Deck 12: The Biology of Learning and Memory

Question 1

​Korsakoff's patients perform better on tasks of implicit memory than explicit memory.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

​Pavlov presented a sound followed by meat in his experiments.Gradually the sound came to elicit salivation.The sound in this experiment would be considered the ____.

A)unconditioned stimulus
B)​unconditioned response
C)​conditioned stimulus
D)conditioned response

Answer 2

​conditioned stimulus

Question 3

​Pavlov presented a sound followed by meat in his experiments.Gradually the sound came to elicit salivation.The salivation to the sound in this experiment was the ____.

A)unconditioned stimulus
B)unconditioned response​
C)conditioned stimulus​
D)conditioned response​

Answer 3

conditioned response​

Question 4

​H.M.had particularly severe impairment of episodic memories,or memories of single events.

Question 5

​Information in short term memory is lost more easily than that in long term memory.

Question 6

​Eye-blink conditioning depends on the lateral interpositus nucleus.

Question 7

​Hippocampal damage impairs spatial memory.

Question 8

​In searching for the engram,Karl Lashley found that removal of larger areas of cortex resulted in the greatest impairment of memory.

Question 9

​Pavlov presented a sound followed by meat in his experiments.Gradually the sound came to elicit salivation.The salivation to the meat in this experiment was the ____.

A)unconditioned stimulus
B)​unconditioned response
C)​conditioned stimulus
D)conditioned response

Question 10

​To replace the concept of short-term memory,A.D.Baddeley and G.J.Hitch introduced the term delayed memory to refer to the way we store information while we are working at it.

Question 11

​In operant conditioning,reinforcement is ____.

A)any food that the organism likes
B)a stimulus that produces a reflexive response​
C)an event that decreases the future probability of a response​
D)an event that increases the future probability of a response​

Question 12

​Procedural memory deals with the ability to state a memory in words.

Question 13

​H.M.was unable to form any kind of new memories after his surgery.

Question 14

​What should be the usual relationship between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus in classical conditioning?

A)The conditioned stimulus should be presented first.
B)​The unconditioned stimulus should be presented first.
C)​They should be presented simultaneously.
D)It depends on what each stimulus is.

Question 15

​A distinctive symptom of Korsakoff's syndrome is confabulation,in which patients guess to fill in memory gaps.

Question 16

​The UCR and the CR are always the same.

Question 17

​After LTP is established,NMDA receptors are not required to maintain it.

Question 18

​In operant conditioning,an individual's response leads to a reinforcer or punishment.

Question 19

​Drugs used to treat Alzheimer's disease affect activity of the cortex by enhancing the effects of acetylcholine.

Question 20

​Habituation is a decrease in response to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly and accompanied by no change in other stimuli.

Question 21

​Lashley's term "engram" refers to ____.

A)a drug that facilitates learning
B)the physical representation of learning​
C)a procedure that improved memory​
D)an automatic response to a sensory stimulus​

Question 22

​Lashley found that when he removed parts of the brain ____.

A)only the removal of frontal lobe tissue disrupted performance
B)only the removal of parietal lobe tissue disrupted performance​
C)the amount of tissue removed was more important than its location​
D)he found no loss of memories at all​

Question 23

​Preventing learning is to ____ as suppressing a response is to ____.

A)classical conditioning; operant conditioning
B)operant conditioning; classical conditioning​
C)the red nucleus; the lateral interpositus nucleus​
D)the lateral interpositus nucleus; the red nucleus​

Question 24

​A person with damage to their cerebellum may experience several problems,including ____.

A)poor eyesight
B)​inability to be classically conditioned
C)​weakened conditioned eye blinks
D)exaggerated eye blinking

Question 25

​In studies of eyelid conditioning in rabbits,Thompson and his colleagues have demonstrated that learning for this conditioned response takes place in the ____.

A)red nucleus of the midbrain
B)temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex​
C)lateral interpositus nucleus of the cerebellum​
D)ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus​

Question 26

​In operant conditioning,punishment is a(n)____.

A)stimulus that produces a reflexive response
B)​event that decreases the future probability of a response
C)​event that increases the future probability of a response
D)event that prevents a response

Question 27

​What does the phrase "all parts of the cortex contribute equally to complex behaviors such as learning" define?

A)operant conditioning
B)​classical conditioning
C)​equipotentiality
D)mass action

Question 28

​In studies that paired a tone with an air puff to the cornea of rabbits,learning was found to depend on one nucleus of the ____.

A)cerebellum
B)​hypothalamus
C)​thalamus
D)hippocampus

Question 29

​What is one explanation for why Lashley failed at finding the engram?

A)He used poor surgical methods.
B)​Some memories do not depend on the cortex.
C)​The engram is continually changing location in the cortex.
D)Classical conditioning had not been discovered yet.

Question 30

​The cortex works as a whole,and the more cortex the better,defines ____.

A)operant conditioning
B)classical conditioning​
C)equipotentiality​
D)mass action​

Question 31

​Which action is most difficult to classify as classical or operant conditioning?

A)pressing a lever to get food
B)pressing a lever to escape shock​
C)salivating after a sound previously paired with food​
D)song learning by male birds​

Question 32

​Research indicates that the red nucleus is necessary for ____.

