Deck 3: Motivation and Behavioural Change

Question 1

Pat has mastered imagery techniques in his sport. As his coach, you could help Pat use imagery to enhance which of the following sources of his self-efficacy beliefs?

A) vicarious experiences
B) past performances
C) social persuasion
D) physiological/affective states

Answer 1

vicarious experiences

Question 2

The extent to which an individual feels (s)he will be successful in performing a desired behaviour reflects the psychological construct of ________.

A) self-efficacy
B) self-determination
C) intention
D) outcome expectation

Answer 2

self-efficacy

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT hypothesized to influence one's sense of subjective norm in relation to exercise?

A) motivation to comply with the perceived expectations of others
B) perceived outcomes of exercise
C) perceptions about the expectations of significant others
D) none of the above

Answer 3

perceived outcomes of exercise

Question 4

Dysfunctional thought patterns are most closely associated with ________.

A) goal-setting
B) arousal regulation
C) the Cognitive Model
D) the Behavioural Model

Question 5

Learning from others behaviours is associated with which theory of motivation?

A) Social Cognitive Theory
B) Achievement Goal Theory
C) Basic Psychological Needs Theory
D) Theory of Planned Behaviour

Question 6

According to the Transtheoretical Model, how do shifts in behaviour occur?

A) precontemplation
B) through intention
C) through self-efficacy
D) through processes of change

Question 7

Any event that increases responding is called ________ whereas any event that decreases responding is called ________.

A) reinforcement; punishment
B) shaping; reinforcement
C) shaping; extinction
D) positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement

Question 8

As a first year university student, Jake decides to join an intramural team in hopes of meeting new people. This would be an example of a(n) ________ according to Goal Contents Theory.

A) intrinsic goal
B) extrinsic goal
C) fulfillment of the need for relatedness
D) none of the above

Question 9

As a physical activity promotion expert, you are looking further understand the role that attitudes toward physical activity has on behaviour. What theoretical perspective could you adopt to investigate this question?

A) Theory of Planned Behaviour
B) Social Cognitive Theory
C) A and B
D) all of the above

Question 10

The meta-analyses focused on the Theory of Planned Behaviour suggested that

A) attitudes is the weakest correlate of intention.
B) the association between intention and behaviour weakens after one week.
C) intention may predict other health behaviours, but is not a good predictor of physical activity.
D) none of the above

Question 11

Self-efficacy has been linked to which Health Behaviour Model?

A) Transtheoretical Model
B) Theory of Planned Behaviour
C) Social Cognitive theory
D) all of the above

Question 12

The ________ Model is concerned with how a person thinks and not the environment that person is in.

A) Cognitive
B) Cognitive Behavioural
C) Behavioural
D) Psychophysiological

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT hypothesized to influence one's attitude toward exercise?

A) individual's perceived consequences of engaging in exercise
B) individual's positive or negative evaluation of the consequences
C) extent to which society values exercise
D) none of the above

Question 14

Reinforcement is most closely associated with the ________ Model.

A) Cognitive
B) Cognitive Behavioural
C) Behavioural
D) Psychophysiological

Question 15

________ is the most proximal determinant of behaviour in the Theory of Planned Behaviour.

A) Behavioural intention
B) Self-efficacy
C) Intrinsic goals
D) Preparation

Question 16

Which of the following parent behaviours would not be helpful in promoting adaptive motivation for sport for their child?

A) purchasing sports equipment for their child
B) explaining to their child what can be learned from an game they lost
C) emphasizing the importance of winning
D) jogging every morning at 8 a.m.

Question 17

Perceived behavioural control

A) is conceptually similar to self-efficacy.
B) accounts for many potential barriers to exercise.
C) is hypothesized to have an indirect and direct influence on exercise behaviour.
D) all of the above

Question 18

Cognitive-Behavioural approaches to changes in behaviour hold that

A) cognition influences behaviour and emotion.
B) behaviour can affect our thought patterns and emotions.
C) behaviour is only influenced by reinforcement by external rewards.
D) A and B

Question 19

For the more experienced athlete, the most influential source of self-efficacy is ________.

A) vicarious experiences
B) physiological/affective states
C) past performance accomplishments
D) social persuasion

Question 20

Reciprocal determinism suggests that

A) the person and the environment influence choices in sport and exercise behaviour.
B) the person and the environment influence effort in sport and exercise behaviour.
C) the person and the environment influence persistence in sport and exercise behaviour.
D) all of the above

Question 21

Athletes with high ego orientations may not be satisfied if training in a mastery-oriented environment.

Question 22

The Transtheoretical Model suggests that movement through the stages is always linear.

Question 23

Cathi plays soccer because her mother used to love playing. As a consequence, Cathi would feel guilty if she were to quit soccer. According to Organismic Integration Theory, what motivational regulation is Cathi displaying?

A) extrinsic regulation
B) identified regulation
C) introjected regulation
D) amotivation

Question 24

According to the Theory of Planned Behaviour, intention is the only predictor of physical activity behaviour.

Question 25

In its most general sense, motivation can help answer the question ________.

A) When?
B) Who?
C) How?
D) Why?

Question 26

Which one of the following is NOT true? People who have a task goal orientation towards sport will report?

