Deck 4: Art and the Developing Child

Question 1

The domain of creative development includes all of the following except:

A) problem solving.
B) original thinking.
C) imagination.
D) nonverbal expression.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following is not a guideline for teachers to consider when planning safe art experiences for young children?

A) Eliminate all staples, tin cans, toothpicks, and pins.
B) Take the time to discuss potential safety hazards.
C) Demonstrate and model the appropriate use of tools.
D) Purchase art materials bearing AP or CP on the label.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

What makes an art material safe?

A) a label designation of AP or CP
B) a new manufacturing date
C) knowledge of the material and its proper use
D) a name-brand label

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following is an appropriate sequence of activities for young children learning to use scissors?

A) tearing paper, cutting play dough, fringing paper, cutting exterior lines
B) cutting play dough, fringing paper, cutting exterior lines, cutting interior lines
C) tearing paper, fringing paper, cutting exterior lines, cutting interior lines
D) tearing paper, cutting play dough, fringing paper, cutting interior lines

Question 5

Art enhances the self-concept of a young child because:

A) he or she can nonverbally express feelings, fantasies, fears, and frustrations.
B) art guarantees success, and the child can experience mastery of art tools and the artistic process.
C) art focuses the child's attention and energy on achievement.
D) he or she receives positive feedback from adults through participation in art activities.

Question 6

Which of the following art materials pose potential health hazards for young children?

A) scissors, glue guns, paste, and fingerpaints
B) colored chalk, paste, glitter, and colored pencils
C) glitter, balloons, crayons, and Styrofoam meat trays
D) scissors, fabric scraps, pipe cleaners, and powder paint

Question 7

Most children like themselves.

Question 8

According to Erikson (1963), it is important to help preschoolers develop a sense of:

A) trust rather than mistrust.
B) initiative rather than guilt.
C) autonomy rather than doubt or shame.
D) sociocentric awareness rather than egocentricity.

Question 9

The domain of physical development includes all of the following except:

A) sensory awareness.
B) eye-hand coordination.
C) good health.
D) rhythm and synchronization.

Question 10

Preschoolers in Piaget's pre-operational stage can use symbols to represent their world.

Question 11

A child's physical development depends on:

A) rest, exercise, sleep, and nutrition.
B) rest, exercise, and vitamins.
C) rest, nutrition, and outdoor play.
D) nutrition, climate, and genetics.

Question 12

Young children are able to recognize emotions as they are portrayed in art.

Question 13

The domain of social-emotional development includes all of the following except:

A) self-concept.
B) self-care.
C) self-control.
D) self-understanding.

Question 14

Rubber cement is safe for children to use in an early childhood classroom.

Question 15

Art therapy is:

A) encouraging young children to express their fears and frustrations through vigorous art production activities such as fingerpainting, modeling with clay, and shredding paper.
B) the psychotherapeutic use of art for emotional understanding and healing.
C) appropriate only for young children, not adults.
D) a primarily verbal method of understanding an individual's emotional state and level of cognitive development.

Question 16

Fine motor skills are perfected before gross motor skills.

Question 17

Which of the following is not included in the developmental model of the whole child as it is described in the text?

A) social-emotional development
B) cognitive development
C) aesthetic development
D) physical development

Question 18

Art activities are valuable for young children's emotional development because:

A) children can express happiness, joy, and pride in their art.
B) art allows intense emotional involvement.
C) art helps children nonverbally express feelings, fantasies, fears, and frustrations.
D) all of the above

Question 19

Using scissors appropriately requires which of the following?

A) figure-ground discrimination
B) eye-hand coordination and visual activity
C) gross motor coordination
D) none of the above

Question 20

Both Piaget and Vygotsky believed in the importance of play.

Question 21

According to Piaget's theory, a teacher should assume which of the following rules in order to facilitate young children's acquisition of social-conventional knowledge?

A) a hands-off role
B) a facilitator
C) direct instruction in a developmentally appropriate way
D) none of the above

Question 22

Effective art therapy for young children requires:

A) extensive knowledge of the child's social and emotional relationships.
B) an extensively trained art therapist.
C) samples of the child's artwork over a long period of time.
D) both b and c

Question 23

Vygotsky believed that:

A) language has a limited role in a child's cognitive development.
B) development and learning are unrelated to a child's family and cultural context.
C) development and learning are embedded in a child's family and cultural context.
D) a child's independent play does not support cognitive and language development.

Question 24

According to Piaget, social-conventional knowledge consists of:

A) information about daily living accepted by society.
B) knowledge of social development and interaction.
C) using social conventions to learn and develop.
D) the child's current level of social-emotional development.

