Deck 9: Internal Regulation

Question 1

​Orexin inhibits appetite.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

​The large intestine absorbs water and minerals.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

​Drinking pure water is the best way to reduce osmotic thirst.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

​The physiological changes that defend body temperature depend on areas in and near the hypothalamus.

Question 5

​Stomach distension is necessary to produce satiety.

Question 6

​Angiotensin II acts on the kidney to retain more sodium.

Question 7

A set point refers to ____.​

A)a very narrow range that the body works to maintain at a stable level
B)the regulation of blood flow​
C)the release of hormones at a set point in time​
D)initiating a change in body temperature at a set point in time​

Question 8

​Homeostasis is to ____ as allostasis is to ____.

A)constant; variable
B)variable; constant​
C)constant; decreasing​
D)variable; increasing​

Question 9

​Set points can change over time.

Question 10

​CCK limits meal size.

Question 11

The paraventricular nucleus normally inhibits meal size.

Question 12

​The term ____ refers to temperature regulation and other biological processes that keep body variables within a fixed range.

A)negative feedback
B)positive feedback​
C)homeothermic​
D)thermostasis​

Question 13

​Most mammals at about the age of weaning lose the intestinal enzyme lactase.

Question 14

​Vasopressin increases blood pressure by constricting the blood vessels.

Question 15

​The most simple and effective way to lose weight is to exercise more and eat less.

Question 16

​Obese people tend to produce more insulin than people of normal weight.

Question 17

Homeostasis refers to temperature regulation and other biological processes that keep body variables within a fixed range.

Question 18

​Anorexia is a problem stemming from a lack of appetite.

Question 19

​Processes that reduce any discrepancies from the set point are known as ____.

A)negative feedback
B)positive feedback​
C)homeothermic​
D)thermostasis​

Question 20

​What defines a homeostatic process?

A)the regulation of blood flow
B)any process governed by hormones​
C)the maintenance of certain body variables within a fixed range​
D)reproduction involving distinct male and female genders in a species​

Question 21

​One advantage of being homeothermic is that it ____.

A)reduces the fuel requirements of the body
B)prevents excessive reliance on a single sensory system​
C)enables the individual to stay active when the environment is cool​
D)decreases the need for shivering and sweating​

Question 22

​An advantage of maintaining a constant body temperature is that it ____.

A)enables an animal to stay equally active at all environmental temperatures
B)enables an animal to survive on a wider variety of diets​
C)minimizes the energy that must be expended on basal metabolism​
D)enables an animal to detect changes in the temperature of the environment​

Question 23

​Approximately what percent of the mammalian body is composed of water?

A)10%
B)20%​
C)50%​
D)70%​

Question 24

​Homeothermic organisms include ____.

A)amphibians and reptiles
B)reptiles and fish​
C)amphibians and fish​
D)mammals and birds​

Question 25

​A fever ____.

A)develops independently of the preoptic area
B)is part of the body's defense against an illness​
C)is an indication that the body is not yet fighting the infection​
D)serves to keep an animal warm during periods of reduced activity​

Question 26

​Beyond about 40° or 41°C,____ begin to break their bonds and lose their useful properties.

A)RNA
B)DNA​
C)cells​
D)proteins​

Question 27

​Your posterior pituitary is most likely to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH)____.

A)if you are very thirsty
B)shortly after drinking a large glass of water​
C)if you are very hungry​
D)shortly after eating a large meal​

Question 28

​What evidence do we have that the preoptic area controls body temperature?

A)After damage to the preoptic area, an animal will simultaneously sweat and shiver.
B)Each cell in the preoptic area has a temperature at which it is most active.​
C)Removed cells maintain a constant temperature even in a cell culture.​
D)Heating or cooling the preoptic area leads to sweating or shivering.​

Question 29

When bacteria,viruses,fungi,or other intruders invade the body,it mobilizes ____ to attack them.​

A)leptin
B)cholecystokinin​
C)cytokines​
D)leukocytes​

Question 30

​Vasopressin raises blood pressure by ____.

A)causing the blood vessels to dilate
B)constricting the blood vessels​
C)increasing the blood's salt concentration​
D)decreasing the blood's salt concentration​

Question 31

​The POA/AH monitors body temperature partly by monitoring ____.

A)its own temperature
B)brain temperature​
C)heart temperature​
D)the temperature of the thalamus​

Question 32

​Cells in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus monitor which temperatures?

A)internal organs
B)their own and the skin​
C)differences between the arteries and veins​
D)differences between internal organs and the skin​

Question 33

​Humans expend most of their energy on which activity?

A)walking, running, and other forms of locomotion
B)in the beating of their hearts and blood circulation​
C)propagating action potentials in the billions of neurons in the nervous system​
D)maintaining basal metabolism​

Question 34

​How do adult mammals with damage to the preoptic area regulate their body temperature?

