Deck 3: Ethnographic Research: Its History, methods, and Theories

Question 1

Anthropologist _______________ is a leading advocacy anthropologist today and a special rapporteur for the United Nations High Commission on Human Rights.

A)Rodolfo Stavenhagen
B)Clifford Geertz
C)Stephen Lansang
D)Gregory Bates
E)Jonathan Marks

Answer 1

Rodolfo Stavenhagen

Question 2

Which of the following best defines applied anthropology?

A)the use of anthropological techniques to better prepare populations for market research and the introduction of capitalism
B)the application of anthropological types of change in order to help indigenous people develop further
C)the use of anthropological knowledge and methods to solve practical problems in communities confronting NEW challenges
D)the implementation of change into indigenous populations only in order to save and preserve them
E)all of the above

Answer 2

the use of anthropological knowledge and methods to solve practical problems in communities confronting NEW challenges

Question 3

All of the following provided data on foreign countries for the purpose of "culture-at-a-distance" studies except _______________.

A)popular films
B)photographs
C)literature
D)telephone conversations
E)NEWspapers

Answer 3

telephone conversations

Question 4

Which anthropologist was the first to carry out an advocacy project within a North American Indian community?

A)Julian Steward
B)Bronislaw Malinowski
C)Margaret Mead
D)Sol Tax
E)Franz Boas

Question 5

National character studies were most popular during _______________.

A)the Spanish-American War
B)World War I
C)World War II
D)the Vietnam War
E)the Iraq War

Question 6

The first generation of formal anthropologists began their careers working for _______________.

A)explorers
B)multinational corporations
C)national governments
D)universities
E)museums

Question 7

Although human beings always have been interested in other human beings,anthropology first began to emerge as a formal discipline during _______________.

A)globalization
B)industrialism
C)colonialism
D)colonization
E)exploration

Question 8

Ethnographic research that documents endangered cultures is known as _______________.

A)savage anthropology
B)multi-sited anthropology
C)advocacy anthropology
D)primitive ethnography
E)urgent anthropology

Question 9

One of the first U.S.anthropologists to study acculturation was Margaret Mead in her 1932 fieldwork _______________.

A)on Bali
B)in Samoa
C)among the Omaha Indians
D)among the Navajo Indians
E)among the Mundugumor

Question 10

Cultural anthropology is composed of which two scholarly components?

A)ethnography and ethnohistory
B)ethnography and ethnology
C)ethnology and ethnohistory
D)ethnohistory and ethnoarchaeology
E)linguistics and ethnography

Question 11

All of the following are examples of early studies of contemporary state societies except _______________.

A)Alfred Métraux,study of race relations in Brazil
B)Ruth Benedict,study of art styles and creativity in Broadway
C)Hortense Powdermaker,study of mass media in Hollywood
D)Julian Steward,study of industrialization in Kenya
E)all of the above are examples of early studies of contemporary state societies

Question 12

Why is it important to study peasants?

A)They represent societies that are beginning to develop out of a primitive condition.
B)They are the poorest people in the world.
C)They always cause political rupture.
D)They are the largest social category in the world.
E)all of the above

Question 13

Research that is community-based and politically involved is called _______________.

A)advocacy anthropology
B)urgent anthropology
C)representative anthropology
D)action anthropology
E)peasant anthropology

Question 14

Anthropology has sought directly to do each of the following except _______________.

A)document the practice of culture
B)impose a Western and modern approach to life
C)document disappearing cultural practices
D)reconstruct traditional ways of life
E)educate its audience on the importance of culture

Question 15

The Ayoreo Indians,deeply affected by forces of acculturation,are found in modern-day _______________.

A)Colombia
B)Bolivia
C)Ecuador
D)Mexico
E)Philippines

Question 16

If an anthropologist works to help indigenous peoples hold onto their ancestral lands,the anthropologist is called a(n)_______________.

A)advocate
B)guerilla
C)representative
D)mentor
E)lobbyist

Question 17

Which of the following anthropologists was involved in the creation of "culture-at-a-distance" studies?

A)Edward Tylor
B)William Haviland
C)Clifford Geertz
D)Ruth Mead
E)Ruth Benedict

Question 18

Robert Hitchcock works with the San peoples in southern Africa in order to _______________.

