Deck 2: Personality in Sport and Exercise

Question 1

Endler and Magnusson's interaction approach argued that a person's specific behaviour is the result of the interplay between

A) traits and id processes.
B) traits and dispositions.
C) self-actualizations and perceived control.
D) the person and the environment.
E) state feelings and reinforcement contingencies.

Answer 1

the person and the environment.

Question 2

Competitiveness is conceptualized as a desire to engage in and strive for success in sport achievement situations. Research by Gill and Deeter (1988) argued that

A) competitiveness is composed of three dimensions: competitiveness, win orientation, and goal orientation.
B) competitiveness only consists as an internal standard to be better than others.
C) competitiveness is only a state and should not be considered as a personality factor.
D) competitiveness consists of high internal standards and high evaluative concerns.
E) competitiveness only consists of a focus on personal standards.

Answer 2

competitiveness is composed of three dimensions: competitiveness, win orientation, and goal orientation.

Question 3

Social needs, such as feelings of belonging, connection to others, giving and receiving love, are associated with which approach to studying personality?

A) interactionist
B) biological
C) learning (behaviourism)
D) social learning
E) humanistic

Answer 3

humanistic

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the overall organization of psychological characteristics of behaviour, thought, and feelings that differentiates us from others and leads us to act consistently across time and situations?

A) disposition
B) traits
C) personality
D) psychological core
E) role-related behaviour

Question 5

Athletes who have high competitive-trait anxiety would be more likely to experience

A) high state anxiety across many competitive situations regardless of situational variables.
B) low trait anxiety across many competitive situations regardless of situational variables.
C) low state anxiety across many competitive situations regardless of situational variables.
D) low state and high trait anxiety across many competitive situations regardless of situational variables.
E) high trait anxiety in only a few select number of competitions.

Question 6

According to the work by Rhodes and Smith (2006), the relationship between personality and physical activity is

A) there is no relationship.
B) there is a relatively minor relationship.
C) there is a strong relationship.
D) there is a strong curvilinear relationship.
E) there is a inverse relationship.

Question 7

Type A behaviour

A) is a blend of competitiveness and hostility with agitated behaviour and continual movement patterns.
B) research in exercise generally indicates a significant positive association between Type A and exercise in the small to medium effect size range.
C) research in exercise generally indicates a significant negative association between Type A and exercise in the small to medium effect size range.
D) A and B
E) A and C

Question 8

The psychologist who published a five-tiered hierarchy of needs pyramid was ________.

A) Hans Eysenck
B) Carl Rogers
C) Abraham Maslow
D) Sigmund Freud
E) B.F. Skinner

Question 9

Which approach to personality development holds that individuals can learn physical activity behaviour simply being exposed to or by observing the behaviour of others?

A) humanistic
B) trait facets
C) trait
D) cognitive behavioural
E) big five

Question 10

Understanding the needs and desires of athletes and respecting their perceptions and ideas is reflective of this approach to studying personality.

A) interactionist
B) psychodynamic
C) learning (behaviourism)
D) social learning
E) humanistic

Question 11

Which psychologist argues that behaviour followed by a reward would increase the probability of a reoccurrence of the behaviour?

A) Hans Eysenck
B) Carl Rogers
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Albert Bandura
E) B.F. Skinner

Question 12

A person who experiences a lot of negative affect in his/her life such as anxiety would likely score high on which "Big Five" personality dimension?

A) agreeableness
B) conscientiousness
C) openness
D) extraversion
E) neuroticism

Question 13

Which trait from the five-factor model has been shown to interact with intention to exercise when predicting behaviour?

A) agreeableness
B) openness to experience
C) conscientiousness
D) psychoticism
E) perfectionism

Question 14

A common assumption about personality traits is that traits

A) measure momentary thoughts and feelings.
B) are normally distributed in the population.
C) capture only role or situation specific behaviour.
D) can only be measured by skilled interviewers.
E) A and C

Question 15

Research on exercise preference and personality supported the link between exercising outdoors and what trait?

A) extroversion
B) agreeableness
C) openness
D) hardiness
E) introversion

Question 16

Which of the following is one of the factors found in the "Big Five" model of personality?

A) warmth
B) reasoning
C) dominance
D) social boldness
E) extroversion

Question 17

Research on perfectionism in sport has generally found that

A) personal standard perfectionism leads to negative outcomes.
B) evaluative concerns perfectionism leads to positive outcomes.
C) evaluative concerns perfectionism leads to negative outcomes.
D) perfectionism has little impact on behaviour and emotions in sport.
E) A and C

Question 18

Research on passion and performance in sport indicates that

A) only harmonious sport is related to performance.
B) only obsessive passion is related to performance.
C) both harmonious and obsessive passion are positively related to performance.
D) that harmonious passion is positive related to performance and obsessive passion is negatively related to performance.
E) there is no relationship between passion and performance.

