Deck 4: Becoming Human: the Origin and Diversity of Our Species

Question 1

Which of the following statements is correct?

A)Social structures in ape communities are exclusively composed of male dominance hierarchies
B)Relationships among individuals within the ape communities are relatively harmonious.
C)Ape groups are formed of extended families that organize into clans that are male-dominated.
D)Ape groups are formed into communities that are disharmonious and full of constant conflict.
E)none of the above

Answer 1

Relationships among individuals within the ape communities are relatively harmonious.

Question 2

Which of the following study living primates?

A)paleontologists
B)paleoanthropologists
C)primatologists
D)evolutionologists
E) geologists

Answer 2

primatologists

Question 3

The ability to see the world in the three dimensions of height,width,and depth is due to primates' unique development of _______________.

A)color vision
B)binocular color vision
C)stereoscopic color vision
D)binocular stereoscopic color vision
E)binocular vision

Answer 3

binocular stereoscopic color vision

Question 4

Which of the following primates has the least opposability in hands and feet?

A)bonobos
B)chimpanzees
C)humans
D)gorillas
E)baboons

Question 5

Chimpanzees are the only animals to use _______________ as a mechanism of reconciliation.

A) mediators
B)aggression
C)sexual contact
D)food
E)all of the above

Question 6

Biological evolution refers to _______________.

A)gradual improvement and progression in a species
B)progressive elaboration and increase in complexity
C)changes in the genetic makeup of a population over generations
D)biological and cultural changes that lead to increase in efficiency
E)descent from monkey ancestors

Question 7

Chimpanzees hunt for what reason?

A)to obtain food
B)for social reasons
C)for sexual reasons
D)to gain social status
E)all of the above

Question 8

Which of the following primate groups has been observed tool-making most frequently?

A)baboons
B)bonobos
C)rhesus macaques
D)chimpanzees
E)gorillas

Question 9

Which of the following is not a classification proposed by Linnaeus?

A)Homo troglodytes
B)Homo sylvestris
C)Homo diurnus
D)Homo nocturnus
E)all of the above are classifications of Linnaeus

Question 10

What is the purpose of genito-genital rubbing among primates?

A)it is a form of sexual initiation used by chimpanzee males to seduce females
B)it is a form of sexual initiation used by bonobo males to seduce females
C)it is the most frequent type of reconciliation among chimpanzees
D)it is the most frequent type of reconciliation among bonobos
E)it is used to mark territory

Question 11

Carolus Linnaeus classified ______________ with humans and monkeys in the same order.

A)bears
B)lions
C)reptiles
D)sloths
E)tarsiers

Question 12

Which anthropologist studied forms of reconciliation among bonobos?

A)Kinji Imanishi
B)Dian Fossey
C)Jane Goodall
D)Frans de Waal
E)Louis Leakey

Question 13

The first mammals appeared over _______________ years ago and the earliest primates appeared about _______________ years ago.

A)500 million/50 million
B)200 million/65 million
C)350 million/150 million
D)400 million/60 million
E)50 million/65 million

Question 14

When do paleoanthropologists believe that human culture began?

A)500,000 years ago
B)2.0 million years ago
C)1.5 million years ago
D)3.0 million years ago
E)2.5 million years ago

Question 15

Among bonobos,which of the following bonds is the most significant to predicting rank and success within the group?

A)between male peers
B)between siblings
C)between father and son
D)between mother and son
E)between offspring and grandparents

Question 16

Which of the following statements is correct?

A)The earliest primates were nocturnal,but only the apes and monkeys are nocturnal today.
B)The earliest primates were diurnal,as are the majority of primate species today.
C)The earliest primates were nocturnal,as are the majority of primate species today.
D)Although the earliest primates were diurnal,today most primate species are nocturnal.
E)Although the earliest primates were nocturnal,today most primate species are diurnal.

Question 17

What is the most frequent type of reconciliation among chimpanzees?

A)embrace
B)mouth-to-mouth kiss
C)genito-genital rubbing
D)all of the above
E)a and b only

Question 18

Which of the following primate females show the incidence of perpetual genital swelling and the ability for constant sexual activity?

A)chimpanzees
B)rhesus macaques
C)bonobos
D)gorillas
E)stumptail monkeys

Question 19

What is a species?

A)a subgroup of a genus in which individuals share ancestral connections and characteristics
B)a subgroup of a genus in which individuals share the same physical characteristics
C)a population of individuals who randomly interbreed and produce offspring
D)a population of individuals able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring
E)none of the above

Question 20

In comparison to other mammals,primates have ________________.

A)more pre-molars
B)fewer pre-molars
C)more incisors
D)more canines
E)more molars

Question 21

Which of the following statements is incorrect?

