Deck 13: Cognitive Functions

Question 1

Most left-handers have left-hemisphere dominance for speech

Answer 1

True

Question 2

When heterosexual men were given oxytocin or a placebo prior to meeting an attractive woman,the oxytocin had no effect on single men,but it caused those in a monogamous relationship to stand farther away.​

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Most people use only one hemisphere for most tasks.​

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The left hemisphere is connected to skin receptors mainly on the ____ half of the body,and controls muscles mainly on the ____ side of the body.​

A)left; right
B)​left; left
C)​right; left
D)right; right

Question 5

When a woman in a persistent vegetative state was told to imagine playing tennis,an fMRI of her brain showed increased activity in motor areas of her cortex,similar to what healthy volunteers showed.​

Question 6

The left and right hemispheres exchange information through a set of axons called the corpus callosum.

Question 7

Language studies with bonobos suggest that they can understand more than they can produce.​

Question 8

In relation to their interests,aptitudes,and skills,people are either predominantly right-hemisphere or left-hemisphere.​

Question 9

The left hemisphere appears to be specialized for language before language develops.​

Question 10

Normally,a split-brain patient should be able to name an object flashed to the left visual field.​

Question 11

Observations of people with Williams syndrome indicate that language is not simply a by-product of overall intelligence.​

Question 12

Most of the information passing from one hemisphere to the other does so by passing through which structure?​

A)cerebellum
B)​inferior colliculus
C)​corpus callosum
D)massa intermedia

Question 13

The brain has ____ control of the facial muscles.​

A)ipsilateral
B)​contralateral
C)​bilateral
D)mixed

Question 14

Nearly all current philosophers and neuroscientists reject monism.​

Question 15

In most humans,control of language is centered in the ____.​

A)left hemisphere
B)​right hemisphere
C)​corpus callosum
D)cerebellum

Question 16

Wernicke's aphasia is primarily a problem of speech production.​

Question 17

The left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex is connected to skin receptors and muscles mainly on the right side of the body.​

Question 18

the right hemisphere is dominant for recognizing both pleasant and unpleasant emotions in others.​

Question 19

In most people,the right hemisphere is dominant for speech.

Question 20

Auditory information is sent to the ____.​

A)ipsilateral hemisphere only
B)​contralateral hemisphere only
C)​ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres equally
D)contralateral hemisphere more than the ipsilateral hemisphere

Question 21

A split-brain patient sees something in her left visual field,and must reach behind a screen and select the object from a group of objects.She will select the object correctly with ____.​

A)the left hand
B)​the right hand
C)​either hand
D)neither hand

Question 22

A condition in which brain neurons have repeated episodes of excessive,synchronized activity is called ____.​

A)dyslexia
B)​epilepsy
C)​hippocampal commissure
D)Broca's aphasia

Question 23

Damage to the left hemisphere is more likely than right hemisphere damage to impair which ability?​

A)understanding the meaning of language
B)​understanding that someone is joking when they speak
C)​producing facial expressions of emotion
D)understanding other people's facial expressions

Question 24

If a split-brain patient sees the word "sky" in his left visual field and the word "scraper" in his right visual field,which picture will he draw with the left hand?​

A)the sky only
B)​the scraper only
C)​a sky and a scraper, separately
D)a skyscraper

Question 25

Split-brain patients suffer ____.​

A)little or no impairment of overall intellectual performance
B)​a lack of motor control
C)​sensation deficits
D)memory deficits

Question 26

In order for a split-brain patient to name something,he must see it ____.​

A)with the left eye
B)​with the right eye
C)​in the left visual field
D)in the right visual field

Question 27

Several months after split-brain surgery,the number of incidents of conflicts between the two hemispheres diminishes because ____.​

A)portions of the corpus callosum grow back
B)​the right hemisphere begins to control all body muscles
C)​the hemispheres learn ways of cooperating with each other
D)the cerebellum assumes the former functions of the corpus callosum

