Deck 8: Leadership in Sport and Exercise

Question 1

When an assistant captain is involved in promoting interpersonal harmony and the organization of team activities outside of the sport context, that athlete would be said to fulfill which of the following functions of a peer leader?

A) helping the team achieve its task objectives
B) addressing the social needs of the team
C) dealing with external functions
D) addressing the moral needs of the team
E) addressing the financial needs of the team

Answer 1

addressing the social needs of the team

Question 2

The "Full Range" model of leadership (Bass & Riggio, 2006) includes which of the following dimensions?

A) autocratic, democratic, social support
B) transformational, transactional, laissez-faire
C) required, preferred, actual
D) coaching, teaching, evaluation
E) none of the above

Answer 2

transformational, transactional, laissez-faire

Question 3

Which of the following leadership behaviours are conceptualized within House's (1971) Path-Goal Theory of leadership?

A) dictatorial behaviour, autocratic behaviour, and achievement-oriented behaviour
B) supportive behaviour, participative behaviour, and achievement-oriented behaviour
C) directive path-goal clarifying behaviour, dictatorial behaviour, contingent reward behaviour
D) transformational and transactional leadership
E) autonomy supportive and relatedness supportive leadership

Answer 3

supportive behaviour, participative behaviour, and achievement-oriented behaviour

Question 4

A coach whose behaviour is characterized by a concern for the emotional, esteem, and informational needs of individual athletes is demonstrating which leadership behaviour?

A) social support
B) positive feedback
C) autocratic style
D) training and instruction
E) laissez-faire

Question 5

Judge and colleagues (2002) conducted a meta-analysis and found that people tend emerge into leadership positions when they had

A) Higher scores for introversion and higher scores of openness to experiences.
B) Higher scores for extraversion and lower scores of neuroticism.
C) Higher scores on introversion and higher scores on agreeableness.
D) Lower scores on openness to experience and higher scores on agreeableness.
E) Lower scores on neuroticism and higher scores on agreeableness.

Question 6

A coach specifies a certain role to be undertaken by an athlete, and the athlete performs that role effectively. As a result the coach provides the player with praise as well as further opportunities for the player to play a central role within the team (e.g., greater opportunities to fulfil a starter versus non-starter position). This would be an example of ________.

A) contingent reward
B) idealized influence
C) active management by exception
D) intellectual stimulation
E) social support

Question 7

Fiedler's contingency model of leadership suggests that the effectiveness of specific leadership styles depends (is contingent) upon

A) how much training the leader has received.
B) the age of those being led.
C) the gender of those being led.
D) how much control the leader has over that situation (i.e., situational favourableness).
E) B and C

Question 8

Laissez-faire leadership is a style of leadership that is characterized by

A) persistence, engagement, and consideration.
B) indifference, absence, and a hesitancy to make any substantive decisions.
C) an achievement orientation.
D) a relatedness supportive leadership style.
E) setting of highly structured goals for those being led.

Question 9

If an exercise instructor monitors the effective execution of a class routine, and pro-actively provides technical instruction that might allow those participants to perform that routine more smoothly, this would be considered an example of

A) transformational leadership.
B) active management-by-exception.
C) passive management-by-exception.
D) contingent reward leadership.
E) laissez faire leadership.

Question 10

Which theory would explain the improved motivation that adolescents report when their coach tries to foster greater autonomy among her athletes?

A) Self-efficacy theory
B) Achievement Goal theory
C) Self-determination theory
D) Belongingness theory
E) Theory of Planned Behaviour

Question 11

Which of the following are sources (or predictors) of transformational leadership?

A) genetic factors
B) parents
C) training and intervention
D) all of the above
E) Research has yet to identify any plausible sources of transformational leadership.

Question 12

If a coach talks to her athletes about her personally held values and beliefs and acts as an effective role model, what aspect of transformational leadership is she displaying ________.

A) idealized influence
B) inspirational motivation
C) intellectual stimulation
D) individualized consideration
E) vicarious leadership

Question 13

Which of the following feature in Chelladurai's (1990) multidimensional model of leadership?

A) required leader behaviour
B) preferred leader behaviour
C) actual leader behaviour
D) all of the above
E) B and C

Question 14

House's (1971) path-goal theory is a model of leadership which suggests that effective leadership is dependent on the match between the situation and

A) the personality characteristics of the leader.
B) the behaviours used by a leader in that situation.
C) the genetic profiles of those being led.
D) the genetic profile of the leader.
E) C and D

Question 15

A school physical education teacher encourages her students to conduct a research project on the mental and physical benefits of physical activity. This is an example of ________.

A) inspirational motivation
B) authorative leadership
C) new-age leadership
D) intellectual stimulation
E) democratic leadership

Question 16

The "augmentation effect" described within Bass and Riggio's (2006) Full Range Model refers to

A) the supplementation of transactional leadership with transformational leadership.
B) the supplementation of laissez faire leadership with transformational leadership.
C) the supplementation of laissez faire leadership with transactional leadership.
D) the supplementation of autocratic leadership with democratic leadership.
E) the provision of social support and positive feedback.

Question 17

Chelladurai and Saleh (1980) developed a measure of leadership called the

A) Leadership Scale for Sports (LSS).
B) Multidimensional Measure of Leadership (MML).
C) Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ).
D) Democratic Leadership Scale (DLQ).
E) Required Leadership Scale (RLS).