A)physiologically
B)pharmacologically​
C)behaviorally​
D)not at all​

Question 35

​Why did mammals evolve a body temperature of 37 degrees Celsius?

A)They benefit from being as warm as possible and as fast as possible.
B)Their protein bonds begin to break at this temperature.​
C)Their body proteins are stable only at 37 degrees Celsius or above.​
D)They can only detect changes in the environment at this environment.​

Question 36

​Poikilothermic organisms have body temperatures that ____.

A)remain relatively constant no matter the change in the external environment
B)are the same as the temperatures of their environments​
C)are nearly constant, although the brain temperature varies​
D)allow them to survive in very warm climates only​

Question 37

​After damage to the preoptic area,an animal ____.

A)eats a great deal and gains weight
B)stops eating​
C)fails to sweat when overheating, but still shivers when cold​
D)fails to shiver and sweat sufficiently​

Question 38

​How do amphibians and reptiles control their body temperature?

A)by evolving their gene pool
B)by shivering and sweating​
C)by changing the reflectivity of their skin​
D)by choosing an appropriate area of the environment​

Question 39

​The temperature required by reproductive cells of birds and most mammals is ____.

A)higher than the rest of the body
B)lower than the rest of the body​
C)the same as the internal organs of the body​
D)fluctuating in direct opposition to changes in body temperature​

Question 40

​In response to infection,leukocytes release proteins called ____.

A)leptin
B)cholecystokinin​
C)cytokines​
D)insulin​

Question 41

​After a lesion to the lateral preoptic area,a rat would react to an increase in sodium levels by ____.

A)drinking less and excreting highly concentrated urine
B)drinking more and excreting a great deal of dilute urine​
C)increasing its activity level without changing the amount it drinks​
D)sweating profusely, but not drinking much​

Question 42

​What causes hypovolemic thirst?

A)dryness of the throat
B)low blood volume​
C)increased concentration of solutes in the blood​
D)too much salt in the diet​

Question 43

​Sodium-specific hunger is closely associated with ____.

A)osmotic thirst
B)hypovolemic thirst​
C)the OVLT​
D)decreased renin release​

Question 44

​Which hormone,released by the posterior pituitary,both raises blood pressure and enables the kidneys to reabsorb water?

A)vasopressin
B)prolactin​
C)thymosin​
D)ACTH​

Question 45

​Like vasopressin,____ constricts the blood vessels,compensating for the drop in blood pressure.

A)angiotensin I
B)angiotensin II​
C)renin​
D)sodium​

Question 46

​Small birds generally eat ____.

A)as much as they can at one time
B)only what they need at the moment​
C)three discrete meals per day​
D)mostly during the night​

Question 47

​The lateral preoptic area and surrounding parts of the hypothalamus control ____.

A)CCK levels
B)hunger​
C)drinking​
D)vasopressin levels​

Question 48

​What kind of thirst is produced by an increased concentration of solutes in the blood?

A)postprandial
B)hypovolemic​
C)non-homeostatic​
D)osmotic​

Question 49

​Hypovolemia induces thirst by the production of which hormone?

A)CCK
B)insulin​
C)prolactin​
D)angiotensin II​

Question 50

​What area of the brain is largely responsible for detecting osmotic pressure?

A)substantia nigra
B)red nucleus​
C)ventromedial hypothalamus​
D)OVLT and subfornical organ​

Question 51

​The tendency of water to flow across a semipermeable membrane from the area of low solute concentration to the area of higher concentration is termed ____.

A)hypovolemic pressure
B)hypovolemic thirst​
C)osmotic pressure​
D)OVLT​

Question 52

​The hormone aldosterone results in the ____.

A)conservation of water
B)excretion of sodium​
C)conservation of sodium​
D)decreased preference for salty tastes​

Question 53

​Hypovolemic thirst ____.

A)depends mostly on the lateral preoptic area
B)can be satisfied better by salt water than by pure water​
C)is stimulated by an increased concentration of solutes in the blood​
D)can only be satisfied by drinking a great deal of pure water​

Question 54

​Eating salty potato chips increases the concentration of sodium in the ____.

A)extracellular fluid
B)intracellular fluid​
C)nuclear fluid​
D)osmotic fluid​

Question 55

​The brain can anticipate an osmotic need before the rest of the body actually experiences it ____.

A)through the change in blood pressure
B)because the stomach can detect high levels of sodium​
C)through detection of highly concentrated urine​
D)because of the rate of vasopressin release​

Question 56

​Vasopressin and angiotensin II are similar in that they both promote ____.

A)increased urination
B)decreased thirst​
C)decreased blood pressure​
D)increased blood pressure​

Question 57

​The brain gets part of its information regarding low osmotic pressure from ____.

