Deck 11: Research and Epidemiology

Question 1

Match the descriptor with the correct term.
Person time/person years

A)Faulty memory
B)The tendency to select persons under frequent medical care
C)The tendency to ask questions differently or probe more if it is known that the person has the disease
D)Quantifies the amount of risk due to a certain characteristic Ire/IRo
E)The ability of a test instrument to measure what it is supposed to measure
F)Identified by pre-existing records developed in the past
G)Accumulated period of time each person is in the study
H)Percent of all True non-cases correctly identified
I)Reliability between more than one research assistant or observer
J)Examples: all new employees within a hospital, all new students in the first grade

Answer 1

Accumulated period of time each person is in the study

Question 2

Match the descriptor with the correct term.
Interobserver reliability

A)Faulty memory
B)The tendency to select persons under frequent medical care
C)The tendency to ask questions differently or probe more if it is known that the person has the disease
D)Quantifies the amount of risk due to a certain characteristic Ire/IRo
E)The ability of a test instrument to measure what it is supposed to measure
F)Identified by pre-existing records developed in the past
G)Accumulated period of time each person is in the study
H)Percent of all True non-cases correctly identified
I)Reliability between more than one research assistant or observer
J)Examples: all new employees within a hospital, all new students in the first grade

Answer 2

Reliability between more than one research assistant or observer

Question 3

What is a tentative assertion called that is assumed by the researcher but not positively known until it is tested?

A) Specific aims
B) Hypothesis
C) Methodology
D) Significance

Answer 3

Hypothesis

Question 4

The incidence rate of the exposed group divided by the incidence rate of the unexposed group is the formula to determine the

A) Relative risk.
B) Odds ratio.
C) Incidence.
D) Prevalence.

Question 5

Match the descriptor with the correct term.
Recall bias

A)Faulty memory
B)The tendency to select persons under frequent medical care
C)The tendency to ask questions differently or probe more if it is known that the person has the disease
D)Quantifies the amount of risk due to a certain characteristic Ire/IRo
E)The ability of a test instrument to measure what it is supposed to measure
F)Identified by pre-existing records developed in the past
G)Accumulated period of time each person is in the study
H)Percent of all True non-cases correctly identified
I)Reliability between more than one research assistant or observer
J)Examples: all new employees within a hospital, all new students in the first grade

Question 6

Match the descriptor with the correct term.
Selection bias

A)Faulty memory
B)The tendency to select persons under frequent medical care
C)The tendency to ask questions differently or probe more if it is known that the person has the disease
D)Quantifies the amount of risk due to a certain characteristic Ire/IRo
E)The ability of a test instrument to measure what it is supposed to measure
F)Identified by pre-existing records developed in the past
G)Accumulated period of time each person is in the study
H)Percent of all True non-cases correctly identified
I)Reliability between more than one research assistant or observer
J)Examples: all new employees within a hospital, all new students in the first grade

Question 7

What should be included in the significance section of a research proposal?

A) Goals or objectives
B) Importance of the research project
C) Step-by-step account of what will be done in the study
D) Data collection instrument

Question 8

Match the descriptor with the correct term.
Interviewer bias

A)Faulty memory
B)The tendency to select persons under frequent medical care
C)The tendency to ask questions differently or probe more if it is known that the person has the disease
D)Quantifies the amount of risk due to a certain characteristic Ire/IRo
E)The ability of a test instrument to measure what it is supposed to measure
F)Identified by pre-existing records developed in the past
G)Accumulated period of time each person is in the study
H)Percent of all True non-cases correctly identified
I)Reliability between more than one research assistant or observer
J)Examples: all new employees within a hospital, all new students in the first grade

Question 9

Results of a clinical trial show that 55 patients who received laser surgery for nearsightedness had severe nausea and vomiting after the procedure. The same local anesthetic was administered to all 55 patients. What information do you need to determine whether the anesthetic led to the nausea and vomiting these laser surgery patients had after their procedure?

A) The denominator
B) The numerator
C) The ratio
D) The proportion

Question 10

Match the descriptor with the correct term.
Relative risk

A)Faulty memory
B)The tendency to select persons under frequent medical care
C)The tendency to ask questions differently or probe more if it is known that the person has the disease
D)Quantifies the amount of risk due to a certain characteristic Ire/IRo
E)The ability of a test instrument to measure what it is supposed to measure
F)Identified by pre-existing records developed in the past
G)Accumulated period of time each person is in the study
H)Percent of all True non-cases correctly identified
I)Reliability between more than one research assistant or observer
J)Examples: all new employees within a hospital, all new students in the first grade

