Deck 7: Patterns of Subsistence

Question 1

The oldest and most universal mode of subsistence is _______________.

A)food foraging
B)farming
C)hunting
D)pastoralism
E)fishing

Answer 1

food foraging

Question 2

Ovulation requires a certain minimum of body fat,and in traditional foraging societies,this is not achieved until _______________.

A)early adulthood
B)early teens
C)late adolescence
D)middle adulthood
E)early 30s

Answer 2

early adulthood

Question 3

Among food-foraging populations,_______________ of people is an important mechanism for regulating social density,as well as assuring that the size and composition of local groups is suited to local variations in resources.

A)integration
B)segregation
C)redistribution
D)mobilization
E)concentration

Answer 3

redistribution

Question 4

According to the Biocultural Connection "Surviving in the Andes," Aymara Indians adapted to high altitude,through their expanded heart and lungs,and have approximately _______________ percent of greater pulmonary diffusing capacity,through their expanded heart and lungs.

A)10
B)15
C)20
D)30
E)35

Question 5

A peoples' cultural _______________ consists of a complex of ideas,activities and technologies that allow them to survive.

A)accommodation
B)adaptation
C)behavior
D)innovation
E)simplicity

Question 6

Which of the following could be considered part of a society's "culture core"?

A)the number of hours a people work each day
B)a taboo against eating certain foods
C)the belief that only a chief has strong enough magic to plant apple trees and dispense them to his fellow villagers.
D)all of the above
E)none of the above

Question 7

The food forager's idea of territory contributes as much to ____________________ as it does to equal food distribution.

A)stagnation
B)failure to progress
C)genetic inferiority
D)economic equality
E)social equality

Question 8

_______________ is the development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions by people whose ancestral cultures were already rather alike.

A)convergent evolution
B)parallel evolution
C)constant evolution
D)adaptation
E)diffusion

Question 9

The average number of people in a food foraging group is _______________.

A)300-350
B)1,000-1,200
C)100-150
D)1 million
E)fewer than 100

Question 10

The Comanche and the Cheyenne were quite different culturally until they moved out onto the Great Plains and made use of the horse to hunt the buffalo and raid settled peoples.They then became more similar in cultural adaptations,a process called _______________.

A)pre-adaptation
B)development of a culture area
C)convergent evolution
D)parallel evolution
E)an ecosystem

Question 11

Today food foraging societies _______________.

A)are found only in the world's most marginal areas
B)make up the majority of the world's population
C)have not existed for 1,000 years
D)have their pick of the best environments
E)represent a primitive,undeveloped way of life

Question 12

All of the societies that occupied the culture area of the Great Plains followed a similar pattern of life.Which of the following describes this culture area?

A)There were 31 politically independent tribes.
B)All of these societies were dependent on the buffalo for food,clothing and shelter.
C)The tribes were organized into warrior societies in which individuals gained prestige from hunting and fighting.
D)Their caps were arranged in a distinctive circular pattern.
E)All of the above describe the culture area of the Great Plains.

Question 13

Those features of a culture that play a part in the society's way of making its living are called its _______________.

A)cultural boundaries
B)subsistence indicators
C)culture core
D)culture area
E)cultural theme

Question 14

Cultural features which are basic in the society's way of making its living are _________________________.

A)national values
B)cultural evolution
C)culture cores
D)culture assessments
E)all of the above

Question 15

A number of anthropologists try to understand the relationship between native idea systems and how they inform a people about their ___________________________.

A)culture
B)environment
C)locality
D)belief systems
E)cultural expressions

Question 16

Which of the following statements about stability and change in culture is incorrect?

A)Episodes of major change may be followed by long periods of relative stability.
B)Native American Indians in northwestern New England and southern Quebec had a culture that remained relatively stable for about 5,000 years.
C)Culture change was entirely absent from the culture of Native American Indians in northwestern New England and southern Quebec between 3500 B.C.
And the 17th century A.D. ;their culture was static.
D)Long periods of cultural stability indicate an effective adaptation to an environment.
E)Rapid culture change may cause a cultural system to break down.

Question 17

Some anthropologists refer to food foragers as "the original affluent society" because _______________.

