Deck 14: Psychological Disorders

Question 1

A drug that blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter is called a(n)____.​

A)agonist
B)​antagonist
C)​depressant
D)protagonist

Answer 1

​antagonist

Question 2

A drug that mimics or increases the effects of a neurotransmitter is called a(n)____.​

A)agonist
B)​antagonist
C)​stimulant
D)protagonist

Answer 2

agonist

Question 3

Exposure to bright lights is one effective treatment for SAD.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

After a long period of abstinence,exposure to cues associated with the substance are very unlikely to trigger a renewed craving.​

Question 5

A drug that blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter is a(n)____; a drug that mimics or increases the effects is a(n)____.​

A)neuromodulator; synergist
B)​agonist; antagonist
C)​depressant; stimulant
D)antagonist; agonist

Question 6

Which effect would be considered to be antagonistic?​

A)blocking the synthesis of neurotransmitters
B)​stimulating the release of neurotransmitters
C)​blocking the reuptake of neurotransmitters
D)interfering with the breakdown of neurotransmitters

Question 7

The first successful treatment for bipolar disorder,and still the most common one,is lithium salts.

Question 8

​Which effect would be considered to be agonistic?

A)blocking the synthesis of neurotransmitters
B)​stimulating the release of neurotransmitters
C)​blocking the postsynaptic receptors
D)mimicking enzymes that breakdown neurotransmitters

Question 9

Atypical antipsychotics are effective in treating only the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.

Question 10

Less than 5% of mothers who have children with autism have antibodies that attack certain brain proteins.​

Question 11

Studies of the genetics of addiction have implicated the gene that controls COMT,an enzyme that breaks down norepinephrine.​

Question 12

Medications like Antabuse combat alcohol abuse by blocking opiate receptors and thereby decrease the pleasure from alcohol.​

Question 13

Autism spectrum disorder encompasses both autism and what used to be called Asperger's syndrome.​

Question 14

Symptoms of marijuana withdrawal include anxiety,sweating,vomiting,and diarrhea.

Question 15

Most depressed people have decreased activity in the left and increased activity in the right prefrontal cortex.

Question 16

Simply imaging something pleasant is not sufficient to stimulate the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens; the event must actually be experienced.​

Question 17

Many fad treatments for autism spectrum disorders make the parents feel good that they are trying something,but otherwise,they are a waste of time and money.​

Question 18

Addictive drugs strongly activate the nucleus accumbens by releasing dopamine or norepinephrine there.

Question 19

The ventricles are larger than normal in people with schizophrenia.

Question 20

Antidepressant drugs have effects at the synapse within hours,but may take weeks to change behavior.

Question 21

About 12% of the mothers of children who have autism spectrum disorders have ____.​

A)a family history of autism spectrum disorders
B)​antibodies that attack certain brain proteins
C)​extremely low levels of folic acid
D)a history of heavy alcohol use during pregnancy

Question 22

​To say that a drug has an affinity for a particular type of receptor is to imply that the drug ____.

A)breaks down neurotransmitter chemicals at that receptor site
B)​will always excite the postsynaptic receptor
C)​will always inhibit the postsynaptic receptor
D)binds to that receptor

Question 23

​An insistent search for the substance or activity to which the individual is addicted is called ____.

A)tolerance
B)​craving
C)​withdrawal
D)abstinence​

Question 24

Which drug is used in the treatment of alcoholism to block opiate receptors and thus reduce the pleasure from alcohol?​

A)Antabuse
B)​naloxone
C)​LAAM
D)methodone

Question 25

People with Type II (Type B)alcoholism ____.​

A)have rapid onset alcoholism
B)​have few symptoms prior to middle age
C)​are typically female
D)experience few problems as a result of their alcoholism

Question 26

​Which neurotransmitter has been repeatedly connected with addictive drugs?

A)epinephrine
B)​acetylcholine
C)​serotonin
D)dopamine

Question 27

Studies of individuals at high risk of alcoholism show that ____.​

A)sons of alcoholics show more than average intoxication after drinking a moderate amount of alcohol
B)​daughters of alcoholics show less than average intoxication after drinking a moderate amount of alcohol
C)​alcohol paradoxically increases stress for sons of alcoholics rather than decreasing it
D)alcohol decreases stress more for sons of alcoholics than it does for others

Question 28

As the body comes to expect the drug under certain circumstances,it reacts strongly when the drug is absent,a reaction known as ____.​

A)tolerance
B)​craving
C)​withdrawal
D)abstinence

Question 29

Several studies on the role of genetics in autism have focused on ____ -enzymes that regulate the repair and replication of DNA and the production of certain types of RNA​

A)topoisomerases
B)​proteases
C)​lipases
D)hydrolases

Question 30

A key gene in addiction controls COMT,an enzyme that breaks down ____ after its release.​