A)All hominoids that show evidence of bipedalism are considered human.
B)Scientists believe that the missing link very likely existed sometime between 5 and 8 million years ago.
C)Between 4 and 5 million years ago,the environment of eastern and southern Africa was mostly made up of open country with pockets of woodlands.
D)Between 5 and 15 million years ago,various kinds of hominoids lived throughout Africa,Asia,and Europe.
E)Australopithecus inhabited an area of dense woodlands.

Question 22

The first known stone industry was the Oldowan Tradition,dating back _______________.

A)2.5-2.6 million years
B)3.1-3.7 million years ago
C)1.7-1.9 million years ago
D)2.8-3.4 million years ago
E)2.5-5.0 million years ago

Question 23

Which of the following is not considered a "disease of civilization"?

A)diabetes
B)tuberculosis
C)cancer
D)high blood pressure
E)heart disease

Question 24

The branch of medical anthropology that uses evolutionary principles to contribute to contemporary human health issues is called ______________.

A)paleoanthropology medicine
B)evolutionary medicine
C)historical medicine
D)paleo-medicine
E)adaptive medicine

Question 25

Paleoanthropologists believe that H.erectus had learned to use fire by _______________ years ago.

A)2 million
B)1 million
C)500,000
D)2.4 million
E)200,000

Question 26

Which of the following is not a true statement?

A)A biped can see more effectively than a quadruped.
B)A biped has less body area exposed to direct sunlight than a quadruped.
C)A biped can use its hands to carry objects,including weapons.
D)A biped runs faster than a quadruped.
E)None of the above is a true statement.

Question 27

The first members of the genus Homo first appeared around _______________ years ago.

A)4.5 million
B)1.5 million
C)3.5 million
D)2.0 million
E)2.5 million

Question 28

Tool-making puts a premium on _______________.

A)manual dexterity
B)power
C)group size
D)migratory patterns
E)availability of meat

Question 29

Which Western anthropologist was the first to encourage the study of Great Ape culture in the wild?

A)Dian Fossey
B)Louis Leakey
C)Frans Boas
D)Bronislaw Malinowski
E)Jane Goodall

Question 30

The shift from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens occurred within the ________________.

A)Pliocene
B)Oligocene
C)Miocene
D)Eocene
E)Pleistocene

Question 31

By _______________ Homo erectus had spread to Europe.

A) 200,000 years ago
B)2.7 million years ago
C)1.8 million years ago
D)4.6 million years ago
E) 3.4 million years ago

Question 32

The australopithecine "Lucy" was discovered in _______________.

A)1946
B)1968
C)1974
D)1982
E)1996

Question 33

What is the purpose of a free upper lip among primates?

A)decrease in exposure to parasites
B)more versatile eating behaviors
C)increased facial expression
D)louder ability to issue calls and vocalizations
E)all of the above

Question 34

Where did Jane Goodall begin her studies of chimpanzees?

A)Tai Rainforest
B)Gombe,Tanzania
C)Karisoke,Rwanda
D)Olduvai Gorge,Kenya
E)Tokyo,Japan

Question 35

What was the main focus of Kinji Imanishi's primate studies?

A)hunting techniques
B)kinship and social behavior
C)sexual behavior and reconciliation
D)territorial behavior and aggression
E)the formation of alpha male bands

Question 36

Which came first for humans?

A)a large brain
B)bipedalism
C)a hairless body
D)the development of tools
E)the invention of fire

Question 37

Homo erectus fossils have been found in all of the following areas except _______________.

A)Southern Europe
B)Asia
C)Northern Europe
D)North America
E)Africa

Question 38

Which of the following is an advantage associated with fire?

A)increased ability to hunt
B) warmth to allow for migration into colder areas
C)ability to increase food nutrition through cooking
D)all of the above
E)b and c only

Question 39

Australopithecine fossils have been found in all of the following modern-day areas except _______________.

A)Malawi
B)South Africa
C)Kenya
D)Chad
E)Egypt

Question 40

The classification of hominoid includes _______________.

A)humans and apes,living and extinct
B)living humans and apes
C)living humans,apes,and monkeys
D)humans,apes,and monkeys,living and extinct
E)all primate species

Question 41

_________________ refers to the idea that a series of beneficial adjustments occurred to organisms in their environment.

A)adaptation
B)natural selection
C)genetics
D)adherence
E)evolution

Question 42

The hypothesis that modern human originated through a process of simultaneous local transition from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens throughout the inhabited world is called the _______________.

A)Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
B)acculturation hypothesis
C)recent African origins hypothesis
D)diffusion theory
E)multiregional hypothesis

Question 43

Which of the following tool makers invented the burin,which came into common use in the Upper Paleolithic?

A)Mousterian Toolmakers
B) Neandertal Toolmakers
C) Gibeon Toolmakers
D) Homo habilis Toolmakers
E) Oldowan Toolmakers

Question 44

German anatomist Blumenbach expanded on Linnaeus' classification system of humans and determined that people from which region were the most beautiful people in the world?

