Deck 4: Instruments

Question 1

Utilizing additional focal points causes the temporal resolution to __________.

A) double
B) improve
C) degrade
D) remain unchanged

Answer 1

C
Additional focal points will cause a decrease in the temporal resolution (frame rate).

Question 2

An increase in the number of channels ________.

A) decreases the control of the beam characteristics
B) increases exposure intensity to the patient
C) increases the thickness of the transducer element
D) allows more precise control of the beam characteristics

Answer 2

D
An increase in the number of channels allows more precise control of the beam characteristics.

Question 3

Analog-to-digital converters convert the ________ voltage representing echoes to ________ for digital signal processing and storage.

A) analog; numbers
B) analog; bits
C) digital; analog
D) ultrasound; numbers

Answer 3

A
Analog-to-digital converters convert the analog voltage representing echoes to numbers for digital signal processing and storage.

Question 4

The ________ is where the action originates.

A) signal processor
B) code excitation
C) beam former
D) transmit/receive (T/R) switch

Question 5

Gain is the ratio of _____________________.

A) amplifier input to output voltage power
B) amplifier output to input electric power
C) voltage ratio squared or voltage ratio to the second power
D) transmission output to amplifier input

Question 6

The display form that presents the depth in the vertical axis and the amplitude of the echo in the horizontal axis is ________.

A) A (amplitude)-mode
B) B (brightness)-mode
C) C (color)-mode
D) M (motion)-mode

Question 7

The ________ determines the brightness of the echoes on the display.

A) analog-to-digital converter
B) digitizer
C) digital-to-analog converter
D) cathode ray tube

Question 8

A flat panel display presents image information in the form of ________.

A) vertical lines read out from left to right
B) horizontal lines read out from left to right
C) vertical lines read out from right to left
D) horizontal lines read out from right to left

Question 9

A two-dimensional image plane is usually divided like a checkerboard in a ________ or similar matrix.

A) 1540 × 7700
B) 256 × 525
C) 1024 × 786
D) 265 × 521

Question 10

When the fundamental frequency is filtered out,which of the following occurs?

A) Volume imaging.
B) Pixel interpolation.
C) Harmonic frequencies.
D) Spatial compounding.

Question 11

The pulse delays have a ________ input from the pulser but ________ output(s) to the transducer element.

A) slow; faster
B) controlled; uncontrolled
C) single; multiple
D) single; double the

Question 12

A digitizer _______________.

A) directs the driving voltages from the pulser
B) converts voltage from analog to digital form
C) compensates for attenuation
D) is responsible for the focusing and steering functions

Question 13

The maximum frame rate permitted for a 15 cm penetration depth,three focuses,and 200 scan lines per frame is ________.

A) 8.0
B) 8.5
C) 2.5
D) 7.0

Question 14

In order to image deeper structures,the ________.

A) pulse repetition frequency (PRF) needs to be increased
B) time gain compensation (TGC) needs to be increased
C) frame rate needs to be increased
D) PRF needs to be decreased

Question 15

Golay codes ________.

A) are coding schemes using "gaps" or missing pulses
B) use pairs of transmitted pulses with the second being a bipolar sequence
C) are coding schemes that stack up the individual pulses
D) reduce speckle, which improves contrast resolution

Question 16

Which of the following reformats data into image form for processing,storage and display?

A) Summer.
B) Beam former.
C) Digitizer.
D) Signal processor.

Question 17

When gain is too high,which of the following occurs?

A) Contrast resolution is improved.
B) Weak echoes are not imaged.
C) Temporal resolution is reduced.
D) Differences in echo strength are lost.

Question 18

The pulse repetition frequency (PRF) in real time imaging typically ranges from ________.

A) 2-20 MHz
B) 4-15 kHz
C) 5-50 kHz
D) 2-15 MHz

Question 19

Panoramic imaging expands the image ________.

A) quality, allowing for a much smoother image
B) by using a special panoramic transducer
C) resolution
D) beyond the normal limits of a transducer's field of view

Question 20

The primary beam is much narrower,improving lateral resolution with ________.

A) harmonic imaging
B) pixel interpolation
C) real-time imaging
D) spatial compounding

Question 21

In which of the following code excitation techniques do ensembles of pulses drive the transducer to generate a single scan line? Time gain compensation make up for:

A) absorption
B) attenuation
C) reverberation
D) refraction

Question 22

Storage of the last several frames acquired before freezing is called ________.

