Deck 7: Transforming Structures: Markets and Politics

Question 1

_________ theory emphasizes that many human problems can be understood as market failures.

A)Neoclassical economic
B)Social inequality
C)Rational choice
D)Game

Answer 1

Neoclassical economic

Question 2

Rational choice theory suggests that which of the following would be most effective at reshaping consumer behavior to benefit the environment?

A)a series of tit-for-tat exchanges so that consumers can develop trust in social structures
B)an economy based on the Soviet Union's
C)persuasive appeals based on shame and guilt
D)policies that encourage free riding

Answer 2

a series of tit-for-tat exchanges so that consumers can develop trust in social structures

Question 3

The _________ is known for representing the interests of transnational corporations (TNCs).

A)World Trade Organization
B)World Conservation Union
C)Global Environmental Facility
D)all of the above
E)none of the above

Answer 3

World Trade Organization

Question 4

Most conventional American economic theory is embedded in a _________ paradigm of ideas and assumptions.

A)systems resources
B)center-periphery
C)resource allocation
D)corporate

Question 5

Public policy-makers believe that the most effective way to "fix" wasteful consumption patterns is to:

A)rely on legal fixes because laws work faster than technical fixes.
B)get people to change their mindset,because people have to change the way they cognize the environment.
C)get people to change their behaviors.
D)use all four types of fixes simultaneously.

Question 6

Which country has eliminated all agricultural subsidies?

A)the U.S.
B)China
C)New Zealand
D)Germany

Question 7

"Shadow prices" are developed by:

A)supply and demand.
B)bureaucrats or organizational experts.
C)marketplace outsiders.
D)black markets.

Question 8

An example of an "upstream" policy intervention in the economic production cycle would be:

A)energy efficient dishwashers and cars.
B)recycling.
C)clean air standards.
D)all of the above
E)none of the above

Question 9

Places like national parks and grasslands are considered to be:

A)private property resources.
B)common property resources.
C)non-renewable resources.
D)public property resources.

Question 10

Evidence supporting the notion that a "world society" is developing include(s):

A)denser ties between nation-states and the world society.
B)a global emphasis on human rights.
C)a global emphasis on environmentalism.
D)all of the above
E)none of the above

Question 11

Limitations to green consumerism include:

A)possible "rebound" effects.
B)hyperconsumerism that overwhelms meaningful gains.
C)individual consumer behavior.
D)all of the above
E)none of the above

Question 12

Rivers,air,and groundwater are considered to be:

A)private property.
B)common property.
C)government property.
D)public property.

Question 13

Relative to TEA (tradable environmental allowances),CRM (commons resource management) is:

A)larger.
B)more complex and interactive.
C)simpler,with a single focus.
D)more adaptive.

Question 14

The environmental policy system in the U.S.is _________ than those of Great Britain,France,and Japan.

A)driven more by stakeholder control
B)less "winner-take-all"
C)more coercive
D)driven more by shareholder control

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of a regulatory policy?

A)the 1872 Mining Act
B)the 1976 Clean Water Act
C)the 1992 Energy Policy Act
D)All of the above are regulatory policies.
E)None of the above are regulatory policies.

Question 16

The city of Metropolis just installed synchronized traffic lights to minimize traffic jams and reduce commute times.This policy represents what type of "fix"?

A)legal
B)behavioral
C)cognitive
D)technical

Question 17

In order to be environmentally effective,green taxes should be:

A)an effective source of revenue for the government.
B)revenue neutral.
C)phased in gradually.
D)a and c
E)b and c

Question 18

Which of the following are used to calculate the most widely used human development indicator?

A)life expectancy at birth,literacy rates,and real GDP per person
B)life expectancy at birth,sex ratios,and net immigration
C)life expectancy at birth,national security,and GDP per person
D)GNP,literacy,and social equity

Question 19

Which of the following are sources of market failures?

A)externalities
B)government subsidies
C)cost accounting problems
D)all of the above
E)none of the above

Question 20

The city of Metropolis has erected billboards around the city that proclaim,"If it's not in use-turn off the juice." This policy represents what type of "fix"?

A)legal
B)behavioral
C)cognitive
D)technical

Question 21

Increasingly,American public policy is becoming "retail" policy,rather than "wholesale" policy.

Question 22

Evidence suggests that commons resources will always be depleted,because there are few incentives to cooperate with other consumers.

Question 23

The chemical and primary metal industries are difficult to regulate with respect to environmental impact because they constitute about one quarter of the country's total economic output.Restrictions would therefore adversely affect economic output.

Question 24

Commons problems produce market failures because there are few incentives to prevent environmental degradation.

Question 25

Technological and behavioral "fixes" can be either regulatory or nonregulatory.

Question 26

Environmental policy in Great Britain,Japan,and France is decentralized and administered primarily at the regional level.

Question 27

Lobster fisheries in Maine have been sustainably managed for decades,thereby supporting the idea that commons resources need not be depleted.

Question 28

Economic markets bring investors,producers,sellers,and buyers together to distribute goods and services.

Question 29

Because the market defines the price of resources in the tradable environmental allowances system,it is often more effective than green taxes,which must be set up by the government.

Question 30

While Europe is more successful at recycling,the U.S.provides far greater support for international treaties like the Kyoto climate treaty.

Question 31

In general,private property resources are more likely than common property resources to be used sustainably.

Question 32

In spite of problems and strong antiglobalization protests,environmental protection is becoming institutionalized at a global level.

Question 33

Commons resource management regimes have their origin in European systems,while the tradable environmental allowances regimes have their origin in the Anglo-American property rights system.

Question 34

The establishment of the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) in the U.S.is part of an environmental regulatory state.

Question 35

One advantage of commons resource management is that it has low enforcement costs.

Question 36

Because of constant price inflation,most neoclassical economists advise consumers to adopt a "wait and see," or deferred gratification,approach to consumption.

Question 37

The 2008 global economic recession increased environmental damage substantially because fewer people complied with environmental regulations.

Question 38

Recycling is an example of an "end of the pipe" policy intervention.

Question 39

The U.S.policy system has a strong bias towards stakeholder influence.

Question 40

Neoclassical economic theorists see problems in the environment in terms of market failures.

Question 41

Explain the concepts of CRM and TEA;then compare and contrast these two strategies.

Question 42

Identify and discuss the primary reasons why markets fail.Be sure to give specific examples to illustrate your points.

Question 43

Identify and discuss the primary strategies for public policies.Be sure to address why the strategies likely work best in concert.

Question 44

Describe significant trends showing that the regulatory state is under attack in the U.S.Be sure to provide specific examples.

Question 45

Discuss the problems associated with the concept of a "perfect market," free from any type of restraint.