A)the learning of a conditioned response
B)​the performance of a conditioned response
C)​the learning AND performance of a conditioned response
D)suppression of the conditioned response

Question 33

​Lashley trained rats on a variety of mazes,then made deep cuts in their cortexes.He found that the cuts produced ____.

A)a temporary impairment
B)​a permanent impairment
C)​day-to-day fluctuations in performance
D)little apparent effect

Question 34

​What is one explanation for why Lashley failed at finding the engram?

A)He used poor surgical methods.
B)Not all memories are physiologically the same.​
C)The engram is continually changing location in the cortex.​
D)Classical conditioning had not been discovered yet.​

Question 35

​Lashley found that a deep cut in a rat's cerebral cortex completely eliminated the effects of learning under what circumstances,if any?

A)if the cut was made after the learning
B)if the learned task was simple​
C)if the learned task was complex​
D)under none of the circumstances he studied​

Question 36

​In learning,the basal ganglia ____.

A)integrates information over many trials
B)is involved in the development of flexible responses​
C)is most responsive to delayed feedback​
D)is critical to the formation of explicit memories​

Question 37

​Donald Hebb (1949)distinguished between two types of memory that he called

A)implicit and explicit
B)declarative and procedural​
C)short-term and long-term​
D)repressed and unrepressed​

Question 38

​Operant conditioning is to ____ as classical conditioning is to ____.

A)reinforcement; punishment
B)​CS; UCS
C)​association; consequences
D)consequences; association

Question 39

​Hebb believed that short-term memory ____.

A)should not be distinguished from long-term memory
B)​was a temporary holding station on the way to long-term memory
C)​was more important than long-term memory
D)was low-level memory

Question 40

​The general function of working memory is to ____.

A)hold information until it has time to get to long-term storage
B)store memories of life events permanently​
C)attend to and operate on current information​
D)store information related to repetitious motor movements​

Question 41

​The inability to form memories for events that happened after brain damage is a characteristic of ____ amnesia.

A)retrograde
B)​anterograde
C)​proactive
D)procedural

Question 42

​One ironic but interesting finding is that people with amnesia will improve on ____ tasks,but have no ____ memory with respect to the task.

A)procedural; explicit
B)​explicit; procedural
C)​declarative; implicit
D)implicit; procedural

Question 43

​Forgetting events prior to the time of brain damage is a characteristic of ____ amnesia.

A)retrograde
B)anterograde​
C)proactive​
D)procedural​

Question 44

​Studies on ____ help clarify the distinctions among different kinds of memory and enable us to explore the mechanisms of memory.

A)dementia
B)​amnesia
C)​epilepsy
D)stroke

Question 45

​Damage to the ____ impairs performance on the delayed matching-to-sample and delayed nonmatching-to-sample tasks.

A)hypothalamus
B)​thalamus
C)​hippocampus
D)parietal cortex

Question 46

Deliberate recall of information that one recognizes as a memory is termed ____.

A)priming
B)​explicit memory
C)​procedural memory
D)declarative memory

Question 47

​Compared to young adults,aging humans with poor working memory have ____ activity in the prefrontal cortex and aging humans with intact working memory have ____ activity in the prefrontal cortex.

A)decreased; decreased
B)increased; increased​
C)increased; decreased​
D)decreased; increased​

Question 48

​A study with London taxi drivers found that answering ____ activated their hippocampus more than answering ____.

A)nonspatial questions; spatial questions
B)spatial questions; nonspatial questions​
C)long questions; short questions​
D)short questions; long questions​

Question 49

​The memory for the development of motor skills is termed ____.

A)priming
B)explicit memory​
C)procedural memory​
D)declarative memory​

Question 50

​H.M.was able to learn and remember ____.

A)people's names
B)how to find his way to a new residence​
C)skills like mazes and puzzles​
D)events in recent history​

Question 51

​Which type of memory is MOST impaired by damage to the hippocampus?

A)short-term memory
B)​implicit memory
C)​episodic memory
D)procedural memory

Question 52

​The delayed response task requires responding to something that you saw or heard ____.

A)in the distant past
B)​a short while ago
C)​right at that time
D)in a meaningful way

Question 53

​What area of the brain is particularly important for coding spatial information?

A)hippocampus
B)hypothalamus​
C)pons​
D)reticular formation​

Question 54

​Procedural memory is to ____ as declarative memory is to ____.

A)jogging; walking
B)reading; writing​
C)carrying on a conversation; listening to the radio​
D)juggling; explaining the sequence of moves in juggling​

Question 55

​Which of the following accurately describes H.M.'s memory problems?

A)impaired short-term memory, but not long-term memory
B)impaired procedural memory, but not declarative memory​
C)impaired explicit memory, but not implicit memory​
D)impaired personal memories, but not impersonal memories​

Question 56

​After his surgery,H.M.had the most difficulty with ____.

A)learning new procedural tasks
B)​remembering events long before the surgery
C)​being able to define new English words
D)IQ tests

Question 57

​Retrograde amnesia is to ____ as anterograde amnesia is to ____.