A) freeze
B) triplex
C) cine loop
D) picture archiving

Question 23

The conversion of echo voltages from the radio frequency to video form is called ________.

A) scan conversion
B) demodulation
C) pulse inversion
D) analog-to-digital conversion

Question 24

The number of voltage pulses sent to the transducer each second is called the ________.

A) duty factor
B) pulse duration
C) pulse repetition period
D) pulse repetition frequency

Question 25

Which resolution depends on penetration depth,lines per frame,and the number of focuses?

A) Axial.
B) Temporal.
C) Contrast.
D) Detail.

Question 26

The averaging of sequential frames together to provide a smoother image appearance is called ________.

A) persistence
B) multi-focus
C) pixel interpolation
D) spatial compounding

Question 27

Elastography is an ultrasound imaging mode that depicts tissue ________.

A) density
B) stiffness
C) temperature
D) propagation speed

Question 28

What is the maximum penetration depth with a frame rate of 32 frames per second and a line density of 100 lines per frame and using only one focus?

A) 24 mm
B) 12 cm
C) 24 cm
D) 20 cm

Question 29

Pixel interpolation,persistence,and panoramic imaging are examples of ________.

A) preprocessing
B) spatial compounding
C) postprocessing
D) signal processors

Question 30

The ________ determines how much amplification is accomplished in the amplifier.

A) TGC control
B) postprocessing control
C) gain control
D) persistance control

Question 31

To receive information for display at a rapid rate,it is desirable to use a ________.

A) low pulse repetition frequency
B) lower operating frequency
C) high pulse repetition frequency
D) high operating frequency

Question 32

The frequency of the ________ determines the frequency of the resulting ultrasound pulse.

A) voltage pulse
B) bandwidth
C) beam former
D) operating frequency

Question 33

Retention of previous frames while new echo information is added in the same scanning plane is called ________.

A) harmonic imaging
B) panoramic imaging
C) pixel interpolation
D) spatial compounding

Question 34

Which of the following instrument components protects the sensitive input components?

A) Amplifiers.
B) Beam former.
C) Pulse delays.
D) Transmit/receive switch.

Question 35

The beam former amplifiers typically have ________ dB of gain.

A) 30-60
B) 50-100
C) 60-100
D) 30-100

Question 36

The ________ and ________ determine the maximum imaging depth.

A) operating frequency; propagation speed
B) attenuation; maximum amplifier gain
C) minimum amplifier gain; attenuation
D) transducer element; propagation speed

Question 37

An analog-to-digital converter is also called a ________.

A) summer
B) digitizer
C) compression
D) signal processor

Question 38

If the operating frequency is reduced,________.

A) frame rate increases
B) axial resolution improves
C) pulse repetition frequency increases
D) maximum penetration depth increases

Question 39

Holding and displaying one frame out of the sequence is known as ________.

A) cine loop
B) freeze frame
C) the frame rate
D) a scan line

Question 40

The purpose of a bandpass filter is to ________.

A) eliminate the harmonic frequencies for imaging
B) eliminate frequencies outside the echo bandwidth
C) aid in the frequency range of the receiver
D) filter out the fundamental frequency

Question 41

Maximum amplifier gain is determined by ________.

A) output
B) input
C) noise
D) manufacturer

Question 42

Time gain compensation amplifiers compensate for _______ decibels of attenuation.

A) 30
B) 50
C) 60
D) 120

Question 43

PACS stands for ________.

A) Picture Archiving for Computer System
B) Picture And Communication System
C) Picture Archiving and Communications System
D) Pictures Allocated for Communication Storage

Question 44

The ________ drive(s) the transducer forming the beam that sweeps through the tissue to be imaged.

A) coded excitation
B) beam profiler
C) Channels
D) Pulser

Question 45

How many bits does it take to make a byte?

A) 4
B) 8
C) 10
D) 15

Question 46

Parallel processing is a process technique that increases:

A) detail resolution.
B) frame rates.
C) penetration depth.
D) contrast resolution.

Question 47

Which system control equalizes amplitudes by different reflector depths?

A) Persistence.
B) Compression.
C) Overall gain.
D) Time gain compensation.

Question 48

Averaging sequential frames improves ________.

A) frame rate
B) dynamic range
C) temporal resolution
D) penetration depth

Question 49

Filtering of the sound beam is used to eliminate ________.