A)ensure their land rights
B)provide jobs for adults
C)improve the health and nutritional status of the children
D)help them obtain representation at the government level
E)encourage them to establish a sense of national identity

Question 19

Asymmetrical culture contact is called _______________.

A)syncretism
B)acculturation
C)diffusion
D)enculturation
E)synthesis

Question 20

Laura Nader has called on anthropologists to "study up." What does she mean by this term?

A)Anthropologists should study high altitude peoples and cultures in order to understand adaptation.
B)Anthropologists should people of a higher class than themselves.
C)Anthropologists should study the elites of a society and not only the common people.
D)Anthropologists should intensify their studies and become more involved in advocacy anthropology.
E)none of the above

Question 21

A research method in which one learns about a group's beliefs and behaviors through social participation and personal observation within the community is called _______________.

A)participant interviewing
B)observational participation
C)observant participation
D)participant observation
E)participational observation

Question 22

Personal life histories are examples of _______________.

A)qualitative data
B)quantitative data
C)key data
D)quantum cultural data
E)archival data

Question 23

When researchers use things such as photographs in order to prompt people to speak with them about a particular topic,these are called _______________.

A)soliciting devices
B)eliciting devices
C)prompting devices
D)circular conversations
E)participant tools

Question 24

Anthropologists use _______________.

A)only quantitative data
B)only qualitative data
C)both quantitative and qualitative data
D)only data gathered by participant observation
E)only data related to foreign societies

Question 25

Unstructured,open-ended conversations in everyday life are called _______________.

A)chatting
B)formal interviews
C)informal interviews
D)advised interviews
E)arbitrary interviews

Question 26

Individuals who live and work far from their original homelands form part of a growing population that is classified as _______________.

A)international
B)multinational
C)migratory
D)contemporary
E)diasporic

Question 27

Anthropologists advise that _______________.

A)it is best to do your first fieldwork as part of a team of researchers,some of them experienced
B)it is best to do your first fieldwork in your own culture so that you become experienced
C)it is best to do your first fieldwork in a culture other than your own
D)it is best to work in societies that are different from your own but now located very far away from where you live
E)it is best to study peasants as part of your first fieldwork experience

Question 28

A worldwide interconnected landscape with multiple intertwining and overlapping peoples and cultures on the move is known as a(n)_______________.

A)multi-sited ethnography
B)globalscape
C)immigrant population
D)diasporic population
E)transnational population

Question 29

Extended on-location research to gather detailed information about a society's culture is called _______________.

A)ethnographic character research
B)a cyberethnography
C)a multi-sited ethnography
D)ethnographic fieldwork
E)digital ethnography

Question 30

Ethnographic study of online "imagined communities" is called _______________.

A)cyberethnography
B)digital ethnography
C)multi-sited ethnography
D)ethnography without borders
E)computer ethnography

Question 31

Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson did their most significant photographic research in _______________.

A)Tonga
B)Hawaii
C)Indonesia
D)Samoa
E)Bali

Question 32

The primary method in the anthropologist's toolkit,regardless of the time period,has always been _______________.

A)mapping
B)participant observation
C)random sampling
D)formal interviews
E)mentoring

Question 33

Why is it important to map the field site with information from the local people?

A)much cultural information is contained on a key consultant's map
B)the map will contain local place names
C)the map will contain information on local features and land use in the area
D)social information will be contained on the map
E)all of the above

Question 34

What is the first step in doing ethnographic fieldwork?

A)doing preparatory research
B)choosing a research question
C)participant observation on site
D)gathering data
E)choosing a theoretical approach

Question 35

The members of a society who work most closely with the anthropologist to provide an understanding of cultural phenomena are called _______________.

A)primary consultants
B)key consultants
C)cultural leaders
D)culture brokers
E)key leader co-participants

Question 36

What is GPS?

A)a free government mapping service
B)cartographic digital technology
C)a satellite device that allows for precise measuring
D)a map based on the key consultants' information
E)only a and b

Question 37

Gregory Bateson was trained by Alfred C.Haddon,who is credited with being the first anthropologist to _______________.

