Deck 16: Civil Rights: the Struggle for Political Equality

Question 1

The word equality appears in the U.S. Constitution______time(s).

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) seven
E) zero

Answer 1

E

Question 2

A device that allowed whites to vote whose grandfathers had voted in the past is known as a

A) white primary.
B) direct primary.
C) open primary.
D) grandfather clause.
E) poll tax.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The Civil Rights Cases

A) extended the authority of the Fourteenth Amendment to provide equality.
B) held that the Congress could only restrict discrimination by state governments.
C) held that Congress had no power to legislate civil rights.
D) upheld equal protection in hotels and theaters.
E) None of the above

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The case of Smith v. Allwright ruled what to be unconstitutional?

A) The poll tax
B) Grandfather clauses
C) Segregation
D) The white primary
E) Desegregation

Question 5

Which of the following Supreme Court cases rendered the privileges and immunities clause of the Fourteenth Amendment meaningless.

A) Slaughterhouse Cases
B) Civil Rights Cases
C) Dred Scott v. Sanford
D) Plessy v. Ferguson
E) Smith v. Allwright

Question 6

In which of the following Supreme Court cases did Chief Justice Roger Taney argue that African Americans had no rights that whites or government were bound to respect?

A) Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)
B) The Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)
C) Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
D) Brown v. Board of Education, Topeka (1954)
E) The Civil Rights Cases (1883)

Question 7

Civil rights initiatives over the years have been directed mostly at

A) government regulation of corporations.
B) granting special status for majority rule.
C) removing group barriers to equal participation.
D) Congress and state legislatures.
E) protecting individuals.

Question 8

This clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution requires that each state treat all of their citizens equally.

A) Due process clause
B) Privileges and immunities clause
C) Equal protection clause
D) Grandfather clause
E) Full faith and credit clause

Question 9

A tax to be paid as a condition of voting is called a(n)

A) toll tax.
B) poll tax.
C) dole tax.
D) pole tax.
E) excise tax.

Question 10

Which of the following is true about the Supreme Court after the Civil War?

A) It immediately upheld provisions that granted equal voting rights to freed slaves.
B) It moved to support the Civil War amendments in subsequent years.
C) Its decisions actually undermined the Civil War amendments.
D) It deferred to congressional authority to legislate additional protections.
E) None of the above

Question 11

The Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution

A) extended equal protection under the law to all citizens.
B) guaranteed adult women the right to vote.
C) forbade the establishment of a state religion.
D) established the direct election of senators.
E) restricted the federal government from intruding on states' rights.

Question 12

The ________ Amendment outlawed slavery.

A) Thirteenth
B) Fourteenth
C) Fifteenth
D) Sixteenth
E) Seventeenth

Question 13

The popular term for the system of legal racial segregation that existed in the American South until the middle of the twentieth century is

A) Jim Crow segregation.
B) de facto segregation.
C) de jure segregation.
D) second generation discrimination.
E) ex post facto segregation.

Question 14

The ________ Amendment guaranteed that the right to vote could not be denied based on previous condition of servitude.

A) Thirteenth
B) Fourteenth
C) Fifteenth
D) Sixteenth
E) Seventeenth

Question 15

The Bill of Rights said nothing about ________ except that all are equally entitled to due process in the courts.

A) the right to keep and bear arms
B) freedom of speech
C) political equality
D) criminal defendants
E) the right to counsel

Question 16

The phrase __________ is often used interchangeably with civil rights.

A) civil liberties
B) equality of opportunity
C) equal citizenship
D) universal suffrage
E) equal rights

Question 17

In 1848, ________ helped organize the Seneca Falls Convention on women's rights.

A) Susan B. Anthony
B) Marjorie Rankin
C) Hannah Atkins
D) Elizabeth Cady Stanton
E) Betsy Ross

Question 18

Poll taxes, grandfather clauses, literacy tests, and white primaries all concerned

A) free speech.
B) women's rights.
C) voting rights.
D) abortion rights.
E) the abolitionist movement.

Question 19

The Fourteenth Amendment reversed

A) Barron v. Baltimore (1833).
B) Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837).
C) Plessy v. Ferguson (1896).
D) Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857).
E) Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Question 20

The original Constitution explicitly mentions each of the following except

A) the powers of the presidency.
B) the enumerated powers of Congress.
C) equality.
D) individual rights.
E) representation in Congress.

Question 21

In Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court ruled that

A) the "separate but equal" doctrine was unconstitutional.
B) "separate but equal" was acceptable as long as black facilities were actually equal to white facilities.
C) cases concerning blacks and discrimination would receive "absolute" scrutiny.
D) affirmative action was justified.
E) cases concerning blacks and discrimination would receive "ordinary" scrutiny.