Question 28

The point of origin of an epileptic seizure is called the ____.​

A)scope
B)​target
C)​focus
D)heart

Question 29

Which task are split-brain patients likely to perform better than other people?​

A)tying their shoes
B)​unfamiliar tasks
C)​completing an intelligence test
D)using both hands simultaneously to draw separate shapes

Question 30

Lateralization refers to the ____.​

A)formation of the sulci and gyri in the cortex
B)​functional asymmetries of the brain
C)​slow rate of maturation in forebrain structures
D)physical changes that occur in neurons as learning takes place

Question 31

Control of the emotional content of speech depends on ____.​

A)the right hemisphere
B)​the left hemisphere
C)​both hemispheres equally
D)the corpus callosum

Question 32

Which self-contradiction occurs in people who have had their corpus callosum cut?​

A)saying they are not hungry while eating
B)​saying they do not know the answer while pointing it out with the left hand
C)​writing with one hand but not being able to write with the other
D)suddenly changing from a manic state to depression

Question 33

A small vertical strip down the center of each retina connects to ____.​

A)the right hemisphere only
B)​the left hemisphere only
C)​both hemispheres
D)neither hemisphere

Question 34

A split-brain patient who sees something in his left visual field can point to it with the ____.​

A)left hand but cannot name it
B)​right hand but cannot name it
C)​left hand and can name it
D)right hand and can name it

Question 35

Damage to the human left optic nerve before it crosses the optic chiasm would result in the loss of vision in the ____.​

A)left eye
B)​right eye
C)​right visual field
D)left visual field

Question 36

Damage to the optic nerve after it had crossed in the optic chiasm would result in the loss of vision in the ____.​

A)contralateral eye
B)​ipsilateral eye
C)​contralateral visual field
D)ipsilateral visual field

Question 37

Generally speaking,drugs used to treat epilepsy work by ____.​

A)enhancing the effects of GABA
B)​causing apoptosis
C)​preventing the sodium-potassium pump from working
D)relaxing the cell membrane

Question 38

Damage to the corpus callosum prevents ____.​

A)hallucinations
B)​release of pituitary hormones
C)​the exchange of information between the two hemispheres
D)the exchange of information between pre- and postsynaptic membranes

Question 39

A split-brain patient is someone who has had their ____.​

A)corpus callosum severed
B)​cerebellum severed
C)​frontal lobe separated from the rest of the cortex
D)cerebral cortex separated from the rest of the brain

Question 40

After damage to the right hemisphere,many people suffer what kind of loss?​

A)control of the muscles on the right side of the body
B)​control of hunger and thirst
C)​ability to remember the names of objects
D)ability to recognize emotional facial expressions

Question 41

What can we learn about human language abilities from the studies of nonhuman language abilities?

A)Language is totally limited to humans.
B)The only important language advantage of humans is in our vocal apparatus.
C)​We may gain some insights into how best to teach language to those who do not learn it easily.
D)Language is indistinguishable from the forms of communication that other species use.

Question 42

Noam Chomsky and Steven Pinker proposed that humans have a ____.​

A)language synthesizer
B)​language stimulus apparatus
C)​language acquisition device
D)grammatical articulation device

Question 43

Studies of nonhuman language abilities call attention to the ____.​

A)ability of many species to learn language
B)​close relationship between language and classical conditioning
C)​difficulty of defining language
D)close relationship between language and brain size

Question 44

Children with Williams syndrome are characterized by ____.​

A)good language abilities despite low overall intelligence
B)​loss of language abilities at approximately four years of age
C)​problems creating grammatical sentences
D)a specific impairment of vocabulary

Question 45

Which task would people with Williams syndrome typically perform?​

A)estimating the length of a bus
B)​imagining the bus route to school
C)​drawing a bus
D)singing "wheels on the bus"

Question 46

The training of Kanzi differed from the earlier language studies using other chimpanzees in that Kanzi ____.​