A)use key consultants
B)interview locals in their own language
C)do participant observations
D)map maps of an area
E)use ethnographic film

Question 38

Andrea Louie's multi-sited field research project focused on _______________.

A)child-rearing techniques
B)land use and land rights
C)transnational identity
D)problems of migration and underemployment
E)problems of government representation

Question 39

Globalization has given rise to a NEW form of research and analysis known as _______________.

A)diasporic anthropology
B)multi-sited ethnography
C)national character studies
D)advocacy anthropology
E)culture-at-a-distance studies

Question 40

Which of the following is not an example of quantitative data?

A)demographic patterns
B)amounts of crops grown
C)personal life histories
D)number of dwellings
E)migratory patterns

Question 41

Most anthropologists face _______________.

A)mental challenges in the field
B)physical challenges in the field
C)physical harm in the field
D)all of the above
E)a and b

Question 42

In what country do we find the Trobriand Islands?

A)Canada
B)Japan
C)Indonesia
D)Australia
E)Papua NEW Guinea

Question 43

Why is validation in ethnographic research so difficult?

A)observational access is often limited
B)there may be insufficient funding for the research
C)there may be logistical difficulties in reaching the site
D)there may be problems in obtaining permission to do the study
E)all of the above

Question 44

In her fieldsite,because of political unrest,June Nash was accused of _______________.

A)stealing
B)being a CIA agent
C)being a Bolivian spy
D)slander
E)none of the above

Question 45

Why were there differences between the original field research of Malinowski and that of Weiner some 60 years later?

A)differences in field methodology
B)different theoretical interests
C)changes over time
D)differences in researchers' genders
E)all of these

Question 46

The ethical obligation to self-monitor while doing ethnographic research (constantly checking and re-checking personal or cultural biases)is called _______________.

A)rationality
B)reading
C)reflection
D)reflexivity
E)none of these

Question 47

Lincoln Keiser was treated with great disdain and suspicion in his fieldsite in _______________ because of his study focus on feuding.

A)Myanmar
B)China
C)India
D)Pakistan
E)Burma

Question 48

When was the first portable synchronous-sound camera invented?

A)1955
B)1950
C)1960
D)1965
E)1970

Question 49

A woman among the Ju/'hoansi called Richard Lee _______________.

A)uncle
B)husband
C)son
D)nephew
E)father

Question 50

What is ethnohistory?

A)the study of cultures recently passed
B)the study of ancient cultures
C)a classical study of Rome and Greece
D)the ethnographic study of historical documents
E)all of the above

Question 51

Both William Crocker and Richard Lee were _______________.

A)adopted into networks of kinship at their fieldsites
B)awarded the honor of outstanding fieldworkers by the anthropological association
C)considered master fieldworkers by quantitative researchers
D)pioneers in the development of field photography
E)all of the above

Question 52

What type of descent is found associated with Trobriand society?

A)matrilineal
B)patrilineal
C)ambilineal
D)bilateral
E)none of the above

Question 53

The Human Relations Area Files (HRAF)is _______________.

A)an ethnographic and archaeological database
B) an archaeological database
C) an ethnographic database
D) a linguistic database
E) none of the above

Question 54

A tool that researchers rely on to learn about a culture by examining their behaviors and beliefs through social interaction is ________________________.

A)theory building
B)participant observation
C)close examination
D)focus group observation
E)questionnaire use

Question 55

Which anthropologist did a "re-study" of the Trobriand Islanders?

A)Annette Weiner
B)Margaret Mead
C)Hortense Powdermaker
D)Bronislaw Malinowski
E)Ruth Benedict

Question 56

In order to minimize the impact of subjectivity,the anthropologist should consider all of the following except _______________.

A)how people think they really behave
B)the people's ideal sense of how a society should be run
C)what the anthropologist actually sees happening
D)what the anthropologist observes in his/her own culture
E)a,b,and c,above

Question 57

An explanation in science of natural phenomena,supported by a reliable body of data,is called a(n)_______________.

A)theory
B)hypothesis
C)fact
D)doctrine
E)intuition

Question 58

What was the focus of Annette Weiner's research in the Trobriands?

A)women's reproductive work
B)women's productive work
C)the village religious structure
D)men's canoeing and trade relations
E)migratory patterns and changes in family structure

Question 59

Ethnographic research that documents endangered cultures is known as _________________________ .