Question 18

In the meta-analysis by Judge and colleagues (2002) higher levels of extraversion, and conscientiousness were found to be

A) related to leader emergence.
B) related to leader effectiveness.
C) related to leader emergence and leader effectiveness.
D) unrelated to leadership emergence or leadership effectiveness.

Question 19

According to Fiedler (1967) a leader exhibits high situational control when

A) the leader operates in a context in which the quality of the relationships with his/her followers is good.
B) the tasks and goals being pursued are clearly structured.
C) the leader possesses clear authority and power.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 20

Within his Multidimensional Model of Leadership Chelladurai (1990) proposed a "congruency hypothesis." This hypothesis suggests that optimal leadership is dependent on the congruence between

A) the personality traits of all members of a coaching team (i.e., a head coach and his or her assistant coaches).
B) the "required" (by the situation or context), "preferred" (by the athletes), and coach's "actual" leadership behaviours.
C) the psychological needs of the athletes and the psychological needs of the coach.
D) the personality traits of all members of a sports team.
E) the gender of the coach and the gender of the athletes being coached.

Question 21

To get team members to effectively interact with each other, athlete leaders

A) focus predominantly on external functions of leadership.
B) use a wide variety of leadership behaviours.
C) are discouraged from using transformational leadership behaviours.
D) should concentrate on the social needs of the team and leave task functions to the coach.

Question 22

According to Fiedler's contingency model a ________ style is optimal under conditions of low situational control, and under high situational control a ________ style is theorized to be optimal.

A) task-oriented; relationship-oriented
B) task-oriented; task-oriented
C) relationship-oriented; relationship-oriented
D) relationship-oriented; task-oriented
E) transformational; transactional

Question 23

Athlete leaders (vs. coaches) engage in a greater frequency of social support, positive feedback, and democratic behaviours with their followers.

Question 24

Genetic factors but not environmental factors are responsible for displays of transformational leadership.

Question 25

When a soccer coach articulates a compelling vision for how she wants her athletes to play, this is an example of ________.

A) responsible leadership
B) authoritative leadership
C) idealized influence
D) inspirational motivation
E) authentic leadership

Question 26

Personality is unrelated to leadership emergence.

Question 27

In a study by Jackson and colleagues (2011) when coaches and athletes were found to display similar levels of extraversion this was associated with improved relationship quality.

Question 28

If a teacher waits for a major problem to arise before taking any action, this would be an example of what type of leadership?

A) responsible leadership
B) transformational leadership
C) active management-by-exception leadership
D) contingent reward leadership
E) passive management-by-exception leadership

Question 29

When a captain represents his team at an event within the community, that athlete would be said to fulfill which of the following functions of a peer leader?

A) helping the team achieve its task objectives
B) address the social needs of the team
C) dealing with external functions
D) address the moral needs of the team
E) address the financial needs of the team

Question 30

A study by Arthur and colleagues (2011) found that specific types of transformational leadership behaviours were less effective among athletes who self-reported higher levels of narcissism when compared to those with lower narcissism.

Question 31

Athlete leadership on sport teams is solely provided by captains and those in formal leadership positions.

Question 32

According to Fiedler's contingency model a ________ style is optimal under conditions of moderate situational control, and under high situational control a ________ style is theorized to be optimal.

A) task-oriented; relationship-oriented
B) task-oriented; task-oriented
C) relationship-oriented; relationship-oriented
D) relationship-oriented; task-oriented
E) transformational; transactional

Question 33

As it pertains to athlete leadership, the optimal percentage of players in leadership roles on the team should be ________.

A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%
E) It depends

Question 34

Fiedler differentiated between two broad types of leadership style: task-oriented and relationship-oriented leadership.

Question 35

Transformational leadership cannot be trained. You are either born as a transformational leader or you are not.

Question 36

Effective leadership cannot be measured.

Question 37

When an athlete is in involved in mentoring new members on team tactics or acting as a communication conduit between coaches and other players, that athlete would be said to fulfill which of the following functiosn of a peer leader?

A) helping the team achieve its task objectives
B) addressing the social needs of the team
C) dealing with external functions
D) addressing the moral needs of the team
E) addressing the financial needs of the team

Question 38

The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (Bass & Avolio, 1995) was designed to assess ________.

A) autocratic leadership
B) democratic leadership
C) transformational leadership
D) social support
E) positive feedback

Question 39

Laissez-faire leadership is synonymous with (i.e., it's the same thing as) autonomy-supportive leadership.

Question 40

A typical prototype of the athlete leader does not include ________.

A) higher skilled
B) veteran
C) extrinsically motivated
D) well-liked
E) centrally located

Question 41

Describe the conceptual model for developing transformational leadership interventions presented by Kelloway and Barling (2000).

Question 42

Explain how personal trainers can display the four dimensions of transformational leadership in their interactions with clients.

Question 43

Define athlete leadership and describe the three major functions these leaders undertake within their teams.

Question 44

Identify the five personality traits proposed in the Five-Factor Model (FFM) and describe how they are associated with leader emergence and effectiveness.

Question 45

Illustrate the Multidimensional Model of Leadership (MML) as proposed by Chelladurai (2007), and propose examples for each set of characteristics identified in the model.