Question 22

President Richard Nixon's Philadelphia Plan focused on

A) voting rights.
B) affirmative action.
C) abortion rights.
D) sexual harassment.
E) busing.

Question 23

___________ discrimination is the use of race in law or government regulations to discriminate.

A) De facto
B) Unequal
C) Illegal
D) De jure
E) None of the above

Question 24

The standard of strict scrutiny applies to

A) gender.
B) age.
C) disabilities.
D) race.
E) sexual orientation.

Question 25

Under what type of scrutiny does the Supreme Court examine racial discrimination?

A) Intermediate scrutiny
B) Suspect scrutiny
C) Strict scrutiny
D) Ordinary scrutiny
E) Lax scrutiny

Question 26

Since Bakke, government and higher education racial preferences have

A) focused exclusively on rigid quotas in hiring or admissions decisions.
B) used race as a factor in hiring or admissions decisions.
C) never used race as a factor in hiring or admissions decisions.
D) been prohibited by Congress.
E) never been upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court.

Question 27

Which of the following cases ruled that women's suffrage was not a right inherent in the Fourteenth Amendment, and encouraged women to use more direct forms of political agitation to secure the vote?

A) Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
B) The Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)
C) Minor v. Happersett (1874)
D) Civil Rights Cases (1883)
E) U.S. v. Carolene Products (1938)

Question 28

What is a "white primary"?

A) A primary election open only to whites.
B) A primary held in the winter, usually in November.
C) A Jim Crow strategy.
D) Both A and C above
E) None of the above

Question 29

In which case did the Court rule that only affirmative action programs that are narrowly tailored to redress specific violations will be upheld??A) Richmond v. Croson
B) Adarand v. Pena
C) Miller v. Johnson
D) Bakke v. California
E) Grutter v. Bollinger

Question 30

Which of the following court cases held that strict scrutiny should be applied to those instances that restricted the democratic process?

A) Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
B) The Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)
C) Minor v. Happersett (1874)
D) Civil Rights Cases (1883)
E) U.S. v. Carolene Products (1938)

Question 31

Which of the following is true about affirmative action programs today??A) They are, on face, considered to be constitutional.
B) The goal of diversity in education is a compelling reason to have affirmative action.
C) The goal of remedying past discrimination in employment is a compelling reason to have affirmative action.
D) Considering race in education or employment is unconstitutional.
E) None of the above

Question 32

Plessy v. Ferguson's separate but equal doctrine was reversed by

A) Cooper v. Aaron.
B) The Slaughterhouse Cases.
C) Civil Rights Cases.
D) Brown v. Board of Education.
E) Smith v. Allwright.

Question 33

Which of the following eventually pushed the Court, the president, and Congress to take the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment seriously?

A) The Civil War
B) The civil rights movement
C) The election of Richard Nixon
D) World War I
E) None of the above

Question 34

Which of the following cases did Brown v. Board of Education (1954) reverse?

A) Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
B) The Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)
C) Civil Rights Cases (1883)
D) Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
E) None of the above

Question 35

Affirmative action is

A) a program of private and public institutions that favor minorities and women in an attempt to compensate for past discrimination.
B) an effort to engage in racial discrimination for the greater good.
C) unconstitutional.
D) no longer needed because society is now color blind.
E) unequal treatment based on government laws and regulations.

Question 36

The Supreme Court, even with numerous follow-up cases, was able to accomplish little after the Brown decision until the president and Congress backed up the justices with the

A) Civil Rights Act of 1964.
B) Voting Rights Act of 1965.
C) American with Disabilities Act of 1967.
D) Both A and B above
E) None of the above

Question 37

In ________, the Court ruled that race could not be used as the basis for drawing House district lines in an effort to increase the number of racial minority members in Congress.

A) Miller v. Johnson
B) Richmond v J.A. Croson Co.
C) Adarand Constructors v. Pena
D) Regents v. Bakke
E) Grutter v. Bollinger

Question 38

Judicial support to the gradual advance of civil rights guarantees for African Americans and other minorities was based primarily on the ________ Amendment.

A) Thirteenth
B) Fourteenth
C) Fifteenth
D) Nineteenth
E) Tenth

Question 39

In 2003, the Supreme Court

A) upheld and allowed using race as a factor in college admissions.
B) struck down and has forbidden using race as a factor in college admissions.
C) upheld an admissions system that awarded points for race.
D) overturned the Bakke decision.
E) ruled on California's Proposition 209.

