Deck 7: Movement

Question 1

Most types of movement can be clearly classified as voluntary or involuntary.​

Answer 1

False

Question 2

​People with severe spinal cord injury continue to produce normal activity in the motor cortex when they want to move.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

​What type of muscle controls movements of the heart?

A)smooth
B)striated​
C)cardiac​
D)antagonistic​

Answer 3

cardiac​

Question 4

Taking a drug that blocks acetylcholine receptors would be helpful for a person with myasthenia gravis.​

Question 5

What is the relationship between the motor neuron axons and muscle fibers?​

A)Each axon innervates only one muscle fiber.
B)​The more muscle fibers a single axon innervates, the more precise the movements.
C)​The more axons which innervate a single muscle fiber, the more precise the movements.
D)The fewer muscle fibers a single axon innervates, the more precise the movements.

Question 6

In skeletal muscles,every axon releases dopamine.

Question 7

​Brain transplants for Parkinson's patients have generally been very successful.

Question 8

A striated muscle controls movement of the body in relation to the environment.​

Question 9

​A fixed sequence of movements is called a motor program.

Question 10

​The prefrontal cortex plans movements according to their probable outcomes.

Question 11

Activation of the Golgi tendon organs results in contraction of the muscle.​

Question 12

​Central pattern generators are most likely to be found in the spinal cord.

Question 13

​The motor cortex can become active when imagining movement.

Question 14

Infants have several reflexes not seen in adults.​

Question 15

​The eye muscles can be moved with greater precision than the biceps muscles because ____.

A)biceps have only slow-twitch muscles
B)biceps have only fast-twitch muscles​
C)biceps are opposed by an antagonistic muscle; the eye muscles are not​
D)eye muscles have a lower ratio of muscle fibers to axons​

Question 16

​What type of muscle is responsible for the movement of your body through the environment?

A)smooth
B)striated​
C)cardiac​
D)syncarpous​

Question 17

​Mirror neurons are active both during preparation for a movement and while watching someone else perform the same or a similar movement.

Question 18

​The supplementary motor cortex is mainly active when preparing for an organized sequence of movements.

Question 19

​What type of muscle controls movements of internal organs?

A)smooth
B)​striated
C)​cardiac
D)antagonistic

Question 20

​In Huntington's disease,earlier onset is associated with slower deterioration over time.

Question 21

​Exercising at a high altitude where there is less oxygen is most likely to affect ____.

A)intermediate fibers
B)anaerobic contraction​
C)fast-twitch fibers​
D)slow-twitch fibers​

Question 22

​The biceps muscles of the arm have a ratio of ____ to more than a hundred fibers.

A)four
B)three​
C)one​
D)two​

Question 23

​A proprioceptor is sensitive to the ____.

A)degree of relaxation or contraction of smooth muscle tissue
B)position and movement of a part of the body​
C)percentage of fibers that are contracting within a muscle bundle​
D)degree of fatigue in a muscle​

Question 24

​Moving a leg or arm back and forth requires opposing sets of muscles called ____.

A)extensor muscles
B)flexor muscles​
C)cardiac muscles​
D)antagonistic muscles​

Question 25

​Vigorous use of fast-twitch fibers results in fatigue because the process is ____.

A)aerobic
B)anaerobic​
C)anabolic​
D)abolic​

Question 26

​Which muscles are especially important when running up a flight of stairs at full speed?

A)Fast-twitch muscles
B)slow-twitch muscles​
C)smooth muscles​
D)intermediate muscles

Question 27

If a new species were found with legs composed almost completely of fast-twitch muscles,what could we infer about its behavior?

A)It could chase prey over long distances.
B)It could chase prey only over short distances.​
C)It probably travels constantly.​
D)It probably moves slowly and grazes on vegetation.​

Question 28

​The eye muscles have a ratio of about ____ axon(s)per ____ muscle fiber(s).

A)two; three
B)​one; three
C)​three; two
D)three; one

Question 29

​A Golgi tendon organ responds to ____.

A)increases in muscle tension
B)decreases in muscle tension​
C)increases in muscle spindles​
D)decreases in muscle spindles​

Question 30

​The role of the Golgi tendon organs is to ____.

A)prevent extreme muscle contractions
B)guard against fatigue of muscles​
C)produce rapid repetitive movements such as finger tapping​
D)regulate blood flow to the tendons and muscles​

Question 31

​A boxer's ability to sense the position of his arm and hand before planning a punch is dependent on the sense of ____.

A)proprioception
B)somatosensation​
C)pain​
D)vision​

Question 32

​The absence of acetylcholine will cause a muscle to ____.

A)relax
B)​contract
C)​fatigue
D)stretch

Question 33

​A fish will adjust to lower water temperatures by ____.

A)activating more action potentials
B)increasing the amplitude of its action potentials​
C)recruiting different muscle fibers​
D)returning to its basal metabolic rate​

Question 34

​In movement,the ____ muscle straightens the arm.

