Deck 8: Environmentalism: Ideology and Collective Action

Question 1

Reform environmentalism:

A)primarily recycled the main ideas of conservationism.
B)downplayed the complexity of modern environmental problems.
C)agreed with Theodore Roosevelt's "wise use" policies.
D)concluded that environmental problems are quite complex and often stem from new technologies.

Answer 1

concluded that environmental problems are quite complex and often stem from new technologies.

Question 2

Which of the following best illustrates a direct action tactic that might be used by a grassroots movement organization?

A)holding a sit-in
B)lobbying
C)electoral efforts
D)research

Answer 2

electoral efforts

Question 3

Which of the following is least likely to be true of environmental justice movements?

A)They depend heavily on volunteers.
B)Women tend to be overrepresented in membership and leadership.
C)The appeal to people who have actually been exposed to pollutants in their communities.
D)They are led by members of the scientific community.

Answer 3

They are led by members of the scientific community.

Question 4

Which of the following is not an example of the "wise use" movement?

A)the Sierra Club
B)the National Wetlands Coalition
C)the Friends of Eagle Mountain
D)the Global Climate Coalition

Question 5

Gallup's Health of the Planet survey found that those in:

A)MDCs had more concern for the environment than those in the LDCs.
B)LDCs saw the environment as more of a problem than those in the MDCs.
C)LDCs felt that the environment was more of a problem than poverty or malnutrition.
D)b and c

Question 6

Environmental attitude research has found that:

A)there are large,and statistically significant differences between the attitudes of the lesser and more educated.
B)women are more concerned about global warming than are men.
C)Democrats are more likely to be proenvironment than are Republicans.
D)all of the above are true.
E)none of the above is true.

Question 7

Biologist Barry Commoner disagreed with Paul Ehrlich by arguing that the greatest threat to the environment was:

A)modern technology and corporations that promote consumption.
B)population pressure and not technology per se.
C)population pressure combined with a treadmill of consumption.
D)the tragedy of the commons.

Question 8

The term "collective action" is another way of describing:

A)ideologies.
B)social movements.
C)social institutions.
D)treaty making.

Question 9

Conservationism found its greatest support from the:

A)upper classes.
B)upper and upper-middle classes.
C)middle classes.
D)working poor.

Question 10

Objectives of the "Green Belt" movement include:

A)restoring urban ghettos.
B)improving the income and status of women in the LDCs.
C)building more public parks in the U.S.
D)none of the above

Question 11

A deep ecologist would likely disagree with which of the following?

A)vegetarianism
B)voluntary simplicity
C)manifest destiny
D)biodiversity

Question 12

Which person spearheaded a scientific management approach to natural resources?

A)Audubon
B)Leopold
C)Muir
D)Pinchot

Question 13

Which of the following are associated with ecotheology?

A)The Ecological Crisis: A Common Responsibility
B)The Population Bomb
C)The Monkey Wrench Gang
D)Silent Spring

Question 14

Reform environmentalism was based primarily on the work of:

A)sociologists and psychologists.
B)philosophers and sociologists.
C)natural and physical scientists.
D)feminists.

Question 15

Which of the following are best described as environmental countermovements?

A)the Stansfield Rebellion
B)the Sagebrush Rebellion
C)the Center for the Defense of Free Enterprise
D)all of the above
E)none of the above

Question 16

The African federation,Naam,is best known for its efforts to:

A)mobilize people to protect and restore overused agricultural resources.
B)stop rainforest destruction.
C)plant new forests.
D)none of the above

Question 17

To be more effective,environmental movement leaders argue that environmental movements need:

A)a more public ecology.
B)far more effective science because environmental issues lack substantive empirical evidence.
C)to weaken the influence of corporations on the political process.
D)to promote more knowledge of the natural world in the K-12 system.

Question 18

Which of the following promoted an increased global environmentalism?

A)increasing cooperation among the global scientific community
B)the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
C)the World Meteorological Organization
D)all of the above

Question 19

The term "tree hugger" has:

A)no real basis in fact-it is simply a derogatory term for environmentalists.
B)a basis in fact-it was applied to Earth Firsters who tried to protect trees from loggers in the Pacific Northwest.
C)a basis in fact-it was applied to Indian villagers who used their bodies to protect trees from being bulldozed or cut down.
D)a basis in fact-it was applied to community activists who replanted trees in Brooklyn,New York.

Question 20

Deep ecology's appeal is limited by its:

A)failure to reform society.
B)overt hostility towards the human community.
C)narrow focus on defense of the wilderness.
D)all of the above
E)none of the above

Question 21

The environmental justice movement makes the point that the poor bear most of the costs associated with environmental exploitation.

Question 22

The "wise use" movement is an example of anti-environmentalism.

Question 23

To date,all studies have found high correlations between environmental hazards and the concentrations of minorities.

Question 24

The conservation movement of the 1860s was the first identifiable environmental movement in the U.S.

Question 25

Deep ecology stresses biocentric rather than anthropocentric thinking.

Question 26

The Sierra Club and the Audubon Society are both members of the Group of 10.

Question 27

The Christian stewardship perspective emphasizes the importance of caring for the environment because it is God's creation.

Question 28

Deep ecology inspired bioregionalism and conservation biology.

Question 29

German social theorist Ulrich Beck argued that risks are associated with the class structure in a society,with those at the bottom experiencing more risks.

Question 30

Most deep ecologists advocate ecoterroristic action strategies for change.

Question 31

Greenscamming is illustrated by deceptive names like "The American Environmental Foundation."

Question 32

Retail industries are less likely to support anti-environmental movements than capital-intensive industries.

Question 33

Strategic lawsuits against public participation (SLAPPS) are a proenvironmental tactic.

Question 34

There is little evidence that grassroots environmental movements are successful in the LDCs.

Question 35

Environmentalism is both ideological and a form of collective action.

Question 36

Gender is one of the most powerful predictors of environmental concern.

Question 37

Environmental justice movement organizations are more likely to appeal to the white middle class than to minorities and the working class.

Question 38

One problem with ecotheology is that its appeal is limited to the Catholic Church.

Question 39

Ecofeminism has much in common with the manifest destiny paradigm.

Question 40

An environmental metanarrative could have disastrous consequences for the environmental movement because it blurs the line between distinct movements,hampering effective change.

Question 41

Explain the concept of voluntary simplicity,and then discuss why this movement faces unique challenges.What could be done to strengthen this movement?

Question 42

Analyze the key features of grassroots movements-what are their strengths and weaknesses?

Question 43

Describe the history of countermovements (anti-environmentalism) in the U.S.

Question 44

Compare and contrast environmentalism in LDCs with that in MDCs.

Question 45

Compare and contrast ecofeminism and deep ecology.In what ways have each of these movements succeeded? What are their limitations?