Question 40

According to the results of recent polls, most Americans believe that affirmative action programs that give preferential treatment for racial minorities or women

A) should be maintained as they are.
B) should be abolished.
C) do not help minorities.
D) should be used only to help women.
E) should be mended, not ended.

Question 41

Which of the following statements is MOST correct?

A) Sexual harassment affects few people in the workplace.
B) The courts judge sexual harassment cases using "intermediate scrutiny."
C) A sizable percentage of Americans say they have experienced sexual harassment at work.
D) Sexual harassment is a women's issue; very few men experience sexual harassment in the workplace.
E) None of the above

Question 42

The Partial-Birth Abortion Act

A) was struck down by the Supreme Court.
B) has not been reviewed by the Court.
C) was upheld by the Supreme Court.
D) was vetoed by President Bush.
E) None of the above

Question 43

Which of these is NOT true in terms of the advances of women's rights?

A) In the public sector, more and more women hold important elected and appointed positions in all levels of government.
B) Advances have come through changing societal attitudes about the role of women in society.
C) Advances have been made due to the increased involvement of women in politics.
D) Advances have been made through new statutes designed to equalize women's opportunities.
E) None of the above

Question 44

In _____________ the Supreme Court upheld a state law that restricted private homosexual activity.

A) Bowers v. Hardwick
B) Lawrence v. Texas
C) Dowell v. Oklahoma City
D) Bowers v. Texas
E) Romer v. Evans

Question 45

The ________ was a proposed constitutional amendment that would have prohibited the U.S. or state governments from denying or abridging equal rights on the grounds of gender.

A) Equal Rights Amendment
B) Seneca Falls Amendment
C) Equal Pay Amendment
D) Comparable Worth Amendment
E) Affirmative Action Amendment

Question 46

In ____________ the Supreme Court established gender discrimination is an intermediate scrutiny category.

A) Craig v. Boren
B) Dowell v. Oklahoma
C) United States v. Virginia
D) Roe v. Wade
E) Brennan v. Boren

Question 47

The decision of the Court in Roe v. Wade was based on the right of

A) privacy.
B) due process of law.
C) equal protection of the laws.
D) freedom of religion.
E) free speech.

Question 48

Which of the following statements is true??A) Same-sex marriage is supported by a majority of Americans.
B) A majority of states permit same-sex unions.
C) Nearly half of the American states have laws that ban same-sex marriage.
D) The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that same-sex unions are constitutional.
E) The U.S. Congress has ratified an amendment to ban same-sex marriage.

Question 49

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) The Court has restructured civil rights for women.
B) The Supreme Court simply has not been sympathetic at all to women's issues.
C) In cases of discrimination, women are not viewed as a protected group.
D) The Court has not restructured rights for women.
E) None of the above

Question 50

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Gay and lesbian rights have been well articulated by the courts.
B) The current champion of gay and lesbian rights is Bill Clinton, who, through executive order, lifted the ban on gays in the military.
C) It is evident that the struggle over gay and lesbian rights will remain an important part of the American political agenda for a long time to come, with the eventual outcome very much in doubt.
D) The outcome of the gay rights movement will depend upon mass protests, not politics.
E) None of the above

Question 51

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the Supreme Court's views on affirmative action programs?

A) All affirmative action programs are unconstitutional.
B) All affirmative action programs in education are unconstitutional.
C) Achieving diversity in college education is a compelling reason to consider race on college admissions applications.
D) Affirmative action may only be used as a temporary remedy to redraw House district lines to increase the number of minorities in Congress.
E) None of the above

Question 52

___________ discrimination is unequal treatment by private individuals, groups, and organizations.

A) De facto
B) Unequal
C) Illegal
D) De jure
E) None of the above

Question 53

With respect to sexual harassment, in Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc. (1993), the Supreme Court ruled that

A) sexual harassment was a violation of the Equal Pay Act of 1963.
B) in order to receive damages for sexual harassment, plaintiffs had to show that the offensive actions made them unable to do their jobs or caused psychological harm.
C) sexual harassment claims had to be very narrowly tailored and that the Supreme Court was not the venue for such court decisions.
D) workers did not have to prove that offensive actions made them unable to do their jobs or caused them psychological harm, only that the work environment was hostile or abusive.
E) sexual harassment claims will only be upheld if they present a "clear and present danger" to the workforce.

Question 54

In Tennessee v. Lane (2004), the Court ruled that

A) the disabled could sue a state for money damages in federal court if the state fails to make its courts fully accessible.
B) Congress did not have the authority to pass the Americans with Disabilities Act.
C) state employees could not sue states for damages arising from violations of the Disabilities Act.
D) state employees could sue states for damages arising from violations of the Disabilities Act.
E) the disabled could not sue a state for money damages in federal court if the state fails to make its courts fully accessible.