A)they manage to accumulate a lot of wealth
B)they occupy the most attractive environments with abundant food supply
C)they live in marginal areas and are very poor
D)they earn a good wage for all the hours of work they put in each week
E)they work an average of 20 hours a week for a comfortable,healthy life

Question 18

A/an _______________ is composed of the physical environment and the organisms living within it;an important part of this environment for humans is _______________.

A)subsistence economy/tools
B)ecosystem/culture
C)adaptation system/technology
D)culture/society
E)culture area/subsistence economy

Question 19

All of the following statements except one correctly describe food foraging societies.Which is it?

A)They are egalitarian.
B)They are small nomadic groups living within a fix territory.
C)They are primitive because they did not progress to a higher level.
D)They are not very aggressive or warlike.
E)They live in marginal areas of the world today.

Question 20

The Aymara Indians,who live in the mountains of Bolivian have become biologically adapted to their environment by _____________________________________________.

A)short legged,barrel chested and surviving on lower oxygen content to the air
B)long legged,and extremely thin in comparison to the rest of the nation
C)short legged and stocky
D)excellent climbers with an extraordinary sense of balance
E)none of the above

Question 21

The average weight of an individual's personal belongings among the Ju/'hoansi is _______________ lbs.

A)25
B)35
C)40
D)55
E)100

Question 22

Pastoralists are like food foragers in that _______________.

A)both have some members of the group who remain behind to protect the camp
B)both live in areas that are marginal,that is,in areas where land is not suitable for farming
C)both count on flexibility to get the game they hunt
D)neither ever engages in horticulture
E)males are extremely aggressive

Question 23

To say that food foraging societies are egalitarian means that _______________.

A)there are no status differences
B)the only status differences are age and sex
C)everyone is equal except women
D)men are usually subordinate to women
E)children are the center of community life

Question 24

In the Americas,the crop complex adapted to drier upland areas was _______________.

A)wheat,barley,flax,rye,millet
B)rice,yam,taro
C)maize,beans,squash
D)manioc
E)rhubarb

Question 25

In a food foraging society,how do people store food for the future?

A)They keep a surplus in stone cairns.
B)They keep extra plants in large circular yam houses.
C)They hide meat in each individual family residence.
D)They rely their environment as a natural storehouse.
E)They keep dried food in a common storage shed.

Question 26

_______________ refers to the number of people that can be supported by the available resources at a given level of technology.

A)Ecosystem
B)Pre-adaptation
C)Carrying capacity
D)Culture core
E)Cultural ecology

Question 27

A significant factor in regulating population size among the Ju/'hoansi seems to be _______________.

A)abortion
B)prolonged nursing of infants
C)infanticide
D)birth control drugs
E)knowledge of plants that inhibit fertility

Question 28

Someone who uses irrigation,fertilizers,and the plow to produce food on large plots of land is known as a/an _______________.

A)horticulturalist
B)agriculturalist
C)pastoralist
D)hunter-gatherer
E)industrialist

Question 29

Many food foraging groups have rituals celebrating the association of men with hunting and warfare,and women with generation of life.They interpret this difference to mean that ________________.

A)men and women are different,but one is not ranked higher than the other
B)women are superior because of their gift of fertility
C)men are superior because of their physical dominance
D)men are responsible for taking care of women because women are weaker
E)women are more assertive because they have the power of life and death

Question 30

Anthropologist _______________ is director of the Cusichaca trust in Ballbroughton,England,a rural development project that revives ancient farming practices.

A)Jorge Urioste
B)Bernardo Arriaza
C)Maximo F.Miranda
D)Ann Kendall
E)Alex Chepstow-Lusty

Question 31

_______________ are food producers who specialize in animal husbandry,and who consider their way of life to be ideal and central to defining their identities.

A)Food foragers
B)Horticulturalists
C)Intensive agriculturalists
D)Pastoralists
E)Industrialists

Question 32

You live in a hunting-and-gathering band.During the rainy season on the savanna where you live,many plants grow,fruits ripen,and animal life abounds.The land would easily support many more than now live in your band.What sets limits on your population is the fact that,given your mode of technology,and way of life,you cannot keep the water or food sources.You do not farm or raise animals through domestication processes.Thus your group size should not exceed the number that can be supported during the most difficult time of the year,the time of scarcity during the dry season.The land has a certain _______________,or ability to support a certain number of people given their type of technology.