A)receptors around the third ventricle
B)the blood-brain barrier​
C)the subfornical organ​
D)thalamus​

Question 58

What effect does the hormone angiotensin II have?​

A)increased storage of food as fat
B)constriction of blood vessels​
C)decreased emptying of the stomach​
D)increased growth of the gonads​

Question 59

​Diabetes insipidus literally means "passing without taste" because the urine is produced in such large quantities that it is tasteless.This disease is most likely caused by a problem with the production or release of ____.

A)renin
B)vasopressin​
C)angiotensinogen​
D)prostaglandins​

Question 60

​A combination of the hormones aldosterone and angiotensin II leads to an increase in preference for ____ tastes.

A)sweet
B)sour​
C)salty​
D)bitter​

Question 61

​A common misconception is that eating turkey increases the body's supply of ____,which enables the brain to make chemicals that make you sleepy.

A)lactase
B)tryptophan​
C)lacrose​
D)sucrose​

Question 62

​One interpretation of how the hormone CCK promotes satiety is that it ____.

A)speeds up the digestive processes in the intestines
B)increases the rate at which glucose enters the cells of the body​
C)causes the stomach to fill more quickly​
D)facilitates the emptying of the stomach​

Question 63

​By what means does the brain find out about the nutrient content of food in the stomach?

A)hormones
B)activity of the vagus nerve​
C)activity of the splanchnic nerves​
D)the duodenum​

Question 64

​When food distends the duodenum,the duodenum releases which hormone?

A)CCK
B)aldosterone​
C)angiotensin II​
D)prolactin​

Question 65

​People who are lactose intolerant can consume a little milk,and larger amounts of ____,which are easier to digest.

A)cheese and yogurt
B)meats​
C)fruits and vegetables​
D)beans ​

Question 66

​In sham-feeding,animals are ____.

A)allowed to chew but not swallow
B)allowed to chew and swallow, but the food never enters the stomach​
C)only allowed to eat a mixture devoid of nutrients​
D)only allowed to eat an artificial substance​

Question 67

​The esophagus brings food from the ____.

A)mouth to the stomach
B)stomach to the sphincter​
C)sphincter to the intestines​
D)stomach to the intestines​

Question 68

​Which hormone controls the rate at which glucose leaves the blood and enters the cells?

A)CCK
B)aldosterone​
C)glucagon​
D)insulin​

Question 69

​The ability to digest lactose varies in a patchy way from place to place on which continent?

A)Asia
B)Europe​
C)Africa​
D)Antarctica​

Question 70

​What is the main site for absorption of digested food into the bloodstream?

A)esophagus
B)stomach​
C)small intestine​
D)large intestine​

Question 71

​The large intestine ____.

A)absorbs water and minerals
B)digests proteins, fats, and carbohydrates​
C)is the main site for the absorption of digested foodstuffs into the bloodstream​
D)stores excess nutrients as glycogen, protein, or fat​

Question 72

​The blood's glucose level ordinarily remains relatively constant because of the activity of ____.

A)CCK.
B)the liver​
C)the thyroid gland​
D)the gall bladder​

Question 73

​The vagus nerve is to ____ as the splanchnic nerves are to ____.

A)stomach fullness; nutrient contents of the stomach
B)the taste of food; the texture of food​
C)nutrient contents of the stomach; water contents of the stomach​
D)oral factors (such as chewing and taste); stomach fullness​

Question 74

​The small intestine ____.

A)absorbs water and minerals
B)digests proteins, fats, and carbohydrates​
C)is the secondary site for the absorption of digested foodstuffs into the bloodstream​
D)stores excess nutrients as glycogen, protein, or fat​

Question 75

​The brain finds out about the degree of stretch of the stomach from ____.

A)visual feedback
B)the hormone angiotensin​
C)sensory receptors on the skin of the abdomen​
D)activity of the vagus nerve​

Question 76

​Tryptophan enters the brain by an active-transport protein that it shares with ____ and other large amino acids.

A)phenylalanine
B)melatonin​
C)lactose​
D)glucose​

Question 77

​Most young mammals stop nursing,at least partly,due to the loss of what ability?

A)metabolizing the sugar in milk
B)sucking sufficiently​
C)the Babinski reflex​
D)digesting the fat in milk​

Question 78

​What is the first point in the digestive system where enzymes begin to break down food?

A)mouth
B)esophagus​
C)stomach​
D)small intestine​

Question 79

​Taste and other mouth sensations contribute to ____.

A)hunger
B)satiety​
C)thirst​
D)overeating​

Question 80

​Glucagon stimulates the liver to ____.

A)convert glucose to glycogen
B)store glucose​
C)convert glycogen to glucose​
D)decrease blood glucose levels​