Deck 5: Vision

Question 1

The law of specific nerve energies states that ____.​

A)perception of a repeated stimulus fades
B)​every stimulation of the optic nerve is perceived as light
C)​the speed of action potentials varies depending on the strength of the stimulus
D)any stimulation above the threshold produces an action potential

Answer 1

​every stimulation of the optic nerve is perceived as light

Question 2

Simple cells are found exclusively in the primary visual cortex.​

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Johannes Müller held that whatever excites a particular nerve establishes a special kind of energy unique to that nerve.​

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Photopigments are stable in the dark.​

Question 5

According to the law of specific nerve energies,the brain tells the difference between one sensory modality and another by ____.​

A)which neurotransmitter is released
B)​which neurons are active
C)​the velocity of the action potentials
D)the amplitude of the action potentials

Question 6

Parvocellular cells respond strongly to moving stimuli and large overall patterns.​

Question 7

Shapes are more easily identified with peripheral vision than foveal vision.​

Question 8

Amacrine cells refine the input to ganglion cells,enabling them to respond specifically to shapes, movement,or other visual features.​

Question 9

A complex cell responds to a pattern of light in a particular orientation.​

Question 10

According to the trichromatic theory,we can perceive only three colors.​

Question 11

Light enters the eye through an opening in the center of the iris called the ____.​

A)retina
B)​cornea
C)​pupil
D)macula

Question 12

Infants are born with the ability to control their visual attention.​

Question 13

In the human retina,messages go from receptors at the back of the eye to ____.​

A)retina cells
B)​bipolar cells
C)​ganglion cells
D)spiny cells

Question 14

The cornea is an adjustable structure in the eye that focuses light.​

Question 15

Bipolar cells send their messages to ____,which are located close to the center of the eye.​

A)spiny cells
B)​cornea cells
C)​bipolar cells
D)ganglion cells

Question 16

Lateral inhibition is the reduction of activity in one neuron by activity in neighboring neurons.​

Question 17

The ventral stream of visual processing is important for identifying movement.​

Question 18

An object's location,color,and movement are all processed in the same part of the visual cortex.​

Question 19

The coding of visual information in your brain results in an exact duplicate of the object's shape on the surface of the cortex.​

Question 20

The retinex theory accounts for the principle of color constancy.​

Question 21

Why does the fovea provide the clearest,most detailed visual information?​

A)It is closest to the pupil.
B)​It surrounds the optic nerve.
C)​It has tightly packed receptors.
D)It contains many blood vessels for supplying energy.

Question 22

In what order does visual information pass through the retina?​

A)receptor cells, ganglion cells, bipolar cells
B)​ganglion cells, bipolar cells, receptor cells
C)​receptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells
D)bipolar cells, receptor cells, ganglion cells

Question 23

The name of the point at which the optic nerve leaves the retina is called the ____.​

A)blind spot
B)​fovea
C)​optic chiasm
D)ganglion

Question 24

Light from the right half of the world strikes which part of the retina?​

A)the left half
B)​the right half
C)​the whole retina equally
D)It depends of the wavelength.

Question 25

____ modify the ____ sensitivity to different wavelengths of light.​

A)Retinol; photopigments
B)​Opsins; retinol
C)​Photopigments; opsins
D)Opsins; photopigments

Question 26

Peripheral vision mainly depends upon ____.​

A)the fovea
B)​cones
C)​rods
D)just a few receptors

Question 27

In comparison to the rods,cones are more ____.​

A)common toward the periphery of the retina
B)​sensitive to detail
C)​sensitive to dim light
D)common in rodents and other nocturnal animals

Question 28

____ are chemicals that release energy when struck by light.​

A)Phototransmitters
B)​Photosins
C)​Photopigments
D)Photoions

Question 29

Rods are to ____ as cones are to ____.​

A)the periphery; the fovea
B)​red; blue
C)​vertebrates; invertebrates
D)reading text; reading road signs

Question 30

Night-active species are more likely than day-active species to have ____.​

A)better peripheral vision
B)​larger blind spots
C)​a greater rod to cone ratio
D)a greater cone to rod ratio

Question 31

Chemicals that release energy when struck by light are called ____.​

A)photo-optics
B)​photopigments
C)​opsins
D)kestrels

Question 32

If you want to see something in fine detail,you should focus the light on which part of your retina?​

A)the optic nerve
B)​the fovea
C)​an area containing mostly rods
D)the cornea

Question 33

The optic nerve is composed of axons from which kind of cell?​

A)rods and cones
B)​bipolar cells
C)​horizontal cells
D)ganglion cells

Question 34

In vertebrate retinas,receptors send their messages ____.​

A)straight to the brain
B)​immediately to ganglion cells within the retina
C)​to bipolar cells within the retina
D)to the periphery of the retina first, ganglion cells next, and bipolar cells last

Question 35

Which statement is TRUE with regard to peripheral vision?​

A)It is very sensitive to detail.
B)​It is easier to recognize single objects in the periphery that are not surrounded by other objects.
C)​It is not very sensitive to light.
D)It is most sensitive to color, which helps to differentiate multiple objects clearly.