A)temporary loss of memory; permanent loss of memory
B)​loss of short-term memory; loss of long-term memory
C)​inability to form new memories; loss of memory for old events
D)loss of memory for old events; inability to form new memories

Question 58

​Hippocampal damage has the greatest effect on ____.

A)the delayed match-to-sample task when the same two objects are used repeatedly
B)​the delayed match-to-sample task when the two objects are continuously changed
C)​the delayed nonmatch-to-sample task when the same two objects are used repeatedly
D)procedural memory

Question 59

​____ is an influence of recent experience on behavior,even if one does not recognize that influence.

A)Priming
B)Explicit memory​
C)Procedural memory​
D)Implicit memory​

Question 60

​The patient H.M.suffered severe memory disorders following a surgical operation that removed the ____.

A)corpus callosum
B)hippocampus​
C)lateral interpositus nucleus and hypothalamus​
D)prefrontal cortex and dorsomedial thalamus​

Question 61

​What type of deficiency causes Korsakoff's syndrome?

A)thiamine
B)protein​
C)sodium​
D)calcium​

Question 62

​A rat with hippocampal damage has difficulty with the Morris water maze because it ____.

A)loses its motivation to find the platform
B)cannot remember how to swim​
C)has difficulty remembering where the platform is from trial to trial​
D)develops a water phobia​

Question 63

In some cases of Alzheimer's disease that run in families,the cause of the disease appears to involve which gene(s)?

A)a gene on the X chromosome
B)a gene on the Y chromosome​
C)a series of genes on chromosome 4​
D)genes on several different chromosomes​

Question 64

​If people with Down syndrome live long enough,they almost invariably develop ____.

A)Korsakoff's syndrome
B)​Parkinson's disease
C)​Huntington's disease
D)Alzheimer's disease

Question 65

​As with Korsakoff's patients,Alzheimer's patients have impairments in ____ memory,but are relatively unimpaired in ____ memory.

A)short-term; long-term
B)​implicit; explicit
C)​procedural; declarative
D)declarative; procedural

Question 66

​A rat is placed in a radial maze in which it has already been trained for many trials.As compared to rats without damage to their hippocampus,rats with damage are more likely to ____.

A)enter an alley at random
B)​fail to eat the food they find
C)​enter one of the correct alleys repeatedly
D)enter an alley that is never correct

Question 67

​Damage to the ____ produces symptoms similar to Korsakoff's syndrome.

A)prefrontal cortex
B)basal ganglia​
C)occipital cortex​
D)precentral gyrus​

Question 68

​What memory impairments are found in patients with Korsakoff's syndrome?

A)only anterograde amnesia
B)​only retrograde amnesia
C)​anterograde and retrograde amnesia
D)neither anterograde nor retrograde amnesia

Question 69

​Individuals with Korsakoff's syndrome are similar to people with damage to the ____.

A)amygdala
B)prefrontal cortex​
C)hippocampus​
D)hypothalamus​

Question 70

​A rat must swim through murky water to find a rest platform that is just under the surface in the ____.

A)radial maze
B)Morris water maze​
C)configurable learning task​
D)delayed matching-to-sample task​

Question 71

​When prompted with cues,Korsakoff's victims can often produce words from lists they saw but claim to have never seen.This exemplifies what kind of memory?

A)reference
B)​procedural
C)​implicit
D)explicit

Question 72

​Most Korsakoff's victims have a loss or shrinkage of neurons throughout the brain,especially in the ____.

A)cingulate gyrus
B)occipital lobe​
C)dorsomedial thalamus​
D)cerebellum​

Question 73

​The hippocampus is especially important for which kind of memory?

A)procedural
B)episodic​
C)short-term​
D)implicit​

Question 74

​What memory task would a typical patient with Korsakoff's syndrome be able to do without difficulty?

A)recalling the temporal order of events
B)remembering someone he or she met in the past week​
C)an implicit memory task​
D)an explicit memory task​

Question 75

​Korsakoff's patients best remember a list of short sentences by ____.

A)reading and rereading them
B)testing themselves on each sentence before going on to the next​
C)creating an elaborate story integrating the content of the sentences​
D)relating each sentence to a past personal experience​

Question 76

​A distinctive symptom of Korsakoff's syndrome is ____.

A)tremors
B)​dementia
C)​memory loss
D)confabulation

Question 77

​What is confabulation?

A)confusing a made-up answer as a memory of an actual experience
B)​having the two sides of the body working antagonistically
C)​confusing procedural memory for declarative memory
D)remembering names, but being unable to put them with a face

Question 78

​There is compelling evidence for the role of the hippocampus in ____ memory.

A)short term
B)​implicit
C)​spatial
D)auditory

Question 79

​Researchers have found that different species of birds differ in terms of how much they depend on food they have stored to get through the winter.What factor is related to depending on and finding stored food?

A)overall brain size
B)relative size of the cortex​
C)relative size of the amygdala​
D)relative size of the hippocampus​

Question 80

​Korsakoff's patients and Alzheimer's patients have better memory for ____.

A)recent events than events of the remote past
B)what is happening at a given moment than general principles​
C)skills than facts​
D)verbal information than visual information​