Question 55

Which of the following statements is NOT a critique of affirmative action?

A) Affirmative action violates the principle that people be judged as individuals.

B) Affirmative action benefits those within each preferred group who are already advantaged and need little help.

C) Affirmative action seeks to remedy the effects of past discrimination by discriminating against others today simply because they belong to nonpreferred groups.

D) Affirmative action increases intergroup and interracial tension by heightening the saliency of group membership.
E) People from disadvantaged groups will improve themselves only if they have experience with successful role models in important institutions.

Question 56

This act prohibits employment discrimination against the disabled and requires that reasonable efforts be made to make places of employment and public facilities accessible to them.

A) Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1973
B) Civil Rights Act of 1991
C) American with Disabilities Act of 1990
D) Civil Rights Act of 1964
E) All of the above

Question 57

Under intermediate scrutiny, government enactments that relied on gender would be constitutional if the use of gender

A) were substantially related to an important objective.
B) was limited to voting rights.
C) was not specifically mentioned.
D) All of the above

Question 58

What prohibits discrimination against women at federally funded institutions??A) The Nineteenth Amendment
B) Title IX
C) Title XI
D) The Voting Rights Act of 1964
E) The Civil Rights Act of 1957

Question 59

Which of the following barred federal money to colleges and universities that deny military recruiters the same campus access as other private and public employers.

A) The Civil Rights Act of 1964
B) The Defense of Marriage Act
C) The Don't Ask Don't Tell Act of 1993
D) The Solomon Amendment
E) The Helms Amendment

Question 60

According to the authors of Struggle for Democracy, given current court decisions and the current conservative majority on the Court,

A) affirmative action programs are likely to get a boost.
B) affirmative action programs have been narrowed considerably in their reach..
C) affirmative action programs will be studied using "intermediate" scrutiny.
D) reverse discrimination suits will probably be declared unconstitutional.
E) None of the above

Question 61

Women were granted the right to vote with the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment.

Question 62

The "white primary" was a device that allowed whites who had failed the literacy test to vote; it allowed all to vote whose grandfathers had voted in the past.

Question 63

Gender discrimination is protected at a level of strict scrutiny.

Question 64

Regents v. Bakke (1978) focused on voting rights.

Question 65

Over the course of the twentieth century, most of the rights and liberties of the Bill of Rights and the Civil War amendments were interpreted more narrowly to exclude all state and local laws.

Question 66

In the Slaughterhouse Cases, the Supreme Court expanded the reach of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Question 67

Gender is considered a suspect classification.

Question 68

Civil rights are government guarantees of political equality and equal treatment.

Question 69

Affirmative action programs are designed to punish white males.

Question 70

In 1944, the Supreme Court ruled that race was a "suspect classification" that demanded strict judicial scrutiny.

Question 71

Early in the civil rights movement, most civil rights organizations opposed affirmative action.

Question 72

The purpose of the Seneca Falls Convention was primarily to expand civil rights for African Americans.

Question 73

The United States has restructured civil rights for women, much in the same way it has for other groups.

Question 74

Which of the following arguments is used in support of affirmative action?

A) Affirmative action violates the principle that people be judged as individuals.

B) Affirmative action benefits those within each preferred group who are already advantaged and need little help.

C) Affirmative action seeks to remedy the effects of past discrimination by discriminating against others today simply because they belong to nonpreferred groups.

D) Affirmative action increases intergroup and interracial tension by heightening the saliency of group membership.
E) People from disadvantaged groups will improve themselves only if they have experience with successful role models in important institutions.

Question 75

Public opinion has had little impact on affirmative action.

Question 76

Affirmative action was first suggested as a policy change after during reconstruction.

Question 77

Justice William Brennan wrote the majority opinion in Roe v. Wade.

Question 78

In the court of public opinion, critics of affirmative action have won the day.

Question 79

In Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court ruled that "separate but equal" was constitutional.

Question 80

Which of the following is a concern of civil rights advocates with the retirement of Sandra Day O'Connor?

A) The justifications for affirmative action put forth in the University of Michigan case will be furthered.
B) The justifications for affirmative action put forth in the University of Michigan case will not hold.
C) The new Chief Justice will seek to revise affirmative action policy by requiring medium scrutiny.
D) The new, liberal majority on the Court will seek to apply strict scrutiny to affirmative action programs.
E) None of the above