A)carrying capacity
B)ecosystem
C)pre-adaptation
D)culture type
E)culture core

Question 33

Slash-and-burn cultivation is _______________.

A)an intensive form of horticulture
B)an extensive form of horticulture
C)inherently destructive of the natural environment
D)an inefficient means of agricultural production
E)all of the above

Question 34

The long history of human involvement in hunting and gathering as a mode of cultural adaptation probably helped to shape ______________.

A)a strong sense of competition which is useful in modern urban-industrial society
B)a deep-rooted sense of aggressiveness which served as a form of pre-adaptation to the jungle of today's cities
C)the dominating and aggressive temperament of males
D)the submissive and non-aggressive temperament of females
E)none of the above

Question 35

Which of the following is not one of the three elements of human social organization that developed with hunting?

A)sexual division of labor
B)aggressive behavior
C)food sharing
D)the camp site
E)all of the above

Question 36

In Southeast Asia,the crop complex adapted to tropical wetlands was _______________.

A)wheat,barley,flax,rye,millet
B)rice,yam,taro
C)maize,beans,squash
D)manioc
E)rhubarb

Question 37

Food foraging societies are egalitarian because _______________.

A)humans,in their natural state,like to share
B)it is unnatural for some people to be richer than others
C)their mobility and type of technology limits the accumulation of surplus possessions
D)they are constantly threatened by starvation
E)their king told them to be that way

Question 38

The number and intensity of interactions among the members of a foraging residential unit is called the _______________.

A)density of social relations
B)social interactionism
C)cultural ecology
D)carrying capacity
E)convergent evolution

Question 39

Sexual division of labor is influenced by biological factors.Which of the following is not a relevant factor in determining sexual division of labor?

A)Men are more expendable for purposes of reproduction.
B)Women with nursing children are restricted in their ability to travel long distances.
C)Women are naturally attracted to gathering plant food.
D)Women generally cannot run as fast as men.
E)Women's jobs tend to be compatible with childcare.

Question 40

The Inna Indians ________________.

A)live in Labrador
B)relied heavily on hunting to obtain food
C)kept men's and women's tasks separate
D)accorded women great autonomy
E)all of the above

Question 41

The extensive form of horticulture in which the natural vegetation is cut,the slash is subsequently burned,and crops then planted among the ashes is known as _______________,which is also called slash-and-burn farming.

A)intensive agriculture
B)complex farming
C)simple agronomy
D)swidden farming
E)extensive cultivation

Question 42

The hunting and butchering of large game as well as the processing of hard or tough raw materials are almost universally _______________ occupations.

A)gender shared
B)female
C)stigmatized
D)respected
E)male

Question 43

_______________ is the process organisms undergo to achieve a beneficial adjustment to a particular environment,which not only leads to biological changes in the organisms but also impacts their environment.

A)Accommodation
B)Acculturation
C)Adaptation
D)Assimilation
E)Incorporation

Question 44

One of the most significant characteristics of the food-producing way of life was the development of _______________.

A)permanent settlements
B)transient populations
C)skillful hunters
D)adept gathers
E)increased egalitarianism

Question 45

This group has a food taboo against the eating of cows.

A)Muslims
B)Hindus of southern Asia
C)North Americans
D)Jews
E)British

Question 46

The cultivation of crops using hand tools such as digging sticks or hoes is a type of farming called ________________.

A)agriculture
B)slash-and-burn
C)horticulture
D)low-tech farming
E)pastoralism

Question 47

The _______________ way of life is the oldest and most universal type of human adaptation.

A)pastoral
B)horticultural
C)food-foraging
D)food-producing
E)urban

Question 48

Mekranoti produces _____________ times more kilocalories of food a day than the United States food producer.

A)5
B)2
C)100
D)50
E)10

Question 49

The red dye that the Mekranoti use for painting ornaments and people's bodies is _______________.