A)observed his mother being trained while he was an infant
B)​was given food reinforcements for associating arbitrary symbols with meanings
C)​was given only verbal praise
D)was raised from birth in a human family, in total isolation from other animals

Question 47

The nonhuman species that has made the most spectacular progress toward learning to communicate by an approximation of human language is the ____.​

A)common chimpanzee
B)​bonobo chimpanzee
C)​gorilla
D)dolphin

Question 48

The language of children with Williams syndrome is ____.​

A)comparable to children with other forms of intellectual disability
B)​a byproduct of their intelligence
C)​comparable to that of a normal adult's second language
D)impossible to understand

Question 49

People with right-hemisphere damage have particular trouble with tasks that require ____.​

A)understanding sentences with a complex grammatical structure
B)​spatial processing
C)​control of the right hand
D)memory of recent events

Question 50

A paradoxical characteristic of children with Williams syndrome is that they ____.​

A)seem mentally disabled during childhood but develop into above average intelligence adults
B)​can write, but cannot read what they just finished writing
C)​show a better memory after a delay than they show immediately after an event has occurred
D)have very large vocabularies, but cannot learn simple skills

Question 51

The inborn mechanism for learning language is called the ____.​

A)language acquisition device
B)​poverty of the stimulus argument
C)​speech synthesizer
D)grammatical articulation device

Question 52

Language studies with bonobo chimpanzees suggest that they ____.​

A)cannot learn language as well as common chimpanzees
B)​use symbols in the wild to communicate with each other
C)​comprehend spoken language comparable to that of a two-year-old child
D)can write as well as a two-year-old child

Question 53

One characteristic of the brains of people with Williams syndrome is ____.​

A)a larger than normal right hemisphere, but smaller than normal left hemisphere
B)​a larger than normal left hemisphere, but smaller than normal right hemisphere
C)​less than normal overall mass in the cerebral cortex
D)a greatly diminished limbic system

Question 54

The planum temporale is located in the ____.​

A)frontal lobe
B)​parietal lobe
C)​temporal lobe
D)occipital lobe

Question 55

What is the apparent relationship between language abilities and other intellectual abilities?​

A)Impairments in either results in impairments in the other.
B)​It is possible to have good language and poor intelligence, but not the reverse.
C)​It is possible to have good intelligence and poor language, but not the reverse. 
D)Either can be impaired independently of the other. 

Question 56

People with full sized brains and normal intelligence ____.​

A)always have normal language
B)​usually have normal language, but may not
C)​have the greatest brain to IQ ratio
D)have the largest index fingers

Question 57

People with Williams syndrome tend to do as well as normal people on tasks that involve ____.​

A)copying pictures
B)​adding numbers
C)​verbal descriptions
D)naming unfamiliar objects

Question 58

The____ has made the most spectacular progress toward learning to communicate by an approximation of human language.​

A)common chimpanzee
B)​bonobo chimpanzee
C)​gorilla
D)dolphin

Question 59

Which statement is true of left-handed individuals?​

A)They are more likely to learn sign-language.
B)​They are less likely to be left-hemisphere dominant for speech production.
C)​They use both hemispheres equally well for speech production.
D)They are more likely to stutter.

Question 60

Studies of nonhuman language abilities seem to indicate that human language may have evolved from a precursor that was probably ____.​

A)present only in human ancestors
B)​a byproduct of total brain size
C)​present in the ancient ancestor from which humans and bonobos evolved
D)a single gene mutation

Question 61

Someone with Broca's aphasia is least likely to use ____.​

A)prepositions and conjunctions
B)​adjectives and adverbs
C)​nouns
D)verbs

Question 62

Language comprehension in people with Broca's aphasia resembles that of someone who is ____.​

A)shy about speaking in public
B)​suffering from bipolar disorder
C)​highly distracted
D)starting to learn a foreign language