A)Germany
B)Caucasus Mountains
C)Mount Olympia
D)Northern Africa
E)Middle East

Question 45

One of the most hotly debated genetic relationships in paleoanthropology is the connection between modern humans and:

A)Homo antecessor
B)Homo Sapiens
C)Neandertals
D)Homo erectus
E)Mousterian Tool Bearers

Question 46

The basic physical units of heredity are _________________ .

A)cellulous
B)DNA
C)eggs
D)RNA
E)genes

Question 47

Which Swedish naturalist divided the human species into four major groups according to geographic area,classifying all Europeans as white,Africans as black,American Indians as red,Asians as yellow?

A)Linnaeus
B)Blumenbach
C)Wolpoff
D)Caspari
E)Caucaus

Question 48

The concept of race is has powerful symbolic significance in many countries as a ________________ category.

A)cultural and social
B)community and social
C)social and political
D)political and educational
E)social and medical

Question 49

The greatest single cache of hominin fossils in the world was found at _______________.

A)Hadar in Ethiopia
B)Lauricocha in Peru
C)Olduvai Gorge in Kenya
D)Chevraux in France
E)Atapuerca in Spain

Question 50

The biological concept of race does not apply to ______________ ______________ .

A)Homo erectus
B)Homo habilis
C)Homo sapiens
D)Homo salashi
E)Homo antecessor

Question 51

Anatomically modern Homo sapiens indisputably appear by _______________ years ago.

A)50,000
B)40,000
C)30,000
D)60,000
E)100,000

Question 52

_______________ are typically represented in the popular media as "cave men."

A)Australopithecus
B)Cro-Magnon
C)Neandertals
D)Homo habilis
E)Homo erectus

Question 53

In Europe,the transition to the tools of the _______________ occurred between 35,000 and 40,000 years ago.

A)Lower Paleolithic
B)Middle Paleolithic
C)Upper Paleolithic
D)Lower Neolithic
E)Upper Mesolithic

Question 54

_______________ was the tool industry found among the Neandertals.

A)Acheulian
B)Levallois
C)Oldowan
D)Mousterian
E)Baton

Question 55

Race as a biological construct is ________________ .

A)plausible
B)scientific
C)genetic
D)false
E)proven

Question 56

The Upper Paleolithic is marked by human migration to _______________ for the first time.

A)Asia
B)Europe
C)Africa
D)Australia
E)Baton

Question 57

Human populations are genetically ________________ .

A)closed
B)unspecified
C)defined
D)open
E)incomplete

Question 58

The Neandertal controversy exists because in comparison to earlier and later species of Homo,the Neandertals _______________.

A)were able to control fire
B)had a very advanced form of language
C)lived only in colder climates of Europe
D)had a less advanced tool tradition
E)can be seen as being biologically transitional

Question 59

Which of the following anthropologists combated against the evaluation of humans by race?

A)Carolus Linneaus,Franz Boas
B)Carlton Coon,Franz Boas
C)Ashley Montagu,Carlton Coon
D)Franz Boas,Ashley Montagu
E)Johann Blumenbach,Ashley Montagu

Question 60

The concept of race is ____________________ .

A)exclusive
B)expressive
C)arbitrary
D)scientific
E)proven

Question 61

Natural selection operates on the level of the individual member of a species.

Question 62

The evolutionary trend for primate dentition has been toward a reduction in the number and size of the teeth.

Question 63

The first part of the Old Stone Age is called the Early Paleolithic.

Question 64

Jane Goodall was the first woman sent by Louis Leakey to study non-human primates.

Question 65

European scientists have argued about human classification since the Early Paleolithic.

Question 66

Fossil evidence suggests there are distinctions between the Homo erectus populations of Asia and Europe.

Question 67

None of the australopithecines were as large as modern-day humans.

Question 68

Some 65 million years ago the change in climate began to favor the development of arboreal mammals.

Question 69

Homo habilis is associated with advances in tool-making.

Question 70

Scottish judge Lord Monboddo argued that orangutans should not be considered part of the human species.

Question 71

Humans are one of some 4,000 species of mammals.

Question 72

Humans are the only true bipeds among the primates.

Question 73

Chimpanzee females hunt more frequently than males.

Question 74

Increased meat consumption by our early ancestors was important to human evolution.

Question 75

George Armelagos argues that the first major decline in human health occurred with the earliest human village settlements.

Question 76

In the apes,a sturdy clavicle orients the arms at the side rather than the front of the body.

Question 77

Humans adapt to the environment,but they do not fundamentally change it.

Question 78

Adult bonobos frequently use genito-genital rubbing as a means of reconciliation.

Question 79

Random mutations introduced NEW characteristics into the human line.

Question 80

Chimpanzees routinely form very tight and exclusive sexual bonds with each other.