A)papaya
B)achiote
C)India ink
D)capybara
E)barbasco

Question 50

_______________ introduced the term Neolithic revolution to refer to the profound culture change associated with domestication of plants and animals.

A)Franz Boas
B)Stephen Jay Gould
C)Jane Goodall
D)Gordon Childe
E)James G.Frazer

Question 51

Three years after planting their gardens,the Mekranoti are left with only _______________.

A)manioc
B)sweet potatoes
C)pineapple
D)tobacco
E)bananas

Question 52

In cultural evolution,the development of similar adaptations to similar environmental conditions by different peoples with different ancestral cultures is known as _______________ evolution.

A)parallel
B)convergent
C)complementary
D)consistent
E)integrative

Question 53

Early food producers have developed several major crop complexes.What are they?

A)was a stratified society based on achievement and education
B)was an urbanized society in which kinship played no role in determining status
C)was an industrial city-state
D)was invincible to Cortes' attack
E)two adapted to dry uplands and two adapted to tropical wetlands

Question 54

An important characteristic of the food-foraging society is its _______________.

A)competitiveness
B)egalitarianism
C)aggressiveness
D)flamboyance
E)permanent settlements

Question 55

With urbanization came a sharp increase in the tempo of human cultural change.Which of the following occurred with urbanization?

A)the wheel and the sail were invented
B)monumental buildings were constructed
C)writing was invented
D)trade intensified and expanded
E)all of the above

Question 56

The transition from food foraging to food production first took place about _______________ years ago in _______________.

A)15,000/Nile River region
B)5,000/Tigris Euphrates area
C)10,000/Southwest Asia
D)7,000/the Highlands of Mesoamerica
E)3,000/Yangtze River Valley

Question 57

The concept that states humans are moving forward to a better,more advanced stage in their cultural development is called _______________.

A)advancement
B)evolution
C)progress
D)success
E)convergence

Question 58

In anthropology,geographic regions where a number of societies have similar ways of life are known as ________________.

A)social areas
B)comparable places
C)parallel life styles
D)convergent cultures
E)culture areas

Question 59

Which of the following have a food taboo against eating horsemeat?

A)British
B)Jews
C)Muslims
D)Hindus
E)North Americans

Question 60

In what country do we find the Mekranoti?

A)Namibia
B)Australia
C)Venezuela
D)Brazil
E)Paraguay

Question 61

Unlike agriculturalists,horticulturalists usually produce a surplus.

Question 62

Due to their reliance of slash-and-burn farming the Mekranoti need to work very hard to survive.

Question 63

Swidden farming,or slash-and-burn,is inherently destructive of the environment.

Question 64

The Bakhtiari are pastoralist nomads who shepherd their herds throughout the Iran-Iraq border area following their herds.

Question 65

About 3 million people live by food foraging in the world today.

Question 66

A culture area is a geographic region in which a number of different societies follow a similar (not necessarily identical)pattern of life.

Question 67

Urbanization encourages equality.

Question 68

Among the Indians of the Great Plains of North America,many women gained fame as hunters and warriors.This may be used to demonstrate that division of labor by sex is determined by biological factors.

Question 69

Mbuti pygmies of Congo's Ituri rainforest,who use nets to hunt,have an interdependent relationship with other families.

Question 70

An anthropologist would probably find it difficult to define what "progress" is.

Question 71

According to the Original Study,the Mekranoti Kayapo had to work hard to get enough produce from their gardens.

Question 72

The Mekranoti constantly weed their gardens to keep the forest from invading.

Question 73

Slash-and-burn agriculture,especially in the humid tropics,may be one of the best gardening techniques possible.

Question 74

Many Bakhtiari are well educated,having attended university at home or abroad.

Question 75

Prolonged nursing of infants acts as a mode of contraception.

Question 76

The Mekranoti style of slash-and-burn farming did not grow well because animals and insects were constantly invading their gardens.

Question 77

Among food foragers,wealth is a sign of deviance.

Question 78

People started shifting to food producing ways of life about 10,000 years ago.

Question 79

Food-sharing as a cultural tradition seems to be related to the shift to more frequent meat eating among genus Homo.

Question 80

Crop cultivators need to remain close to their fields.