Question 25

According to Piaget, young children's thinking is largely:

A) action-oriented and largely nonverbal.
B) action-oriented and largely verbal.
C) concrete and literal.
D) concrete and nonliteral.

Question 26

According to Piaget, logical-mathematical knowledge consists of:

A) the logical use of number concepts and geometric principles.
B) the external reality and observable properties of objects such as form, weight, and function.
C) information about daily living.
D) the relationships of objects to each other.

Question 27

Which of the following would not interest an art therapist in viewing a young child's artwork?

A) an exaggeration, distortion, or overemphasis of objects
B) the omission or underemphasis of objects
C) the child's fine motor dexterity and visual acuity
D) the placement of objects included in a child's drawings

Question 28

A major difference between the theories of Vygotsky and Piaget is:

A) Vygotsky's belief in the importance of play.
B) Piaget's belief that learning is constructed.
C) Vygotsky's focus on the whole child.
D) Vygotsky's emphasis on the role of language and direct instruction in learning.

Question 29

Children construct knowledge based on:

A) information they receive from adults.
B) information they receive from other children.
C) their actions on objects and their interactions with peers and adults.
D) both a and b

Question 30

An example of Piaget's logical-mathematical knowledge would be:

A) "I think, therefore I am."
B) 2 + 2 = 4.
C) the bottle is full of water.
D) July 4 is a day for celebrating American independence.

Question 31

How does physical knowledge affect art?

A) Children must have fine and gross motor skills to participate in art activities.
B) Children engage in art activities in close physical proximity to each other.
C) Children construct physical knowledge as they explore art materials and media.
D) Children develop nonverbal communication skills, relying on their physical capabilities, during art activities.

Question 32

Constructivist education is best defined as a(n):

A) curriculum consisting of block, woodworking, and manipulative activities to teach science and mathematics concepts.
B) approach to learning that values play and does not include academics.
C) approach to education based on the belief that children construct their own knowledge, intelligence, personality, and social and moral values.
D) approach to education based on direct instruction.

Question 33

By age five, a young child's brain has attained:

A) approximately 75% of its adult weight.
B) the ability to think abstractly.
C) approximately 90% of its adult weight.
D) 100% of its adult weight.

Question 34

In Piaget's theory, the terms sensory motor, preoperational, and concrete operations refer to:

A) indicators of a child's intelligence.
B) a young child's understanding and representation of the world.
C) stages of a child's psychomotor development.
D) stages of a child's logical-mathematical understanding.

Question 35

An example of Piaget's physical knowledge would be:

A) the number of sit-ups an individual can complete.
B) the movement capabilities of each body part.
C) the ball is next to the book.
D) the ball is red and round.

Question 36

According to Piaget's theory, during the concrete operational stage, a child is able to:

A) think abstractly.
B) construct and refine concepts of time, space, classification, seriation, and number.
C) externalize his or her thinking to action.
D) use reversibility, conservation, classification, and seriation to think in more logical terms.

Question 37

In Piaget's theory, a young child's understanding and representation of the world proceeds through which of the following stages?

A) sensory motor stage, sociocultural state, preoperational stage, operational stage
B) sensory motor stage, preoperational stage, operational stage, concrete operations
C) sensory motor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operations
D) sensory motor stage, operational stage, formal operations

Question 38

According to Piaget's theory, which of the following best describes the relationship between thought and language?

A) The development of language precedes the development of thought.
B) Thinking enhances language, but is not its source.
C) Children can only verbalize what they know and understand.
D) Language enhances thinking, but is not its source.

Question 39

In order to learn, young children need:

A) motivation from adults.
B) books and the media.
C) concrete materials to manipulate; problems to solve; and people, places, and events to experience.
D) a curriculum that provides solid content in mathematics, science, social science, and language.

Question 40

According to DeVries and Zan (1995), the challenge of constructivist education is:

A) determining the child's precise level of cognitive understanding when planning for academic instruction.
B) differentiating among physical knowledge, social-conventional knowledge, and logical-mathematical ᵏⁿᵒʷˡᵉᵈᵍᵉ ʷʰᵉⁿ ᵖˡᵃⁿⁿᶦⁿᵍ ᵃᶜᵃᵈᵉᵐᶦᶜ ᶦⁿˢᵗʳᵘᶜᵗᶦᵒⁿ.
C) distinguishing what must be constructed from what must be instructed when planning academic instruction.
D) providing the appropriate materials and environment to facilitate young children's knowledge construction.