Question 19

A young athlete attempting to imitate Olympic athlete Carol Huynh take down moves after watching her on TV would be an example of which specific approach to studying aspects of how behaviour is acquired to form personality?

A) the role of the competitive process
B) self-actualization
C) self-efficacy
D) observational learning
E) B and D

Question 20

Constructs that refer to broad pervasive, encompassing ways of relating to particular types of people and or situations (such as competitiveness, optimism, and motivational orientation) are often referred to as examples of a person's ________.

A) disposition
B) id
C) self-efficacy
D) psychological core
E) role-related behaviour

Question 21

Contrast the key personality perspectives of the humanist and social learning perspectives.

Question 22

An athlete who felt it was necessary to practise when injured and also to train when other activities like school required time because of external control or feelings of guilt would be considered to have high levels of ________.

A) harmonious passion
B) mental toughness
C) extroversion
D) obsessive passion
E) competitiveness

Question 23

Perfectionism has multiple dimensions that involve both the self and expectations of others.

Question 24

Tailoring physical activity based on personality has received convincing research support.

Question 25

Researchers have shown that more conscientious individuals have larger plans to exercise than their less conscientious counterparts.

Question 26

Mental toughness consists simply of being more focused than other athletes.

Question 27

According to Rhodes and Smith (2006) meta-analysis on personality and physical activity, what are the three traits associated (significantly correlated either positively or negatively) with physical activity?

A) activity, extroversion, neuroticism
B) neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness
C) extroversion, activity, conscientiousness
D) conscientiousness, extroversion, neuroticism
E) activity, agreeableness, extroversion

Question 28

Personal standards perfectionism (PSP) refers to establishing high personal performance standards and self-oriented achievement striving.

Question 29

Define a personality trait and contrast this with the concept of a state. Provide an example of how these terms differ.

Question 30

Jones and colleagues (2002) study on mental toughness characteristics of ten international athletes identified which of the following three categories?

A) very strong self-confidence and motivation, manage competitive stress and training, high levels of commitment
B) very strong self-confidence and motivation, maintain or regain focus in the face of distraction, high levels of commitment
C) very strong self- confidence and motivation, maintain or regain focus in the face of distraction, competitiveness
D) very strong self-confidence and motivation, manage competitive stress and training, maintain or regain focus in the face of distraction
E) competitive manage competitive stress and training, maintain or regain focus in the face of distraction

Question 31

Research on risk taking in sensation-seeking behaviours has suggested that stimulus seekers

A) have lower physiological activation levels or chronic levels of high excitation.
B) have higher physiological activation levels or chronic levels of high excitation.
C) have lower physiological activation levels or chronic levels of low excitation.
D) have higher physiological activation levels or chronic levels of low excitation.
E) have slightly below average physiological activation levels or chronic levels of high excitation.

Question 32

An exerciser is often preoccupied with excessive self-criticism about her body, concerns over looking bad when doing specific exercises, and doubts whether they will be able to produce the right actions when others are watching. This individual might be considered to have high levels of

A) introversion.
B) hardiness.
C) harmonious passion.
D) sensation seeking.
E) evaluative concerns perfectionism.

Question 33

Research has indicated that there is ________ evidence that personality can predict, athletes from non-athletes, or the type of sport people will select.

A) strong
B) weak or little
C) moderate
D) overwhelming

Question 34

All types of passion in sport and exercise are adaptive and healthy.

Question 35

Perfectionism consists of a single dimension of wanting to be perfect in all areas of life.

Question 36

Which of the following is a potential hazard of using measurement tools to assess personality in sport?

A) qualified people administering a measurement tool
B) a sport-specific test being administered and validated for a specific context
C) informing athletes of the nature of the test
D) using inventories for team selection
E) informing athletes how the results will be used

Question 37

Research on competitiveness indicates that consists of only one main dimension called goal orientation.

Question 38

How is personality theorized to influence exercise behaviour?

Question 39

Professional organizations like the NFL encourage the use of sport specific personality tests to aid in drafting and team selection.

Question 40

People choose physical activities and remain in these activities based on their personality.

Question 41

Describe the four elements in the 4C mental toughness model developed by Clough and colleagues (2002).

Question 42

Describe Vallerand and colleagues model of passion and briefly review some of the key findings in sport and exercise settings.

Question 43

Identify at least four of the ethical principles that have to be followed in the administration of personality measures.

Question 44

Describe the components of the 2 × 2 model of perfectionism. Explain the two major dimensions of perfectionism and then identify how they combine to form the four distinctive types of perfectionism.