Question 11

Match the descriptor with the correct term.
Validity

A)Faulty memory
B)The tendency to select persons under frequent medical care
C)The tendency to ask questions differently or probe more if it is known that the person has the disease
D)Quantifies the amount of risk due to a certain characteristic Ire/IRo
E)The ability of a test instrument to measure what it is supposed to measure
F)Identified by pre-existing records developed in the past
G)Accumulated period of time each person is in the study
H)Percent of all True non-cases correctly identified
I)Reliability between more than one research assistant or observer
J)Examples: all new employees within a hospital, all new students in the first grade

Question 12

Match the term with the correct descriptor.
Assertion to be proved

A)Hypothesis
B)Methodology
C)Specific aims
D)Literature review
E)Validity
F)Reliability
G)Bias
H)Prevalence
I)Incidence

Question 13

Match the descriptor with the correct term.
Cohort

A)Faulty memory
B)The tendency to select persons under frequent medical care
C)The tendency to ask questions differently or probe more if it is known that the person has the disease
D)Quantifies the amount of risk due to a certain characteristic Ire/IRo
E)The ability of a test instrument to measure what it is supposed to measure
F)Identified by pre-existing records developed in the past
G)Accumulated period of time each person is in the study
H)Percent of all True non-cases correctly identified
I)Reliability between more than one research assistant or observer
J)Examples: all new employees within a hospital, all new students in the first grade

Question 14

Match the term with the correct descriptor.
Error

A)Hypothesis
B)Methodology
C)Specific aims
D)Literature review
E)Validity
F)Reliability
G)Bias
H)Prevalence
I)Incidence

Question 15

Which study concurrently describes characteristics and health outcomes at one specific point or period in time?

A) Case-control study
B) Prospective study
C) Prevalence or cross-sectional study
D) Clinical trial

Question 16

Match the descriptor with the correct term.
Historical cohort

A)Faulty memory
B)The tendency to select persons under frequent medical care
C)The tendency to ask questions differently or probe more if it is known that the person has the disease
D)Quantifies the amount of risk due to a certain characteristic Ire/IRo
E)The ability of a test instrument to measure what it is supposed to measure
F)Identified by pre-existing records developed in the past
G)Accumulated period of time each person is in the study
H)Percent of all True non-cases correctly identified
I)Reliability between more than one research assistant or observer
J)Examples: all new employees within a hospital, all new students in the first grade

Question 17

In a case-control study, why are the cases and controls often matched on variables such as age and sex?

A) So that cases and controls are similar except for the disease and health characteristic under study
B) So that cases and controls are similar for all aspects of the study
C) So that cases and controls are similar except for the disease under study only
D) So that cases and controls are similar except for the health characteristic only

Question 18

Match the term with the correct descriptor.
Existing cases

A)Hypothesis
B)Methodology
C)Specific aims
D)Literature review
E)Validity
F)Reliability
G)Bias
H)Prevalence
I)Incidence

Question 19

The odds ratio is an estimate of the relative risk an individual has if he or she is exposed to a certain characteristic/risk factor. It is determined as part of which study design?

A) Prevalence or cross-sectional study
B) Case-control study
C) Prospective/incidence study
D) Clinical trial

Question 20

Match the descriptor with the correct term.
Specificity

A)Faulty memory
B)The tendency to select persons under frequent medical care
C)The tendency to ask questions differently or probe more if it is known that the person has the disease
D)Quantifies the amount of risk due to a certain characteristic Ire/IRo
E)The ability of a test instrument to measure what it is supposed to measure
F)Identified by pre-existing records developed in the past
G)Accumulated period of time each person is in the study
H)Percent of all True non-cases correctly identified
I)Reliability between more than one research assistant or observer
J)Examples: all new employees within a hospital, all new students in the first grade

Question 21

Match the term with the correct descriptor.
Accuracy

A)Hypothesis
B)Methodology
C)Specific aims
D)Literature review
E)Validity
F)Reliability
G)Bias
H)Prevalence
I)Incidence

Question 22

Match the term with the correct descriptor.
Cohort study

A)Cross-sectional study
B)Descriptive study
C)Analytic study
D)Case-control study
E)Odds ratio
F)Relative risk
G)Prospective study
H)Clinical trial
I)Life-table analysis
J)Outcome measures

Question 23

Match the term with the correct descriptor.
Step-by-step of what will be done in the research study

A)Hypothesis
B)Methodology
C)Specific aims
D)Literature review
E)Validity
F)Reliability
G)Bias
H)Prevalence
I)Incidence

Question 24

Match the term with the correct descriptor.
Intervention tested on selected subjects in a clinical setting

A)Cross-sectional study
B)Descriptive study
C)Analytic study
D)Case-control study
E)Odds ratio
F)Relative risk
G)Prospective study
H)Clinical trial
I)Life-table analysis
J)Outcome measures