A)serotonin
B)​norepinephrine
C)​dopamine
D)GABA

Question 31

Attempts to identify individual genes associated with addiction have found ____.​

A)many genes, each with a small effect
B)​a small number of genes with limited cumulative effects
C)​many genes, each with a substantial effect
D)a small number of genes with substantial cumulative effects

Question 32

Studies of the genetics of autism spectrum disorders indicate that ____.​

A)many cases result from new mutations or microdeletions in any of a number of genes
B)​a small number of genes appear to be involved in autism spectrum disorders
C)​most mutations and deletions implicated in autism spectrum disorders are inherited from mothers
D)very young maternal age and very young paternal age independently increase the risk of autism spectrum disorders

Question 33

​The brain area most often linked to drug addiction is the ____.

A)nucleus accumbens
B)​whole limbic system
C)​frontal lobes
D)brain stem

Question 34

Which drug is viewed as a less potentially harmful substitute for heroin and is taken orally every day?​

A) Antabuse
B) ​naloxone
C)​ methodone

Question 35

A common drug to treat alcoholism that produces illness after consuming alcohol is ____.​

A)Antabuse
B)​naloxone
C)​LAAM
D)methodone

Question 36

​As an addiction develops,many of its effects,especially the enjoyable effects,decrease,a phenomenon known as____.

A)tolerance
B)craving
C)withdrawal
D)abstinence

Question 37

Which drug is used in the treatment of opiate addiction and has the advantage of producing a long-lasting effect so that the person visits a clinic three times a week instead of daily?​

A)Antabuse
B)​naloxone
C)​LAAM
D)methodone

Question 38

Women who take folic acid pills during pregnancy have about ____ the probability of having a child with autism as compared to other women.​

A)one-tenth
B)​half
C)​twice
D)ten times

Question 39

​With respect to drug effects,"efficacy" means the tendency of a drug to ____.

A)have inhibitory effects
B)​have excitatory effects
C)​attach to a receptor
D)activate a receptor

Question 40

Worldwide,the median incidence estimate for autism spectrum disorders is about one in ____.​

A)60
B)​160
C)​260
D)600

Question 41

The use of electroconvulsive shock declined in the 1950s because ____.​

A)legal concerns arose with its use as a therapy
B)​a new theory of depression called the treatment into question
C)​antidepressant drugs became available
D)a federal report concluded that it was almost never effective

Question 42

As compared to non-depressed people,depressed individuals ____.​

A)have greater unpleasant events
B)​react worse to unpleasant events
C)​have fewer pleasant experiences
D)react more to pleasant experiences

Question 43

Which category of antidepressant drugs operates by blocking the transporter proteins that reabsorb serotonin,dopamine,and norepinephrine into the presynaptic neuron after their release?​

A)tricyclics
B)​MAOIs
C)​selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
D)atypical antidepressants

Question 44

In certain cases,it is possible to relieve depression by changing a person's ____.​

A)sleeping schedule
B)​eating schedule
C)​exercise schedule
D)self-grooming habits

Question 45

Which category of antidepressant drugs operates by blocking the enzyme that metabolizes catecholamines and serotonin into inactive forms?​

A)tricyclics
B)​MAOIs
C)​selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
D)atypical antidepressants

Question 46

On average,those with the short form of the ____ transporter gene and a history of stressful experiences reported more than average symptoms of depression.​

A)acetylcholine
B)​dopamine
C)​serotonin 
D)calcium

Question 47

The primary symptoms of autism spectrum disorders include ____.​

A)deficits in social exchanges
B)​severe intellectual disabilities
C)​excessive, unwavering eye contact
D)extremely powerful memory skills

Question 48

Which autism treatment is most widely used?​

A)the use of first generation antipsychotics
B)​increase action potential velocity
C)​dietary modifications such as elimination of sugar or food dyes
D)the use of chelation to remove heavy metals from the blood

Question 49

Most depressed people show ____ activity in the ____ prefrontal cortex.​

A)increased; left
B)​decreased; left
C)​decreased; right
D)increased; right and left

Question 50

Which is true when considering the role of genetics in depression?​

A)Late-onset depression has higher heritability than early-onset depression.
B)​Depression in males runs in families, depression in females does not.
C)​Adopted children who become depressed are more likely to have depressed biological relatives than depressed adoptive relatives.
D)Adopted children who become depressed are more likely to have depressed adoptive relatives than depressed biological relatives.

