Deck 6: Aggression and Moral Behaviour in Sport

Question 1

Which of the following is a personal factor that influences aggression?

A) frequency of competition
B) point differential
C) retaliation motives
D) cohesion
E) individual role

Answer 1

retaliation motives

Question 2

A hockey coach who attributes the aggression of his toughest player to having high levels of testosterone is subscribing to which theory of aggression?

A) Social Learning
B) Moral Disengagement
C) Frustration-Aggression
D) Psychodynamic
E) Physiological

Answer 2

Physiological

Question 3

A football player who acquires aggressive behaviours from observing aggressive models and retains these tendencies over time is subscribing to which theory of aggression?

A) Social Learning
B) Moral Disengagement
C) Frustration-Aggression
D) Instinct
E) Physiological

Answer 3

Social Learning

Question 4

A hockey player who is designated to the specific role as the "enforcer" would be explained by which factor that influences aggression?

A) personal
B) situational
C) group
D) interactional
E) social

Question 5

A wrestler who attributes the fact that he is aggressive because he was "born that way" is subscribing to which theory of aggression?

A) Social Learning
B) Moral Disengagement
C) Frustration-Aggression
D) Psychodynamic
E) Physiological

Question 6

Which of the following is a consequence of aggression?

A) individual's role
B) group norms
C) collective efficacy
D) group cohesion
E) injury

Question 7

A rugby team that has an expectation that aggressive behaviour is needed for success and decides to use aggressive behaviour as a tactic or strategy within the game would be explained by which factor that influences aggression?

A) personal
B) situational
C) group
D) interactional
E) social

Question 8

A hockey player goes into the corner after a puck and bodychecks his opponent in a forceful, vigorous, and legitimate manner and does not intend to injure the opponent. Which type of behaviour is the hockey player exhibiting?

A) prosocial behaviour
B) hostile aggression
C) assertive
D) aggression
E) instrumental aggression

Question 9

An arena that promotes athletic events as family affairs and bans the use of alcoholic beverages is using which method to curb aggression?

A) educational interventions
B) behaviour modification
C) changing the sport environment
D) punishment and encouragement
E) all of the above

Question 10

The change in reasoning patterns that are related to a person's cognitive growth and development is the definition of which of the following?

A) moral behaviour
B) motivation
C) prosocial behaviour
D) moral development
E) team norms

Question 11

A basketball player who is fouled really hard so that she will miss her shot or become intimidated and distracted from her play the next time she shoots has been subjected to which type of aggression?

A) violent
B) assertive
C) instrumental
D) frustration
E) hostile

Question 12

A hockey player who is taller and heavier than an opponent and deliberately uses that advantage to be aggressive is linked to which factor that causes aggression?

A) personal
B) situational
C) group
D) interactional
E) social

Question 13

A hockey team that is losing by a large margin late in the game and is playing very aggressively and being called for a large number of penalties would be explained by which factor that influences aggression?

A) personal
B) situational
C) group
D) interactional
E) social

Question 14

A hockey player goes into the corner after a puck and high-sticks his opponent in a forceful, vigorous manner that is intended to physically injure the opponent. Which type of behaviour is the hockey player exhibiting?

A) prosocial behaviour
B) hostile aggression
C) assertive
D) aggression
E) instrumental aggression

Question 15

An athlete that behaves aggressively in order to convey or maintain an image of toughness to opponents and observers, particularly within contact sports, is linked to which factor that causes aggression?

A) personal
B) situational
C) group
D) interactional
E) social

Question 16

Which of the following is a personal factor that influences aggression?

A) competitive situations
B) frequency of competition
C) home-field advantage
D) point differentials
E) gender

Question 17

A rugby program that teaches athletes how to deal with frustration, annoyance, and attack, as well as technical skills, is using which method to curb aggression?

A) educational interventions
B) behaviour modification
C) changing the sport environment
D) punishment and encouragement
E) all of the above

Question 18

A rugby player who has been tackled high and hard and punches his opponent in retaliation would be subscribing to which theory of aggression?

A) Social Learning
B) Moral Disengagement
C) Frustration-Aggression
D) Psychodynamic
E) Physiological

Question 19

Any overt verbal of physical act that is intended to psychologically or physically injure another living organism is known as ________.

A) violent behaviour
B) reactive aggression
C) assertiveness
D) aggression
E) moral behaviour

Question 20

Teaching a football player to develop coping strategies to change aggressive tendencies is using which method to curb aggression?

A) educational interventions
B) behaviour modification
C) changing the sport environment
D) punishment and encouragement
E) all of the above

Question 21

A young ten year old swimmer decides to follow the rules the coach has established because she is afraid of the consequences she might face if she were to break a rule. Which stage from Kohlberg's moral judgment model is she demonstrating?

A) Pre-conventional Morality, Stage 2
B) Conventional Morality, Stage 1
C) Conventional Morality, Stage 2
D) Post-conventional Morality, Stage 1
E) Pre-conventional Morality, Stage 1

Question 22

An example of an aggressive behaviour is when a baseball pitcher purposefully throws a baseball intending to hit the batter, but the batter moves out of the way.

