajal
B) Intrinsic neuron cells
C) Extrinsic neuron cells
D) G cells
E) Chief cells

Question 40

Most products of fat digestion are absorbed by

A) capillaries.
B) veins.
C) lymphatic vessels.
D) arterioles.

Question 41

Match the structure to its function.
A.mouth
B.stomach
C.rectum
D.small intestine
E.large intestine
Protein digestion is completed here.

Question 42

Saliva secretion is primarily a result of

A) increased sympathetic stimulation.
B) decreased parasympathetic stimulation.
C) increased somatic motor stimulation.
D) decreased somatic motor stimulation.
E) increased parasympathetic stimulation.

Question 43

Match the following structures with the appropriate description.
A.appendix
B.colon
C.duodenum
D.ileum
E.jejunum
location of most peptic ulcers

Question 44

Match the structure to its function.
A.mouth
B.stomach
C.rectum
D.small intestine
E.large intestine
Carbohydrate digestion is completed here.

Question 45

Match each product with the cell or region that secretes or contains it.
A.enzymes
B.HCl
C.HCO₃⁻
D.mucus
E.more than one of these
brush border

Question 46

Match the structure to its function.
A.mouth
B.stomach
C.rectum
D.small intestine
E.large intestine
Fat digestion begins here.

Question 47

Match the following structures with the appropriate description.
A.appendix
B.colon
C.duodenum
D.ileum
E.jejunum
distal-most section of small intestine

Question 48

Match the following structures with their functions.
A.pancreas
B.pylorus
C.rectum
D.small intestine
E.stomach
organ where most digestion occurs

Question 49

Match each product with the cell or region that secretes or contains it.
A.enzymes
B.HCl
C.HCO₃⁻
D.mucus
E.more than one of these
pancreatic cells

Question 50

Match the following structures with the appropriate description.
A.appendix
B.colon
C.duodenum
D.ileum
E.jejunum
section where chyme is processed to remove water and electrolytes, leaving waste products of digestion

Question 51

Match the following structures with the appropriate description.
A.appendix
B.colon
C.duodenum
D.ileum
E.jejunum
located at the ventral end of the cecum

Question 52

Match the following structures with their functions.
A.pancreas
B.pylorus
C.rectum
D.small intestine
E.stomach
organ that adds secretions to the duodenum via a duct

Question 53

Match the following structures with their functions.
A.pancreas
B.pylorus
C.rectum
D.small intestine
E.stomach
location of a smooth muscle band that prevents premature emptying of the stomach

Question 54

Match the structure to its function.
A.mouth
B.stomach
C.rectum
D.small intestine
E.large intestine
Carbohydrate digestion begins here.

Question 55

Match the structure to its function.
A.mouth
B.stomach
C.rectum
D.small intestine
E.large intestine
Protein digestion begins here.

Question 56

Match the structure to its function.
A.mouth
B.stomach
C.rectum
D.small intestine
E.large intestine
Fat digestion is completed here.

Question 57

Match each product with the cell or region that secretes or contains it.
A.enzymes
B.HCl
C.HCO₃⁻
D.mucus
E.more than one of these
goblet cells

Question 58

Match each product with the cell or region that secretes or contains it.
A.enzymes
B.HCl
C.HCO₃⁻
D.mucus
E.more than one of these
parietal cells

Question 59

Bicarbonate secretion

A) neutralizes acid entering from the stomach into the duodenum.
B) is secreted by apical Cl⁻-HCO₃⁻ exchanger.
C) is not dependent on high levels of carbonic anhydrase to maintain bicarbonate production.
D) is secreted by the acinar cells.
E) neutralizes acid entering from the stomach into the duodenum and is secreted by apical Cl⁻-HCO₃⁻ exchanger.

Question 60

Match the following structures with their functions.
A.pancreas
B.pylorus
C.rectum
D.small intestine
E.stomach
chyme is released from here

Question 61

Digestive reflexes originating in the CNS are called ________ reflexes.

A) defecation
B) short
C) long
D) deglutition

Question 62

Short reflexes of the digestive system are integrated in the ________ nervous system.

A) central
B) enteric
C) peripheral
D) parasympathetic

Question 63

After processing in the stomach, the gastric contents are referred to as

A) feces.
B) food.
C) chyme.
D) filtrate.

Question 64

Bile salts aid in the digestion of fats by ________ large fat droplets.

A) generating
B) emulsifying
C) absorbing
D) digesting fats within

Question 65

The exocrine portion of the pancreas consists of lobules called ________, which secrete ________.

A) acini, hormones
B) islets, digestive enzymes
C) islets, hormones
D) acini, digestive enzymes

Question 66

________ are tiny droplets of fatty acids, monoglycerides, and bile salts.

A) Micelles
B) Enterocyte membranes
C) Chylomicrons
D) Lacteals

Question 67

The three sections of the small intestine, in order according to movement of its contents, are

A) duodenum, jejunum, ileum.
B) jejunum, ileum, colon.
C) duodenum, ileum, jejunum.
D) jejunum colon, ileum.

Question 68

The largest collection of ________ tissue in the body is the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT).

A) nervous
B) epithelial
C) muscle
D) lymphoid

Question 69

Maltose is broken down by maltase into two molecules of

A) galactose.
B) glucose.
C) starch.
D) amylase.

Question 70

Slow waves originate in modified smooth muscle cells called

A) mucous cells.
B) smooth muscle sphincters.
C) interstitial cells of Cajal.
D) goblet cells.

Question 71

Most absorbed nutrients first enter the blood of the ________ system.

A) lymphatic
B) hepatic portal
C) arterial
D) immune

Question 72

A(n)________ digests terminal peptide bonds to release amino acids.

A) exopeptidase
B) endopeptidase
C) protease
D) lipase

Question 73

The enzyme that digests starch into disaccharides is

A) lactase.
B) maltase.
C) sucrose.
D) amylase.

Question 74

________ involve short segments of intestine that alternately contract and relax.They are responsible for ________.

A) Segmental contractions, mixing
B) Peristaltic contractions, pushing a bolus forward
C) Segmental contractions, pushing a bolus forward
D) Peristaltic contractions, mixing

Question 75

Bile is produced in the ________ and stored in the ________.

A) gallbladder, liver
B) liver, gallbladder
C) pancreas, hepatocytes
D) hepatocytes, pancreas

Question 76

The primary complex carbohydrate ingested and digested by people is

A) fiber.
B) glycogen.
C) glucagon.
D) cellulose.
E) starch.

Question 77

Digestion is essentially completed in the

A) stomach.
B) small intestine.
C) large intestine.
D) anus.

Question 78

The ________ is a "housekeeping function" that sweeps food remnants and bacteria out of the upper GI tract and into the large intestine.

A) peristaltic contraction
B) segmental contraction
C) slow wave
D) migrating motor complex

Question 79

________ is intestinal gas produced by bacteria in the colon during the metabolism of indigestible carbohydrates.

A) Flatus
B) Defecation
C) Haustra
D) Tenia Coli

Question 80

Long reflexes that originate completely outside the digestive system include ________ reflexes and ________ reflexes, which are called ________ reflexes.

A) submucosal plexus, myenteric plexus, cephalic
B) submucosal plexus, myenteric plexus, short
C) feedforward, emotional, short
D) feedforward, emotional, cephalic