Deck 25: Integrative Physiology III: Exercise

Question 1

Cortisol, the catecholamines, and growth hormone do all of the following, EXCEPT

A) mobilize glycogen from the liver.
B) raise plasma glucose levels.
C) promote the conversion of triglycerides to glycerol and fatty acids.
D) enhance deposition of fat in adipose tissue.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The substance in muscle fiber cytoplasm that directly powers muscle contraction is

A) glucose.
B) fatty acids.
C) ATP.
D) phosphocreatine.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following hormones increase(s)in concentration in the plasma during exercise?

A) cortisol
B) catecholamines
C) insulin
D) cortisol and catecholamines
E) cortisol, catecholamines, and insulin

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The largest metabolic reserves for the average adult are stored as

A) carbohydrates.
B) proteins.
C) amino acids.
D) triglycerides.
E) fatty acids.

Question 5

The role of phosphocreatine is to

A) store energy.
B) store oxygen.
C) release energy.
D) transfer energy.
E) provide a substrate for gluconeogenesis.

Question 6

The advantage of anaerobic metabolism is

A) high yield of ATP.
B) rapid ATP production.
C) fewer pesky by-products.
D) greater use of fat stores.
E) greater endurance.

Question 7

It takes approximately ________ of aerobic exercise to begin mobilizing fats from adipose tissue.

A) 30 seconds
B) 10 minutes
C) 30 minutes
D) 45 minutes
E) 60 minutes

Question 8

The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are

A) carbohydrates.
B) proteins.
C) fats.
D) nucleic acids.
E) vitamins.

Question 9

The initial change in heart rate at the onset of exercise is due to

A) sympathetic stimulation.
B) the withdrawal of parasympathetic inhibition.
C) stretching of the cardiac muscle fibers in response to increased venous return.
D) overfilling of the ventricles.

Question 10

The process of creating glucose out of non-carbohydrate precursors to make more energy for exercise is referred to as

A) glycolysis.
B) gluconeogenesis.
C) ketolysis.
D) hydrosis.

Question 11

During mild to moderate exercise, arterial pH, PO₂, and PCO₂ are

A) nearly normal.
B) nearly half of normal.
C) almost twice as high as normal.

Question 12

Glycolytic metabolism is also known as

A) aerobic metabolism.
B) anaerobic metabolism.
C) gluconeogenesis.
D) glycogenesis.
E) beta-oxidation.

Question 13

Exercise hyperventilation results from signals from

A) muscle and joint mechanoreceptors and proprioceptors only.
B) the carotid body chemoreceptors only.
C) activating pulmonary stretch receptors only.
D) muscle and joint mechanoreceptors and proprioceptors and from the carotid body chemoreceptors.
E) muscle and joint mechanoreceptors and proprioceptors, the carotid body chemoreceptors, and activating pulmonary stretch receptors.

Question 14

In resistance exercise, such as strength training, muscles rely heavily on ________ energy production.

A) anaerobic
B) aerobic

Question 15

When the muscle has used up its stored ATP and glucose but continues to have a plentiful supply of oxygen, which process will it turn to next to produce more energy for muscle contraction?

A) protein catabolism
B) fatty acid oxidation
C) fermentation of glucose to lactate
D) ketosis

Question 16

If oxygen is NOT available for aerobic ATP production, ________ builds up on muscles.

A) glucose
B) ATP
C) pyruvic acid
D) lactic acid

Question 17

EPOC is

A) excess physiological oxygen contribution.
B) extra phosphorylated oxygenated creatine.
C) excess postexercise oxygen consumption.
D) exercising physiological oxygen consumption.
E) extraneous preoxygen contribution.

Question 18

With endurance training, muscle mitochondria increase in

A) size only.
B) number only.
C) size and number.
D) neither size nor number.

Question 19

Excess postexercise oxygen consumption serves all of the following purposes EXCEPT

A) it metabolizes lactate.
B) it restores ATP and phosphocreatine levels.
C) it replenishes oxygen bound to myoglobin.
D) it removes unnecessary catecholamines from circulation.