Question 41

The term least restrictive environment describes a setting that is:

A) appropriate for the child and provides the most contact possible with children who are not differently abled.
B) appropriately equipped with the necessary architectural modifications to meet the needs of the child.
C) carefully planned to provide maximum opportunities for physical movement and social interaction.
D) appropriate for the child and provides the most contact possible with children of similar needs and abilities.

Question 42

Which of the following is not an appropriate guideline to use when tailoring art activities for differently abled children with special cognitive or communication needs?

A) Break multistep activities into small steps.
B) Build various levels of difficulty into activities.
C) Provide written, step-by-step directions for each activity.
D) Encourage children to talk about their art or to dictate words or sentences to share to accompany what they have created.

Question 43

Which of the following is not important to creativity?

A) discovery
B) exploration
C) visual-spatial awareness
D) experimentation

Question 44

According to the textbook, which of the following is not a reason for eliminating food in art projects?

A) Food is a precious commodity.
B) The use of certain foods may be offensive to some cultural groups.
C) Food does not provide multisensory experiences.
D) Artwork containing food cannot be displayed.

Question 45

Vygotsky believes that children need adults who act as intellectual mediators. An intellectual mediator is an adult who:

A) will mediate social interactions between two or more children.
B) will mediate academic instruction by providing opportunities for cooperative learning and group projects.
C) knows each child's zone of proximal development.
D) observes, poses questions, challenges, models, or gives information to facilitate a child's learning.

Question 46

Mainstreaming refers to the:

A) placement of children without disabilities in programs having a majority of children who are differently abled.
B) movement of differently abled children from self-contained classrooms to regular classrooms for limited parts ᵒᶠ ᵗʰᵉ ˢᶜʰᵒᵒˡ ᵈᵃʸ.
C) development of curriculum featuring differently abled individuals as heroes and role models.
D) placement of differently abled children in programs having a majority of children without disabilities.

Question 47

In Vygotsky's theory, the zone of proximal development refers to a:

A) child's current level of social-emotional development.
B) child's current level of cognitive development.
C) child's expected level of cognitive development.
D) range of skills, tasks, or abilities that a child can accomplish with assistance.

Question 48

Children's development:

A) consists of physical, social-emotional, and aesthetic domains.
B) consists of physical, cognitive, and psychosocial domains.
C) occurs regardless of the environment.
D) is influenced by family, community, and the environment.

Question 49

Which of the following is not an appropriate guideline to use when tailoring art activities for differently abled children with special visual needs?

A) Verbally describe materials and the ways they may be used.
B) Keep art tools within reaching distance.
C) Limit the art materials available to the child.
D) Use the buddy system and pair up sighted children and those with low vision.

Question 50

The preferred term for referring to child with special needs is currently:

A) handicapped.
B) disabled.
C) children with disabilities.
D) differently abled.

Question 51

Which of the following is not an appropriate guideline to use when tailoring art activities for differently abled children with special behavioral or attention needs?

A) Give children opportunities to practice sharing and turn-taking with art materials.
B) Allow children to explore the properties of the materials and to make multiple products if they choose.
C) Provide materials that can be actively used to release energy and feelings.
D) Limit children to a few choices rather than overwhelming them with permission to use anything and everything in the art center.

Question 52

Scaffolding is a teaching strategy in which:

A) the teacher pairs two children at the same level of mastery.
B) the child works with concrete materials to develop mastery of a particular task.
C) the teacher helps the child to the next step of mastery by making suggestions, encouraging observation, asking questions, etc.
D) the teacher uses cooperative grouping to meet the needs of children's varied developmental levels.

Question 53

Which of the following is not an appropriate guideline to use when tailoring art activities for differently abled children with special physical needs?

A) Tape a group of crayons or markers together for easy grasping.
B) Tape the child's paper to the work surface to prevent sliding.
C) Encourage paper tearing or provide precut shapes for children who are unable to use scissors.
D) Provide models for children to trace or copy.

Question 54

In Vygotsky's theory, because learning is considered essentially an interpersonal and dynamic process, teachers must:

A) accurately assess children's levels of cognitive and social-emotional development in order to plan instruction.
B) develop comfortable and cooperative relationships with children.
C) use cooperative learning and group projects to deliver all instruction.
D) identify key social relationships for each child in the classroom.

Question 55

The textbook recommends against using food in art projects because:

A) it may attract roaches or other unwanted pests to the classroom.
B) it does not provide the sensory experiences essential to early childhood art activities.
C) toddlers are just learning to distinguish between things that can be eaten and things that should not.
D) it limits the creativity of young children.

Question 56

Creativity begins during:

A) infancy.
B) the toddler years.
C) prenatal development.
D) the preschool years.