Question 25

Match the term with the correct descriptor.
Individual with the disease under study

A)Independent variable
B)Dependent variable
C)Institutional review board
D)Risk factors
E)Specificity
F)Confounding variables
G)Case
H)Control
I)Research question
J)Historical-prospective study
K)Recall bias
L)Interviewer bias

Question 26

Match the term with the correct descriptor.
Used when researcher has loss of subjects

A)Cross-sectional study
B)Descriptive study
C)Analytic study
D)Case-control study
E)Odds ratio
F)Relative risk
G)Prospective study
H)Clinical trial
I)Life-table analysis
J)Outcome measures

Question 27

Match the term with the correct descriptor.
Study used to generate hypotheses

A)Cross-sectional study
B)Descriptive study
C)Analytic study
D)Case-control study
E)Odds ratio
F)Relative risk
G)Prospective study
H)Clinical trial
I)Life-table analysis
J)Outcome measures

Question 28

Match the term with the correct descriptor.
Goals or objectives within a research proposal

A)Hypothesis
B)Methodology
C)Specific aims
D)Literature review
E)Validity
F)Reliability
G)Bias
H)Prevalence
I)Incidence

Question 29

Match the term with the correct descriptor.
Ovarian cancer

A)Independent variable
B)Dependent variable
C)Institutional review board
D)Risk factors
E)Specificity
F)Confounding variables
G)Case
H)Control
I)Research question
J)Historical-prospective study
K)Recall bias
L)Interviewer bias

Question 30

Match the term with the correct descriptor.
Incidence rate of exposed/incidence rate of unexposed

A)Cross-sectional study
B)Descriptive study
C)Analytic study
D)Case-control study
E)Odds ratio
F)Relative risk
G)Prospective study
H)Clinical trial
I)Life-table analysis
J)Outcome measures

Question 31

Match the term with the correct descriptor.
Disease is examined to determine possible causes.

A)Cross-sectional study
B)Descriptive study
C)Analytic study
D)Case-control study
E)Odds ratio
F)Relative risk
G)Prospective study
H)Clinical trial
I)Life-table analysis
J)Outcome measures

Question 32

Match the term with the correct descriptor.
Morbidity, mortality, satisfaction, pain

A)Cross-sectional study
B)Descriptive study
C)Analytic study
D)Case-control study
E)Odds ratio
F)Relative risk
G)Prospective study
H)Clinical trial
I)Life-table analysis
J)Outcome measures

Question 33

Match the term with the correct descriptor.
New cases

A)Hypothesis
B)Methodology
C)Specific aims
D)Literature review
E)Validity
F)Reliability
G)Bias
H)Prevalence
I)Incidence

Question 34

Match the term with the correct descriptor.
Question to be answered

A)Independent variable
B)Dependent variable
C)Institutional review board
D)Risk factors
E)Specificity
F)Confounding variables
G)Case
H)Control
I)Research question
J)Historical-prospective study
K)Recall bias
L)Interviewer bias

Question 35

Match the term with the correct descriptor.
Estimate of relative risk

A)Cross-sectional study
B)Descriptive study
C)Analytic study
D)Case-control study
E)Odds ratio
F)Relative risk
G)Prospective study
H)Clinical trial
I)Life-table analysis
J)Outcome measures

Question 36

Match the term with the correct descriptor.
Research and human rights committee

A)Independent variable
B)Dependent variable
C)Institutional review board
D)Risk factors
E)Specificity
F)Confounding variables
G)Case
H)Control
I)Research question
J)Historical-prospective study
K)Recall bias
L)Interviewer bias

Question 37

Match the term with the correct descriptor.
Reproducibility

A)Hypothesis
B)Methodology
C)Specific aims
D)Literature review
E)Validity
F)Reliability
G)Bias
H)Prevalence
I)Incidence

Question 38

Match the term with the correct descriptor.
Retrospective study

A)Cross-sectional study
B)Descriptive study
C)Analytic study
D)Case-control study
E)Odds ratio
F)Relative risk
G)Prospective study
H)Clinical trial
I)Life-table analysis
J)Outcome measures

Question 39

Match the term with the correct descriptor.
Concurrently describes characteristics at one point in time

A)Cross-sectional study
B)Descriptive study
C)Analytic study
D)Case-control study
E)Odds ratio
F)Relative risk
G)Prospective study
H)Clinical trial
I)Life-table analysis
J)Outcome measures

Question 40

Match the term with the correct descriptor.
Determines what research has been previously conducted

A)Hypothesis
B)Methodology
C)Specific aims
D)Literature review
E)Validity
F)Reliability
G)Bias
H)Prevalence
I)Incidence

Question 41

Match the term with the correct descriptor.
Past records used to collect data, then followed over time

A)Independent variable
B)Dependent variable
C)Institutional review board
D)Risk factors
E)Specificity
F)Confounding variables
G)Case
H)Control
I)Research question
J)Historical-prospective study
K)Recall bias
L)Interviewer bias

Question 42

Research enables individuals to learn something new and valuable about their professions.