Question 20

Fat stores are used for energy only after muscles have depleted their carbohydrate energy stores.

Question 21

Match the response to the description.
A.increase
B.decrease
C.no change
mean arterial pressure during exercise

Question 22

Match the response to the description.
A.increase
B.decrease
C.no change
peripheral vascular resistance during exercise

Question 23

During exercise, sweating helps lose heat from the body through the process of

A) radiation.
B) conduction.
C) convection.
D) evaporation.
E) concentration.

Question 24

During exercise, skeletal muscle

A) vasodilation decreases peripheral resistance to blood flow.
B) vasodilation increases peripheral resistance to blood flow.
C) vasoconstriction decreases peripheral resistance to blood flow.
D) vasoconstriction increases peripheral resistance to blood flow.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 25

Sweat glands contain

A) cholinergic receptors.
B) alpha-1 receptors.
C) alpha-2 receptors.
D) beta receptors.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 26

With heat acclimatization,

A) sweating becomes more productive.
B) aldosterone increases.
C) sweating becomes more concentrated.
D) sweating becomes more productive and aldosterone increases.
E) aldosterone increases and sweating becomes more concentrated.

Question 27

When the concentration of sodium ion in the ECF increases,

A) osmoreceptors are stimulated.
B) there is a decreased thirst.
C) ADH secretion decreases.
D) aldosterone secretion increases.
E) there is an increase in the volume of urine produced.

Question 28

With acclimatization, the body begins to do a better job of conserving

A) water only.
B) heat only.
C) salt only.
D) water and heat only.
E) water, heat, and salt.

Question 29

During increased exercise,

A) vasoconstriction occurs at the active skeletal muscles.
B) venous return increases.
C) cardiac output decreases.
D) stroke volume decreases.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 30

Redistribution of blood flow during exercise results from

A) vasodilation only.
B) vasoconstriction only.
C) vasodilation in skeletal muscle and vasoconstriction in viscera.
D) vasoconstriction in skeletal muscle and vasodilation in viscera.

Question 31

Match the response to the description.
A.increase
B.decrease
C.no change
percent fat metabolized for ATP production as exercise intensity increases

Question 32

Match the response to the description.
A.increase
B.decrease
C.no change
plasma glucose concentration 30 minutes after glucose ingestion in diabetics who exercise, compared to those who don't

Question 33

There is clear evidence that strenuous exercise on a regular basis enhances the immune system.

Question 34

Which of the following is involved in the pathway that causes a jump in ventilation rate at the beginning of exercise?

A) Proprioceptors in muscles send information to the motor cortex of the brain.
B) Output from the limbic system and cardiovascular control center triggers parasympathetic discharge.
C) Widespread vasoconstriction causes increase in blood pressure.
D) Proprioceptors in muscles send information to the motor cortex of the brain and widespread vasoconstriction causes increase in blood pressure.
E) Output from the limbic system and cardiovascular control center triggers parasympathetic discharge and widespread vasoconstriction causes increase in blood pressure.

Question 35

Match the response to the description.
A.increase
B.decrease
C.no change
relative depression of immune system with change from moderate to strenuous exercise

Question 36

Benefits of regular exercise include all of the following, EXCEPT

A) lowered blood pressure.
B) increased plasma levels of HDL (high-density lipoproteins).
C) increased levels of LDL (low-density lipoproteins).
D) decreased risk of heart attack.
E) decreased plasma levels of triglycerides.

Question 37

Match the response to the description.
A.increase
B.decrease
C.no change
arterial PO₂ during exercise compared to rest

Question 38

During the first 15 seconds of intense exercise, such as sprinting or power lifting, most of the energy is provided by

A) fat oxidation.
B) carbohydrate oxidation.
C) ATP in muscle fiber.
D) phosphocreatine.
E) ATP in muscle fiber and phosphocreatine.