A)flexor
B)​striated
C)​extensor
D)skeletal

Question 35

​Which muscle is "antagonistic" to a flexor muscle in the right arm?

A)a flexor muscle in the right arm
B)an extensor muscle in the left arm​
C)an extensor muscle in the right arm​
D)another flexor muscle in the right arm​

Question 36

​A muscle spindle responds to the ____.

A)oxygen level in the muscle
B)acetylcholine concentration at the nerve-muscle junction​
C)fatigue of the muscle​
D)stretch of the muscle​

Question 37

​During aerobic exercises such as dancing,as glucose is used by the muscles,____.

A)fast-twitch fibers absorb more glucose
B)​slow-twitch muscles produce glucose anaerobically
C)​glucose use increases
D)glucose use decreases

Question 38

​A sudden stretch of a muscle excites a feedback system that opposes the stretch.This message starts in the ____.

A)dorsal root ganglion
B)cerebellum​
C)Pacinian corpuscles​
D)muscle spindles​

Question 39

​What is the name given to the synapse where a motor neuron's axon meets a muscle fiber?

A)neuromuscular junction
B)​polar junction
C)​muscle spindle
D)neurofiber synapse

Question 40

​The stretch reflex ____.

A)results in a stretch
B)is caused by a stretch​
C)inhibits motor neurons​
D)sends a message for a muscle to relax​

Question 41

​A physician who asks you to cross your legs and then taps just below the knee is testing your ____ reflexes.

A)constriction
B)slow​
C)stretch ​
D)fast​

Question 42

​In order to elicit movement,the motor cortex ____.

A)has direct connections to the muscles
B)sends axons to the brainstem and spinal cord​
C)controls isolated movement in a single muscle​
D)relies on feedback from individual muscle fibers​

Question 43

​People with posterior parietal damage ____.

A)can see an object, but are unable to describe it
B)have good hand-eye coordination only if they close one eye​
C)have difficulty accurately locating and approaching a sound​
D)will not step over an obstacle, although they can accurately describe it​

Question 44

​A motor program is a ____.

A)mechanism that guides movement on the basis of sensory feedback
B)mechanism that produces an alternation between two movements​
C)plan for training a brain-damaged person to walk​
D)movement that, once triggered, continues automatically until its completion​

Question 45

​A ballistic movement ____.

A)is a rhythmic alternation between two movements
B)is guided by feedback during the course of the movement​
C)proceeds automatically once it has been triggered​
D)tends to overcorrect itself​

Question 46

​Activity of a muscle spindle is to ____ as activity of the Golgi tendon organ is to ____.

A)contraction; inhibition of contraction
B)inhibition of contraction; contraction​
C)inhibition of contraction; inhibition of contraction​
D)contraction; contraction​

Question 47

​The prefrontal cortex ____.

A)is the main area for touch and other body information
B)keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world​
C)is active during preparations for a movement and less active during movement itself​
D)responds to lights, noises, and other signals for a movement.​

Question 48

​The posterior parietal cortex ____.

A)is the main area for touch and other body information
B)keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world​
C)is active during preparations for a movement and less active during movement itself​
D)responds to lights, noises, and other signals for a movement.​

Question 49

​Muscle spindles respond to changes in muscle ____; Golgi tendon organs respond to changes in muscle ____.

A)tension; fatigue
B)fatigue; tension​
C)stretch; tension​
D)tension; stretch​

Question 50

​The part of the cortex that is most active during preparations for a movement and less active during the movement itself is the ____.

A)premotor cortex
B)somatosensory cortex​
C)inferior temporal cortex​
D)tabes dorsalis​

Question 51

​Which action is an example of a motor program in chickens with featherless wings?

A)flapping wings if suddenly dropped
B)learning to fly​
C)stretching its wings but not flapping them​
D)flapping its wings while eating​

Question 52

​What experience is similar to losing proprioception?

A)losing your sense of equilibrium
B)walking on a leg that has "fallen asleep"​
C)having a phantom limb​
D)teeth chattering in the cold​

Question 53

​People with posterior parietal damage ____.

A)cannot walk toward something they hear
B)have trouble converting vision into action​
C)can walk toward something they see but cannot reach out to grasp it​
D)cannot accurately describe what they see.​

Question 54

​When are the cells in the premotor cortex (in contrast to the primary motor cortex)most active?

A)in preparation for movements
B)during movements​
C)at or after the end of movements​
D)during inhibition of movements​

Question 55

​Which behavior is most likely to result from the activity of central pattern generators?

A)a dog shaking itself to dry off
B)a child catching a baseball​
C)a child playing the piano​
D)an adult yawning​

Question 56

​Central pattern generators ____.

A)contribute to rhythmic patterns of movement
B)generate movement which is unresponsive to environmental stimulation​
C)constrict the pupils in response to bright light​
D)control all reflexes in adult humans​

Question 57

​The premotor cortex ____.