Question 43

Match the term with the correct descriptor.
Variable that could be the cause of the disease (alcohol use)

A)Independent variable
B)Dependent variable
C)Institutional review board
D)Risk factors
E)Specificity
F)Confounding variables
G)Case
H)Control
I)Research question
J)Historical-prospective study
K)Recall bias
L)Interviewer bias

Question 44

A major advantage of a prospective study is that its results can be measured after a very short time.

Question 45

Match the term with the correct descriptor.
Age, sex, race

A)Independent variable
B)Dependent variable
C)Institutional review board
D)Risk factors
E)Specificity
F)Confounding variables
G)Case
H)Control
I)Research question
J)Historical-prospective study
K)Recall bias
L)Interviewer bias

Question 46

Match the term with the correct descriptor.
Tend to ask questions differently or probe more

A)Independent variable
B)Dependent variable
C)Institutional review board
D)Risk factors
E)Specificity
F)Confounding variables
G)Case
H)Control
I)Research question
J)Historical-prospective study
K)Recall bias
L)Interviewer bias

Question 47

Referring to the data in the table, what was the incidence rate of cancer?

Question 48

Healthy People 2020 is an action agenda for the twenty-first century and includes priorities and research needs relevant to health information management.

Question 49

Match the term with the correct descriptor.
Individual without the disease under study

A)Independent variable
B)Dependent variable
C)Institutional review board
D)Risk factors
E)Specificity
F)Confounding variables
G)Case
H)Control
I)Research question
J)Historical-prospective study
K)Recall bias
L)Interviewer bias

Question 50

The independent variable is the disease under study, and the dependent variable is the risk factor or characteristic under study.

Question 51

In a cohort study, two groups free of disease are followed forward in time.

Question 52

When conducting a case-control or retrospective study, a researcher should match cases on variables known to be associated with the disease or the exposure under study.

Question 53

Match the term with the correct descriptor.
Characteristics that could cause the disease

A)Independent variable
B)Dependent variable
C)Institutional review board
D)Risk factors
E)Specificity
F)Confounding variables
G)Case
H)Control
I)Research question
J)Historical-prospective study
K)Recall bias
L)Interviewer bias

Question 54

Prospective studies are most useful for investigating diseases of high incidence.

Question 55

A case-control study should find controls similar to the characteristics of the cases (such as age and sex), but without the disease, and obtain histories on them.

Question 56

Validity and reliability are really measuring the same thing.

Question 57

Match the term with the correct descriptor.
Poor memory when interviewed

A)Independent variable
B)Dependent variable
C)Institutional review board
D)Risk factors
E)Specificity
F)Confounding variables
G)Case
H)Control
I)Research question
J)Historical-prospective study
K)Recall bias
L)Interviewer bias

Question 58

Incidence can be affected by an increase in the risk factor and changes in preventive measures.

Question 59

Epidemiology is the study of disease and the determinants of disease in individual cases.

Question 60

Match the term with the correct descriptor.
Percent of all True non-cases correctly identified

A)Independent variable
B)Dependent variable
C)Institutional review board
D)Risk factors
E)Specificity
F)Confounding variables
G)Case
H)Control
I)Research question
J)Historical-prospective study
K)Recall bias
L)Interviewer bias

Question 61

Outcomes research focuses on measures of mortality.

Question 62

The three major types of epidemiologic research study designs are (1) descriptive studies, (2) analytical studies, and (3) experimental studies.

Question 63

"Peer reviewed" means that peers within the specific research area have not reviewed the research article before publication.

Question 64

The hypothesis is an opinion or value judgment.

Question 65

Life-table analysis is most appropriate for prospective or experimental studies.

Question 66

The significance section of the research proposal conveys why the research is needed or important, and it is stated succinctly and clearly.

Question 67

When designing a case-control study, you must always match cases with controls on age, sex, and race.

Question 68

The bibliography within a research article may contain many more articles and books than are cited in the article itself.

Question 69

The odds ratio is an estimate of a confidence interval.

Question 70

Reliability assesses relevance, completeness, accuracy, and correctness.

Question 71

In a causal relationship, the cause is the independent variable, and the effect is the dependent variable.

Question 72

Sensitivity is the percentage of all True cases correctly identified.

Question 73

Specific aims should include a step-by-step process of what is done in the research study and why this process is necessary to test the hypothesis properly.