Question 39

During exercise, the most significant factor affecting the pH of body tissues is the production of

A) lactic acid.
B) ketone bodies.
C) organic acids.
D) carbon dioxide.
E) hydrochloric acid.

Question 40

Which of the following best explains why exercise can help reduce the necessity for insulin use in people with type II diabetes mellitus?

A) Exercise upregulates insulin receptors.
B) Exercise uses up blood sugar before its levels can become elevated.
C) Exercise reduces cortisol levels.
D) Exercise doesn't help type II diabetes.

Question 41

Explain the advantages and disadvantages of glycolytic metabolism.

Question 42

Individuals with McArdle's disease cannot break down glycogen.How would this affect substrate utilization during exercise?

Question 43

How does exercise hyperventilation maintain nearly normal PO₂ and PCO₂?

Question 44

During exercise, skeletal muscle receives approximately ________% of blood flow.Where is this blood redistributed from?

Question 45

Susie has hyperthyroidism.How might this affect ATP production during exercise?

Question 46

Based on what you learned in the chapter on control of blood flow and pressure, what must happen to blood flow to meet the metabolic demands of exercising skeletal muscle? How is this accomplished? What is the predicted effect of this change on systemic blood pressure during exercise? What are the changes in heart function during exercise, and what effects should those changes have on systemic blood pressure? What actually happens to systemic blood pressure during exercise? Explain the apparent contradictions.

Question 47

During exercise, blood flow to the active skeletal muscles is increased by autoregulation.Propose a mechanism based on the need for nutrients that would explain how the autoregulation might take place.

Question 48

Why is the normal baroreceptor reflex absent during exercise?

Question 49

James made a New Years resolution to get healthy, so he started an exercise plan.Early in the process he noticed that he fatigued quickly.As he continued to exercise regularly, he noticed that it took longer to fatigue.What change explains the increased endurance?

Question 50

List and discuss the benefits of exercise, especially in regard to decreased risk of cardiovascular disease.

Question 51

Dehydration causes

A) fluid to shift from the ECF to the ICF.
B) decreased secretion of ADH.
C) increased thirst.
D) increased levels of aldosterone.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 52

In addition to the number and type of muscle fibers in a muscle, peak athletic performance requires

A) a good blood supply and system of blood delivery.
B) a well-developed respiratory system.
C) adequate numbers of muscle mitochondria.
D) good supplies of nutrients.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 53

What two effects does sympathetic stimulation have on the heart during exercise?

Question 54

The adaption of the body to repeated exercise in hot environments occurs through a process called ________.

Question 55

Why and how does intracellular K⁺ become depleted with exercise?

Question 56

Athletes with chronic energy deficit (energy output > energy intake)tend to have high levels of cortisol.Do you expect their immune systems would be better than those who are sedentary? Explain.

Question 57

List and briefly discuss advantages or enhancements to metabolism brought about through aerobic exercise.

Question 58

The maximal rate of consumption of ________ is used as a measurement of a person's ability to perform endurance exercise and is measured in what units? How is this molecule related to metabolism?

Question 59

The rise in body temperature triggers two thermoregulatory mechanisms: ________ and ________.

Question 60

Discuss changes in the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems that result from conditioning for exercise.

Question 61

Daniella is a dancer trying to get into the New York City Ballet.She knows that it is very competitive, so she is practicing several hours a day.She also knows that ballerinas need to be very thin, so she is restricting her diet to 600 calories a day and only eats fruits and vegetables.She continues her workout and dietary routine for several months and on the day of her audition she feels very weak.She ends up passing out during her audition and as the athletic trainer and physician are evaluating Daniella, they notice that she has several bruises and frequent muscle spasms.Why is Daniella having all of these problems?

Question 62

Sabrina's resting heart rate is 80 beats per minute, and her resting stroke volume is 50 mL per beat.What is her cardiac output? When she exercises, her heart rate increases to 100 beats per minute and her stroke volume increases to 55 mL per beat.What happens to her cardiac output? What is the advantage of the lower relative increase in stroke volume?