A) a belief that effort results in success
B) be motivated through skill development
C) believe that ability produces success
D) will engage in more sportsman-like strategies

Question 27

Which of the following builds on the idea of intrinsic/extrinsic motivation to suggest that motivation ranges along a continuum ranging in self-determination?

A) Organismic Integration Theory
B) Cognitive Evaluation Theory
C) Transtheoretical Model
D) Self-efficacy

Question 28

According to the Transtheoretical Model, movement through the stage is always

A) linear.
B) a person can "skip" a stage.
C) a person can regress or go backwards or forwards.
D) a person always starts at the first stage.

Question 29

A fitness leader who wants to facilitate an exercise environment that promotes human growth and development. According to Self-determination Theory, what dimensions of interpersonal style should the fitness leader adopt?

A) autonomy support, structure, and subjective norms
B) involvement, perceived behavioural control, and task mastery orientation
C) autonomy support, structure, involvement
D) involvement, ego orientation, attitudinal control

Question 30

Reinforcement and punishment is mostly closely associated with which approach to behaviour change discussed?

A) behavioural
B) psychophysiological
C) cognitive-behavioural
D) cognitive

Question 31

The Cognitive-Behavioural Model considers both the individual and the environment.

Question 32

An athlete who does not met expectations at competition but has high perceptions of his/her ability and self-control will ________.

A) be frustrated
B) lose self-esteem
C) persist longer
D) blame others

Question 33

A person who is high in ego orientation may not be satisfied under what training environment?

A) in a performance oriented environment
B) in a mastery-oriented environment
C) in an environment where there is little feedback
D) the training environment should not impact a person who is high in ego orientation

Question 34

Which of the following is inconsistent with research into Achievement Goal Theory?

A) task goal orientation is associated with adaptive behaviours
B) high task goal orientation, in combination with high ego goal orientation, is associated with debilitative behaviours
C) high task goal orientation, in combination with high ego goal orientation, is associated with adaptive behaviours
D) ego goal orientation is associated with adaptive behaviours, but only for elite athletes

Question 35

A young wrestler attempting to mimic the moves of Olympic wrestler Tonya Verbeek would be an example of which specific factor contributing to the development of self-efficacy?

A) observational learning
B) reinforcement
C) vicarious experience
D) sensation seeking

Question 36

Stephanie is a forward in hockey. Although talented, she is known to not want to take the puck up the ice when in a game situation. Despite repeated encouragement not to, she is quick to pass the puck. Stephanie may be displaying ________.

A) high ego orientation
B) avoidance goals
C) extrinsic motivation
D) all of the above

Question 37

An individual who has been exercising regularly for less than 6 months can be classified in the Maintenance stage of behaviour.

Question 38

Past performance is the best predictor of self-efficacy.

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT a subcomponent of the SDT framework?

A) cognitive evaluation theory
B) organismic integration theory
C) basic psychological needs theory
D) commitment

Question 40

What are the basic psychological needs consider pivotal to human functioning and development within SDT?

A) competence, attitudes, and relatedness
B) competence, subjective norms, and relatedness
C) competence, autonomy, and perceived behavioural control
D) competence, autonomy, and relatedness

Question 41

Imagine that you are an exercise class leader in a residential complex for older adults. What could you do to promote social support for exercise for your clients?

Question 42

Being motivated for external reasons (awards, appearance, to please others, etc.) should be avoided.

Question 43

Compare and contrast efficacy expectations, outcome expectations, and outcome expectancies.

Question 44

Using criticism as a means of trying to change an athlete's behaviour is consistent with Cognitive Approaches to understanding motivation.

Question 45

According to the Transtheoretical Model interventions targeting changes in how a person thinks are most effective for an individual who is not already exercising. Using the processes of change identified in the Transtheoretical Model, identify three strategies that you might try to help a person who isn't currently exercising change the way he/she thinks?

Question 46

According to Self-Determination Theory, the quality and quantity of motivation matters.

Question 47

Within the framework of SDT, Deci and Ryan (2002) advocate for a continuum of motives. What are the various points encompassing this continuum and how the various regulations relate to cognition, affect, and behaviour?

Question 48

According to the Transtheoretical Model, interventions targeting changes in how a person thinks are most effective for an individual who is not already exercising.

Question 49

Deci and Ryan (2002) proposed that the environment created by the coach leads to psychological need fulfillment. They proposed three constructs, autonomy support, structure and involvement. Differentiate between each of these three interactional styles. In your response, ensure that the definition of each is clear.

Question 50

Jim is a cardiac patient who has come to see you for help. His physician has told him that he needs to start exercising but worries that the minute he gets on the stationary bicycle he will have another cardiac arrest. Develop a plan that will help increase Jim's exercise self-efficacy.

Question 51

Based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour, describe how attitudes are formed and list the most common exercise attitudes.

Question 52

How might the determinants of commitment be different for exercise than for sport participation?

Question 53

Rachel is a 28-year-old exerciser. She began engaging in regular exercise about 3 months ago. Using the Transtheoretical Model as a guiding framework, identify which stage of change Rachel is currently in. Using additional information found in TTM, identify other characteristics associated with Rachel's stage of change which influence her physical activity behaviour.

Question 54

Define reciprocal determinism and describe the main assumptions of Social Cognitive Theory.