A)ethnography
B)component anthropology
C)cyberethnography
D)hypermedia ethnography
E)urgent ethnography

Question 60

Margaret Mead argued that ethnographers should make much more effective use of _______________.

A)photography
B)mapping
C)interviews
D)participant observation
E)collecting material artifacts

Question 61

The materialist perspective is a theoretical approach that stresses the primacy of the cultural _______________.

A)structure
B)superstructure
C)substructure
D)infrastructure
E)all of the above

Question 62

Globalization has given rise to a NEW type of anthropology research and analysis called _______________________ ethnography.

A)Globalization
B)Pluralistic
C)Multi-sited
D)Glocalization
E)Emerging

Question 63

Urgent anthropology used to be known as ______________________________ .

A)ethnography
B)salvage anthropology
C)critical anthropology
D)speedy anthropology
E)historical anthropology

Question 64

A formal,recorded agreement to participate in research is called _______________.

A)informed consensus
B)informed consent
C)informal consent
D)informal consensus
E)a research agreement

Question 65

Between 4,000 and 9,000 years ago,the human population in the Middle East increased _______________.

A)ten-fold
B)twenty-fold
C)fifty-fold
D)sixty-fold
E)none of these

Question 66

By the late 1800s,which groups were sponsoring anthropologists' expeditions to collect cultural artifacts?

A)Museums
B)Universities
C)Adventure clubs
D)Historic societies
E)Federal governments

Question 67

The HRAF has data currently on about _______________ societies.

A)1000
B)800
C)400
D) 100
E)75

Question 68

A key consultant used to be known as an _______________________________.

A)informant
B)accelerator
C)intuitive participant
D)internal informant
E)external informant

Question 69

Marvin Harris argues that pork was not generally raised in the Middle East historically because _______________.

A)it was considered sinful in all Middle Eastern religions
B)some Middle eastern societies owned all of the land and prevented pig-raising
C)no ethnic group in the Middle East would eat pork
D)pig-raising threatened the natural ecosystem
E)pig-raising was economically inefficient in such a humid environment

Question 70

If an anthropologists is studying a culture of the recent past using oral histories,accounts of explorers,missionaries,and traders and also through the analysis of such records as land titles,birth and death records,and other archival materials;that anthropologist is doing _______________.

A)ethnology
B)biography
C)autobiography
D)ethnohistory
E)ethnography

Question 71

The theoretical approach of structural-functionalism is primarily associated with the _______________ School.

A)German
B)American
C)Dutch
D)British
E)French

Question 72

Quantitative data is data which refers to information which is ________________.

A)Excellent in quality
B)Not to be trusted
C)Measurable
D)Nonstatistical in nature
E)Personal information

Question 73

A indigenous group which is surrounded and resettled by another dominant group is sometimes called an ___________________ _________________________.

A)internal colony
B)external colony
C)internal ethnicity
D)external ethnicity
E)innocent colony

Question 74

The idealist perspective is a theoretical approach that stresses the primacy of the cultural _______________.

A)infrastructure
B)substructure
C)structure
D)superstructure
E)none of the above

Question 75

Research that is community based and politically active is __________________________.

A)Political anthropology
B)Social anthropology
C)Sociological anthropology
D)Activist anthropology
E)Advocacy anthropology

Question 76

____________________ is the term used to refer to what an anthropologist does when they go to a place to observe a cultural activity first hand.

A)First-hand research
B)Second hand research
C)Fieldwork
D)Practice
E)Ethnography

Question 77

Marxism,neo-evolutionism,and cultural ecology are all considered to be _______________ approaches.

A)ecological
B)political
C)substantivist
D)idealist
E)materialist

Question 78

The NEW term for salvage anthropology is _____________________________.

A)ethnography
B)urgent anthropology
C)critical anthropology
D)speedy anthropology
E)historical anthropology

Question 79

Peasant studies came into existence in the ______________ .

A)1960s
B)1890s
C)1900s
D)1950s
E)1960s .

Question 80

The combination of cultural ecology and political economy is the _______________ approach.

A)ecological politics
B)political ecology
C)cultural economy
D)economic cultural
E)none of the above