A)is the main area for touch and other body information
B)keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world​
C)is active during preparations for a movement and less active during movement itself​
D)responds to lights, noises, and other signals for a movement ​

Question 58

​Damage to the prefrontal cortex is most likely to result in ____.

A)an inability to move
B)the loss of somatosensory experiences​
C)poorly planned movements​
D)no effect on movement​

Question 59

​In contrast to people with posterior parietal damage,people with damage to certain parts of the occipital cortex outside the primary visual cortex ____.

A)cannot locate the source of sounds
B)lose their ability to see everything​
C)can accurately describe what they see but cannot reach out to grasp it​
D)cannot accurately describe what they see but can reach out to grasp it​

Question 60

​Which activity is an example of a motor program in a human?

A)yawning
B)making a list​
C)taking your first steps​
D)learning how to drive​

Question 61

​Studies on conscious decisions regarding voluntary movements suggest that ____.

A)we are conscious of our decision before brain activity is generated for movement
B)voluntary movements are the result of free will​
C)brain activity for the movement begins before we are conscious of our decision​
D)we are unable to judge when we make conscious decisions​

Question 62

​Mirror neurons are active when ____.

A)viewing mirror images
B)watching others perform movements​
C)identifying ourselves in the mirror​
D)playing the piano​

Question 63

​Most of the axons of the medial tract go to which side of the body?

A)contralateral
B)ipsilateral​
C)bilateral​
D)dorsolateral​

Question 64

​Cells in the prefrontal cortex,premotor cortex,and ____ prepare for a movement,sending messages to the primary motor cortex.

A)posterior parietal cortex
B)secondary motor cortex​
C)somatosensory cortex ​
D)supplementary motor cortex​

Question 65

​Movements near the midline of the body,such as bending and turning of the trunk,are controlled by which motor system?

A)dorsolateral tract
B)medial tract​
C)supplementary​
D)hippocampal​

Question 66

​If you have trouble with rapid,ballistic movement sequences that require accurate timing,you probably have suffered damage to the ____.

A)reticular formation
B)cerebellum​
C)hippocampus​
D)hypothalamus​

Question 67

​The lateral tract cross over point is in the ____.

A)pyramids of the medulla
B)spinal cord​
C)reticular formation​
D)vestibular nucleus​

Question 68

​What is the relationship between the lateral tract and the medial tract?

A)Most movements are controlled by one or the other, but not both.
B)Most movements rely on both, which work in a cooperative fashion.​
C)Most movements that are initiated by one are terminated by the other.​
D)One is excitatory while the other is inhibitory.​

Question 69

​Paths from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord are called the ____.

A)pyramidalspinal tracts
B)horizontalspinal tracts​
C)dorsospinal tracts​
D)corticospinal tracts ​

Question 70

​Watching another person shoot a basketball is most likely to activate ____ neurons in the brain of the person who is watching.

A)primary motor cortex
B)spinal cord​
C)mirror​
D)observational​

Question 71

​Axons of the lateral corticospinal tract extend to what area?

A)cerebellum
B)cerebral cortex​
C)spinal cord​
D)thalamus​

Question 72

​Damage to the ____ impairs the ability to organize smooth sequences of activities.

A)premotor cortex
B)prefrontal cortex​
C)supplementary motor cortex​
D)tabes dorsalis​

Question 73

​The part of the cortex that responds mostly to the sensory signals that lead to a movement is the ____.

A)premotor cortex
B)prefrontal cortex​
C)supplementary motor cortex​
D)tabes dorsalis​

Question 74

​The supplementary motor cortex becomes active ____.

A)during the second or two after a movement
B)during the second or two prior to a movement ​
C)only during a movement​
D)only after a movement ​

Question 75

​Damage to the cerebellum is most likely to interfere with ____.

A)lifting weights
B)the ability to remember a series of events​
C)rapid movements that require timing​
D)chewing and swallowing​

Question 76

​Just thinking about the intention to put your arm around your attractive date would activate which motor areas?

A)posterior parietal lobe
B)primary motor cortex​
C)premotor cortex​
D)supplementary motor cortex​

Question 77

​People with damage to the parietal cortex appear to lack ____ related to voluntary movements.a feelings of intention

A)feelings of intention
B)the ability to make conscious decisions​
C)a sense of timing​
D)muscle strength​

Question 78

​Lateral tract axons are responsible for movements in the ____.

A)arms, hands, and toes
B)trunk​
C)face and head​
D)internal organs​

Question 79

​Speaking,piano playing,athletic skills,and other rapid movements would be most impaired by damage to which structure?

A)reticular formation
B)cerebellum​
C)ventromedial hypothalamus​
D)parasympathetic nervous system​

Question 80

​The motor cortex produces a kind of activity called a(n)____ before any voluntary movement.

A)readiness potential
B)action potential​
C)evoked potential​
D)motor potential​