Question 57

Although inclusion is the law, concerns about inclusion include all of the following except:

A) the needs of differently abled children cannot be met in the regular classroom.
B) children who are not differently abled will learn inappropriate and bizarre behaviors from their differently abled peers.
C) special educators and classroom teachers will have difficulties sharing a classroom and co-planning instruction.
D) children who are not differently abled will not receive the full attention of the classroom teacher.

Question 58

According to Vygotsky, language plays a critical role in the formation of a child's mind because:

A) it is the way that children externalize their thinking.
B) when children externalize their thinking through language, they receive feedback from adults.
C) it is a major vehicle for communication and is socially based.
D) it is interpersonal and dynamic.

Question 59

The upper limit of the zone of proximal development is tasks:

A) the child can perform independently.
B) the child mastered at a previous stage of development.
C) that are within the child's reach with some assistance.
D) that require direct teaching for the child to master.

Question 60

Which of the following is not an appropriate guideline to use when tailoring art activities for differently abled children with special auditory needs?

A) Model the process.
B) Provide written, step-by-step directions for the project.
C) Face the child when speaking and use facial gestures for emphasis.
D) Combine verbal, visual, and physical cues.

Question 61

Knowledge of child development will help teachers do all of the following except:

A) predict the abilities of an individual child.
B) plan developmentally appropriate art activities.
C) understand a general pattern of what is normal or typical in children.
D) understand individual differences.

Question 62

Which of the following is not an example of processing with art materials?

A) sculpting a bowl with clay
B) tearing paper into strips
C) punching holes in cardboard
D) gluing pieces of yarn to a piece of construction paper

Question 63

Children's backgrounds are composed of:

A) developmental and language differences.
B) racial, social, and cultural differences.
C) cultural and developmental differences.
D) racial, social, and cultural similarities.

Question 64

Explain how children process with materials and the relationship of processing to creative expression.

Question 65

List the five characteristics that make young children particularly vulnerable to hazardous art materials.

Question 66

List four reasons that food should not be used in art activities.

Question 67

List the differences in development and learning that result from heredity, environment, or their interaction.

Question 68

For young children, drawing and writing with skinny tools is:

A) more comfortable than using fat pencils and crayons.
B) developmentally appropriate because of the direction of proximodistal development.
C) fatiguing and likely to limit their engagement in these activities.
D) really the same as drawing and writing with fat tools.

Question 69

Proximal distal development means that physical development begins:

A) with control of the head and proceeds downward.
B) at the center of the body and proceeds outward.
C) at the extremities and proceeds inward.
D) at the bottom of the body and proceeds upward.

Question 70

List five strategies teachers can use to facilitate the participation of children with attention deficits or behavioral issues in art activities.

Question 71

Matching
Match the appropriate activity to each of the following types of knowledge from Piaget's theory. a. social-conventional knowledge b. logical-mathematical knowledge
c. physical knowledge
feeling the texture of a pinecone

Question 72

During the sensory-motor period of development, thinking is:

A) based on sensory impressions and motor behaviors.
B) dependent on language.
C) guided by the child's use of symbols.
D) no longer dependent on direct actions.

Question 73

Matching
Match the appropriate activity to each of the following types of knowledge from Piaget's theory. a. social-conventional knowledge b. logical-mathematical knowledge
c. physical knowledge
determining which jar of paint is least full

Question 74

Materials labeled "nontoxic" include:

A) only those that are acutely toxic.
B) a wide range of dangers from minimally to acutely toxic.
C) materials that are safe for children to use or ingest.
D) only materials that are safe for children to ingest.

Question 75

List the three types of knowledge described in Piaget's theory.

Question 76

Which of the following is not a name used for Piaget's theory?

A) interactionist
B) constructionist
C) transactional
D) maturational

Question 77

Glitter should only be used under close adult supervision and by children above the age of:

A) 10 years.
B) 12 years.
C) 4 years.
D) 2 years.

Question 78

Which of the following best describes the relationship between learning and emotions?

A) There is no relationship.
B) Children cannot learn unless they are in a positive emotional state.
C) Children can learn as effectively from negative emotional experiences as positive emotional experiences.
D) Good learning environments build trust, empower students, and encourage children to explore their emotions.

Question 79

Which of the following guidelines should not be used to help early childhood teachers structure learning experiences and interactions with children and their families?

A) Study and discuss similarities and differences among people with the children.
B) Involve parents.
C) Value and accept children's native language and culture.
D) Provide remediation for deficits in children's background experiences and knowledge.

Question 80

Pencils and crayons are encourage for children's use through age:

A) 6 years.
B) 3 years.
C) 10 years.
D) 8 years.