Question 23

While in the high school hallways, a basketball player pushes a fellow student into the locker rooms in order to maintain his image of being tough. What type of personal factor is influencing his aggressive behaviour?

A) annoyances
B) self-presentation
C) physical size
D) gender
E) age

Question 24

Engaging in dangerous activities with the belief that participation in such acts will strengthen team bonds, or for rookies it will show their dedication and commitment to the team best explains which of the following?

A) aggressive behaviours
B) hazing
C) assertive behaviours
D) bullying
E) catharsis

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT an effective way to reduce aggression in sport?

A) punishment for aggressive behaviours
B) rewarding unselfish play
C) have parents engage in classes on how to behave at sporting events
D) allowing alcoholic beverages to be served at sporting events
E) promoting a media campaign to increase assertive plays while decreasing aggressive acts

Question 26

The difference between mastery and performance motivational climate is that the latter is demonstrated when the coach emphasizes co-operation and learning from past mistakes.

Question 27

Which of the following is an environment where moral behaviours can flourish?

A) unfair play
B) illegitimate aggression
C) intimidation
D) respect for opponents
E) disloyalty

Question 28

Kohlberg's theory on moral development suggests that only 10% of people progress to this stage of moral reasoning.

A) Pre-conventional, stage 2
B) Conventional, stage 4
C) Post-conventional, stage 5
D) Post-conventional, stage 6
E) Pre-conventional, stage 1

Question 29

During a basketball game, Alicia elbows her opponent in the face, resulting in a broken nose. Alicia says that the injury isn't that bad and that the opponent's nose didn't even bleed. Alicia argues that she was just trying to catch the ball and her opponent's face simply got in the way. What type of mechanism of moral disengagement is Alicia demonstrating?

A) moral justification
B) advantageous comparison
C) diffusion of responsibility
D) distortion of consequences
E) attribution of blame

Question 30

No conclusive statement can be made regarding the relationship between age and aggressive behaviour.

Question 31

A rugby player tackles an opponent so hard that the competitor suffers a separated shoulder after the hit. The rugby player attributes his opponents' injury to the equipment and not the hit. Which mechanism of moral disengagement is this athlete using?

A) distortion of consequences
B) euphemistic labelling
C) displacement of responsibility
D) moral justification
E) self-preservation

Question 32

Fan identification refers to the extent to which fans feel psychologically connected to a team and may be one reason that fans behave aggressively at sporting events.

Question 33

According to Chow et al. (2009), which of the following is the best predictor that a youth soccer player is likely to use aggression?

A) mother's approval of aggression
B) individuals' own approval of aggression
C) coach's tendency to aggress at officials
D) teammates' tendency to aggress
E) father's approval of aggression

Question 34

The number of times competitors meet may have an impact on the amount of aggressive behaviour demonstrated in these matches.

Question 35

A person with the following orientation is more likely to be concerned with out-doing others and is therefore more likely to break rules in order to do so?

A) mastery motivation
B) ego-orientation
C) performance motivation
D) task-orientation
E) self-serving orientation

Question 36

The physiological explanation theory views aggression as a natural response to frustration.

Question 37

A youth hockey player avoids tripping a player on a breakaway who is about to score in fear of getting a penalty as a punishment. This player is reasoning at this stage?

A) Pre-conventional, stage 1
B) Post-conventional, stage 1
C) Pre-conventional, stage 2
D) Post-conventional, stage 2
E) Post-conventional, stage 5

Question 38

The difference between an aggressive and an assertive action is that the latter behaviour includes the intent to harm another human being.

Question 39

Identify which type of passion may lead to uncontrollable urges to engage in an activity.

A) obsessive passion
B) compulsive passion
C) harmonious passion
D) fixated passion
E) mastery passion

Question 40

If a youth soccer player kicked an opponent and was praised by his coach, the behaviour is more likely to reoccur.

Question 41

List three situational factors that influence aggression.

Question 42

Discuss the premise of behavioural modification practices and identify some current strategies and use.

Question 43

List and briefly explain four group factors that influence aggression using sporting examples.

Question 44

Identify and briefly explain any four theories regarding aggressive behaviour.

Question 45

Define aggressive behaviour by stating the four key points:

Question 46

Hazing is not strongly influenced by team norms.

Question 47

Identify and explain Kohlberg's three levels of moral judgment.

Question 48

Explain bullying and identify how bullying is differentiated from other aggressive behaviours.

Question 49

A task-oriented athlete tends to perceive success as a function of outdoing others, and is more likely to break the rules.

Question 50

You've been asked by your local minor rugby to set up an educational intervention in an attempt to curb aggression in that sport. Discuss your plan of action.

Question 51

You have been approached by the National Hockey League (NHL) to help them reduce aggressiveness in their sport. Explain to the NHL, the strategies that you will adopt.

Question 52

According to Stranger and colleagues (2012) empathy can be used to reduce aggressive behaviour.

Question 53

List five personal factors that influence aggression.

Question 54

When athletes describe their opponents as "goons" and "beasts," this is an example of advantageous comparisons in moral disengagement.