Question 36

Light energy converts 11-cis-retinal to ____.​

A)opsins
B)​unstable proteins
C)​all-trans-retinal
D)sodium

Question 37

In comparison to cones,rods ____.​

A)are more common toward the center of the retina
B)​are more sensitive to detail
C)​are more sensitive to dim light
D)reach their peak firing levels slowly

Question 38

The retinas of predatory birds such as hawks ____.​

A)have no discernible fovea
B)​have a greater density of receptors than do humans on the top half of the retina
C)​have a greater density of receptors than do humans on the bottom half of the retina
D)are virtually indistinguishable from the retinas of humans

Question 39

Which statement characterizes the fovea?​

A)It has the greatest perception of detail.
B)​It surrounds the point of exit of the optic nerve.
C)​It falls in the shadow cast by the pupil.
D)It has more rods than cones.

Question 40

Various types of ____ cells refine the input to ganglion cells,enabling them to respond specifically to shapes,movement,or other visual features.​

A)receptors
B)​geniculate cells
C)​amacrine cells
D)optic nerves

Question 41

Color and brightness constancy are best explained by the ____ theory of color vision.​

A)trichromatic
B)​opponent-process
C)​retinex
D)constancy

Question 42

The fact that all colors on older televisions were created by combining only three different colors of light supports the ____ theory of color vision.​

A)CRT
B)​opponent process
C)​retinex
D)trichromatic

Question 43

After you stare at a bright green object for a minute and look away,you see red.Which theory attempts to explain this finding?​

A)Young-Helmholtz theory
B)​trichromatic theory
C)​opponent-process theory
D)color-constancy theory

Question 44

Which theory can best explain why people that are wearing yellow-colored glasses can still identify the color of a green apple?​

A)trichromatic theory
B)​retinex theory
C)​opponent-process theory
D)kodak theory

Question 45

Difficulty distinguishing between ____ and ____ is the most common form of color vision deficiency.​

A)blue; yellow
B)​green; blue
C)​red; green
D)red; blue

Question 46

The ability of some women to detect slightly finer discriminations of color than other women is most likely due to having ____.​

A)two types of long-wavelength cones
B)​more short-wavelength cones
C)​shorter optic nerves
D)a larger cortex

Question 47

At the level of rods and cones,the ____ theory seems to fit best,while at the level of the bipolar cells,the ____ theory seems to fit best.​

A)opponent process; volley
B)​volley; trichromatic
C)​opponent process; trichromatic
D)trichromatic; opponent process

Question 48

Why do humans perceive faint light better in the periphery of the eye?​

A)Receptors in the periphery are closer to the pupil.
B)​The fovea is closer to the retina's blind spot than peripheral receptors.
C)​More receptors in the periphery than in the fovea funnel input to each ganglion cell.
D)Ganglion cells in the periphery transmit their information to a larger brain area.

Question 49

The most common form of color vision deficiency is due to ____.​

A)poor eyesight
B)​malformation of area V4 in the brain
C)​complete absence of one of the types of cones
D)long- and medium-wavelength cones making the same photopigment

Question 50

According to the trichromatic theory of color vision ____.​

A)there are only three rods and three cones in each eye
B)​there are only three colors of light in the world
C)​rods are important for perception of light colors
D)our perception of color depends on the relative activity of three types of cones

Question 51

Which theory of color vision is best able to explain negative color afterimages?​

A)retinex theory
B)​opponent-process theory
C)​trichromatic theory
D)kodak theory

Question 52

According to the Young-Helmholtz theory,what is the basis for color vision?​

A)a different receptor for each color
B)three kinds of cones
C)​a single receptor that produces different responses for each color
D)the combined influences of rods and cones

Question 53

In foveal vision,____.​

A)each ganglion cell excited by many receptors
B)​ganglion cells respond poorly to color vision
C)​ganglion cells respond well to dim light
D)each ganglion cell is excited by a single cone

Question 54

Where does the optic nerve send most of its information?​

A)directly to the cerebral cortex
B)​to the lateral geniculate
C)​to the superior colliculus
D)directly to the occipital lobe

Question 55

According to the trichromatic theory of color vision,the most important factor in determining the color we see is the ____.​

A)velocity of the action potential
B)​absolute activity of a single cone
C)​difference between cone and rod activity
D)relative activity of short, medium, and long wavelengths