A) side lobe artifacts
B) secondary frequencies
C) the fundamental frequency
D) frequencies outside of the bandwidth

Question 50

Displays have dynamic ranges up to ________ dB.

A) 20
B) 50
C) 100
D) 30

Question 51

The ratio of the largest to the smallest amplitude that a system can handle is called ________.

A) compression
B) dynamic range
C) demodulation
D) signal processing

Question 52

The ability of a gray-scale display to distinguish between echoes of slightly different intensities is called ________ resolution.

A) contrast
B) axial
C) spatial
D) temporal

Question 53

Which of the following is not an advantage of harmonic imaging?

A) Wide primary beam.
B) Increased lateral resolution.
C) Elimination of grating lobe artifacts.
D) Reduction in superficial reverberation artifacts.

Question 54

Increasing the frame rate improves ________.

A) axial resolution
B) detail resolution
C) penetration depth
D) temporal resolution

Question 55

Which of the following constitutes a reception channel?

A) Elements, pulser, signal processor, and delay path.
B) Beam former, pulser, amplifier, and scan converter.
C) Elements, amplifier, digitizer, and delay path.
D) Beam former, signal processor, image processor, and display.

Question 56

________ determines how echo data stored in memory appear on the display.

A) Preprocessing
B) Postprocessing
C) Dynamic range
D) Color

Question 57

Which imaging technique is most likely to visualize a structure beneath a calcification?

A) Harmonic imaging.
B) Pixel interpolation.
C) Panoramic imaging.
D) Spatial compounding.

Question 58

Increasing frame rate improves

A) axial resolution
B) lateral resolution
C) temporal resolution
D) contrast resolution

Question 59

Volume imaging is accomplished by ________.

A) acquiring many parallel two-dimensional scans
B) scanning from different angles
C) spatial compounding
D) expanding beyond the normal limits of the transducer

Question 60

Brightness mode is also called ________.

A) B-color
B) gray-scale
C) elastography
D) volume imaging

Question 61

Which three-dimensional display appears similar to a radiograph?

A) Pulse inversion.
B) Surface rendering.
C) Transparent views.
D) Panoramic images.

Question 62

Each independent delay and element combination constitutes a transmission channel.

Question 63

The ________ direct(s) the driving voltages from the pulser to the transducer during transmission and directs returning echo voltages to amplifiers during reception.

A) transmit/receive (T/R) switch
B) channels
C) beam former
D) signal processor

Question 64

The ultrasound instrument is composed of a beam former,a signal processor,an image processor,and a transducer.

Question 65

The ________ is the number of sonographic images entered into memory per second.

A) cine loop
B) frame rate
C) image refresh rate
D) pulse repetition frequency

Question 66

Detection is also called demodulation.

Question 67

Contrast resolution depends on ________ of bits per pixel.

A) size
B) number
C) strength
D) configuration

Question 68

Which of the following digitally filters,detects,and compresses echo data?

A) Beam former.
B) Summer.
C) Signal processor.
D) Digitizer.

Question 69

If the number of focal zones is increased,the frame rate decreases.

Question 70

Which system component produces the electrical voltages that drive the transducer?

A) Pulser
B) Summer
C) Digitizer
D) Piezoelectric element

Question 71

M (motion)-mode is a presentation of echo depth versus time.

Question 72

The signal processor filters,detects,and compresses the echo signal.

Question 73

Pixel interpolation fills in missing pixels by averaging adjacent pixels.

Question 74

Intensity of the echo information is stored as binary numbers in memory elements.

Question 75

Temporal resolution in M (motion) and A (amplitude) modes is equal to the pulse repetition period (PRP).

Question 76

Normally the number of channels does not exceed the number of ________.

A) cycles per second
B) elements in the transducer
C) ultrasound pulses
D) pulse delays

Question 77

Which of the following techniques is considered the imaging version of palpation?

A) Elastography.
B) Volume imaging.
C) Pixel interpolation.
D) Panoramic imaging.

Question 78

To avoid echo misplacement ________.

A) penetration depth is increased
B) multiple focal zones should be utilized
C) a matching layer is added to the transducer element
D) all echoes must be received before another pulse is emitted

Question 79

Which of the following operator controls adjusts compression?

A) Depth.
B) Overall gain.
C) Dynamic range.
D) Time gain compensation.

Question 80

Human vision is limited to a dynamic range of about 30 dB.