Question 63

Deaf children who do not learn any language by the time they enter school ____.​

A)can still learn English, but not sign language 
B)​can still learn sign language, but not English 
C)​will never develop much skill at any language 
D)can master any language at any time

Question 64

A loss of language ability,in general,is referred to as ____.​

A)apraxia
B)​dyslexia
C)​aphasia
D)anomia

Question 65

People with Broca's aphasia speak meaningfully but ____.​

A)do so without feeling
B)​do so in a monotone
C)​omit pronouns, tense, and number endings
D)omit nouns and verbs

Question 66

Someone suffering from Wernicke's aphasia has difficulty ____.​

A)articulating speech
B)​reading aloud
C)​understanding speech
D)using prepositions and conjunctions

Question 67

A stroke patient speaks in short,inarticulate but meaningful phrases such as "Weather hot" and "Dog bite man." This person is probably suffering from ____.​

A)Broca's aphasia
B)​Wernicke's aphasia
C)​Williams syndrome
D)apraxia

Question 68

One way to test the hypothesis that people are biologically adapted to learn best during a critical period is to ____.​

A)compare the vocabularies of children and adults 
B)​determine whether people learn a second language better than a first language
C)​determine whether people learn a second language if they start at various ages
D)compare the grammar use of children and adults

Question 69

The comprehension of language in people with Broca's aphasia is ____.​

A)completely normal
B)​poor for nouns, but fine for prepositions and conjunctions
C)​similar to that of normal people who are just highly distracted
D)better than average

Question 70

A person with Broca's aphasia ____.​

A)has lost total knowledge of grammar
B)​has lost total knowledge of use of verbs
C)​recognizes that something is wrong with grammatically incorrect sentences
D)insists that his or her utterances are grammatically correct and that other people are wrong

Question 71

Broca's area is located in the ____.​

A)left parietal lobe
B)​left frontal lobe
C)​right temporal lobe
D)right occipital lobe

Question 72

Prepositions,conjunctions,helping verbs,and so forth are known as the ____ of grammatical forms.​

A)fluent class
B)​fixed class
C)​open class
D)closed class

Question 73

Someone with Broca's aphasia has the greatest difficulty ____.​

A)understanding spoken language
B)​understanding written language
C)​remembering the names of objects
D)speaking

Question 74

Noam Chomsky and other advocates of the language acquisition device argue that humans ____.​

A)are incapable of learning language
B)​are born with language
C)​learn language through classical conditioning
D)are no different in language capabilities than gorillas

Question 75

Nonfluent aphasia,in which the victim is unable to speak fluently,is due to brain damage that includes ____.​

A)Broca's area
B)​the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe 
C)​Wernicke's area
D)the corpus callosum

Question 76

Research with deaf children suggests that it is essential to ____.​

A)learn any language when you are young if you do not want to be forever disadvantaged
B)​learn language through reinforcements for correct usage
C)​be able to hear language if you are to learn sign language
D)learn spoken language before sign language

Question 77

The major differences that exist between adults and children in learning a second language are that adults are ____.​

A)better at the vocabulary, but worse at pronunciation
B)​better at the pronunciation, but worse at the vocabulary
C)​better at both pronunciation and vocabulary
D)worse than children in all aspects of language

Question 78

The strongest evidence for a critical period for human language development is the ____.​

A)exceptional language abilities of children with Williams syndrome
B)​different lateralization of first language and second language
C)​differences in language between Broca's aphasia and Wernicke's aphasia
D)difficulty deaf children have learning sign language if they start late

Question 79

A person with Broca's aphasia would have the most difficulty saying which phrase?​

A)The boy is chasing a tall girl.
B)​No ifs, ands, or buts.
C)​The general commands the army.
D)Two bee oar knot two bee.

Question 80

Wernicke discovered that damage to the ____ cortex produced language impairment.​

A)right temporal
B)​left temporal
C)​right frontal
D)left frontal