Question 56

The optic nerves from the right and left eye initially meet at the ____.​

A)optic chiasm
B)​lateral geniculate nucleus
C)​hypothalamus
D)cerebral cortex

Question 57

____ cells axons make up the optic nerve.​

A)Horizontal
B)​Amacrine
C)​Bipolar
D)Ganglion

Question 58

Which receptors are responsible for the perception of color?​

A)cones only
B)​rods only
C)​both rods and cones
D)horizontal and amacrine cells

Question 59

According to the retinex theory,we perceive color by ____.​

A)the relative activity of three kinds of cones
B)​contrasting the activity in one area of the visual field with that of the others
C)​a red vs. green system and a yellow vs. blue system
D)detecting the velocity of action potentials from the eye

Question 60

Color constancy is the ability to ____.​

A)perceive all wavelengths as the same color
B)​see color, even in very faint light
C)​differentiate among many colors and hues
D)recognize the color of an object despite changes in lighting

Question 61

In the visual system,the ____ and ____ constantly feed information back and forth.​

A)thalamus; cortex
B)​thalamus; inferior geniculate
C)​inferior colliculus; thalamus
D)thalamus; lateral colliculus

Question 62

Cutting the left optic nerve in front of the optic chiasm would result in blindness in the ____.​

A)right eye
B)​left eye
C)​peripheral vision of both eyes
D)left visual field

Question 63

What is responsible for sharpening contrast at visual borders?​

A)receptive fields
B)​lateral inhibition
C)​retinal disparity
D)the direction in which the light shines

Question 64

Being able to detect fine details of a color painting would depend most on which type of ganglion cells?​

A)parvocellular
B)​magnocellular
C)​koniocellular
D)kodacellular

Question 65

In the vertebrate retina,which cells are responsible for lateral inhibition?​

A)horizontal cells
B)​ganglion cells
C)​bipolar cells
D)glial cells

Question 66

The ____ of any neuron in the visual system is the area of the visual field that excites or inhibits it.​

A)stimulus field
B)​convergence field
C)​receptive field
D)bipolar field

Question 67

The primary visual cortex sends its information ____.​

A)to the lateral geniculate nucleus
B)​to area V1
C)​to area V2
D)back to the retina

Question 68

Branches of the optic nerve go directly to what areas of the brain?​

A)lateral geniculate and cerebral cortex
B)​superior colliculus and cerebral cortex
C)​lateral geniculate and superior colliculus
D)prefrontal cortex and occipital lobe

Question 69

Cortical area ____ appears to be where conscious visual perception occurs.​

A)V4
B)​V3
C)​V2
D)V1

Question 70

Horizontal cells receive their input from ____,and they send output to ____.​

A)rods and cones; ganglion cells
B)​rods and cones; bipolar cells
C)​bipolar cells; ganglion cells
D)cones; rods

Question 71

The enhancement of contrast at the edge of an object is the result of ____.​

A)lateral inhibition in the retina
B)​the diffraction of light from the edge's surface
C)​fatigue of the rods and cones
D)the color of the object

Question 72

Axons from the lateral geniculate extend to which area of the cerebral cortex?​

A)precentral gyrus
B)​postcentral gyrus
C)​prefrontal cortex
D)occipital lobe

Question 73

The primary visual cortex is also known as the ____.​

A)lateral geniculate nucleus
B)​striate cortex
C)​area V2
D)parvocellular area

Question 74

Suppose someone has a genetic defect that prevents the formation of horizontal cells in the retina.Which visual phenomenon is most likely to be impaired?​

A)lateral inhibition
B)​movement perception
C)​dark adaptation
D)size constancy

Question 75

The receptive field of a receptor is the ____.​

A)point at which the optic nerve exits the retina
B)​axon hillock
C)​point in space from which light strikes the receptor
D)point where light shines on, and excites, the visual cortex

Question 76

The lateral geniculate nucleus is part of the ____.​

A)cerebral cortex
B)​superior colliculus
C)​inferior colliculus
D)thalamus

Question 77

The point in space from which light strikes the receptor is called the ____.​

A)stimulus field
B)​convergence field
C)​receptive field
D)bipolar area

Question 78

Parvocellular neurons most likely receive input from ____.​

A)magnocellular neurons
B)​rods
C)​bipolar cells that receive input from cones
D)the periphery of the retina

Question 79

The ability to detect movement better than color in our peripheral vision is largely due to ____.​

A)magnocellular neurons in the periphery
B)​parvocellular neurons tightly packed in the periphery
C)​no cones in the periphery
D)the strength of the eye muscles

Question 80

Visual information from the lateral geniculate area goes to the ____.​

A)retina
B)​primary visual cortex
C)​thalamus
D)hypothalamus