Question 51

One potentially dangerous side effect of St.John's wort is that it ____.​

A)increases the effectiveness of other medications the person may be taking
B)​decreases the effectiveness of other medications the person may be taking
C)​prevents the reuptake of serotonin
D)raises blood pressure after the person eats tyramine-rich food

Question 52

In contrast to tricyclics,selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)____.​

A)block reuptake of both catecholamines and serotonin
B)​increase action potential velocity
C)​block the reuptake of only serotonin
D)act on the left hemisphere while tricyclics act on the right

Question 53

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is similar to ECT in that ____.​

A)both deal with magnetic stimulation
B)​both increase the frequency of action potentials
C)​both are effective in alleviating depression and no one knows why
D)neither requires patient consent

Question 54

People with late-onset depression are more likely than other people to have relatives with which type of disorder?

A)diabetes
B)​circulatory problems
C)​mental retardation
D)skin diseases

Question 55

____ is a treatment for depression that electrically induces a seizure.​

A)Electromagnetic therapy
B)​Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
C)​Electroconvulsive shock therapy 
D)Transcranial magnetic stimulation

Question 56

The most common side effect of electroconvulsive shock therapy is ____.​

A)dry mouth and blurred vision
B)​damage to the frontal lobes
C)​memory loss
D)high probability of broken bones during the treatment

Question 57

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors operate similarly to ____.​

A)tricyclics
B)​MAOIs
C)​Antabuse
D)L-Dopa

Question 58

Electroconvulsive therapy is sometimes recommended for patients with strong suicidal tendencies because it ____.​

A)produces its benefits faster
B)​does not impair memory
C)​produces permanent, not temporary, relief
D)is based on a theory, not just trial and error discoveries

Question 59

Which symptoms are the most likely side effects of tricyclic antidepressants?​

A)increased reaction to eating cheese
B)​nausea and headaches
C)​drowsiness and dry mouth
D)cramping and diarrhea

Question 60

What can be said about treatment for autism spectrum disorders?​

A)While drugs like risperidone can be used to reduce stereotyped behaviors, they have a risk of dangerous side-effects.
B)​The use of stimulant drugs may increase social behavior and communication.
C)​New treatments, including chelation, appear to have great promise.
D)Use of the high fat, ketogenic diet used for some children with intractable epilepsy, appears helpful.

Question 61

What do the drugs valproate and carbamazepine share in common with lithium?​

A)They are used to treat schizophrenia.
B)​They block the synthesis of arachidonic acid.
C)​They inhibit GABA.
D)They are 100% effective in treating bipolar disorder.

Question 62

____ was originally called dementia praecox.​

A)Bipolar disorder
B)​Schizophrenia
C)​Dissociative identity disorder
D)Huntington's disease

Question 63

A delusion is a(n)____.​

A)sensory experience that does not correspond to reality
B)​inability to understand abstract concepts
C)​unfounded belief
D)loss of memory for part of one's past

Question 64

Bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder differ with regard to ____.​

A)how many relatives also have the condition
B)​how rapidly the cycles occur
C)​whether they include full-blown manic phases
D)whether they develop suddenly at an early age or gradually at a later age

Question 65

One of the main problems with schizophrenia is ____ that result from abnormal interactions between the cortex and the thalamus and cerebellum.​

A)speech problem
B)​absent signs of emotion
C)​disordered thoughts
D)delusions

Question 66

What is the difference between positive and negative schizophrenic symptoms?​

A)beneficial behaviors versus harmful behaviors
B)​behaviors that are present versus behaviors that are absent
C)​behaviors that are related to abnormal brain functioning versus those that are not
D)behaviors shown by one personality versus behaviors shown by another

Question 67

What is one of the best treatments for seasonal affective disorder?​

A)bright light
B)​electroconvulsive shock therapy
C)​adrenal hormones
D)dietary changes

Question 68

Where is seasonal affective disorder most common?​

A)in large cities
B)​in small towns and rural areas
C)​in tropical areas
D)near the poles

Question 69

Which disorder is characterized by a deteriorating ability to function in everyday life and some combination of hallucinations,delusions,disorganized speech,and grossly disorganized behavior?

A)bipolar disorder
B)​hypomania
C)​multiple personality
D)schizophrenia

Question 70

Lithium is most commonly prescribed for which disorder?​

A)seasonal affective disorder
B)​endogenous depression
C)​reactive depression
D)bipolar disorder

Question 71

Which of the following characterizes the total brain activity,as measured by the rate of glucose metabolism,in those suffering from mood disorders?​

A)high in both mania and depression
B)​low in both mania and depression
C)​low in mania and high in depression
D)high in mania and low in depression

Question 72

People suffering from seasonal affective disorder are most likely become depressed ____.​

A)after the holidays 
B)​in the fall
C)​in the winter
D)at solstices

Question 73

Similar to depressed patients,bipolar patients may benefit from a change in their ____.​

A)work schedule
B)​roommates
C)​sleep schedule
D)exercise routine

Question 74

Which behavior is most suggestive of schizophrenia?​

A)alternation between one personality and another
B)​outbursts of unprovoked violent behavior toward strangers
C)​deterioration of daily functioning with disorganized speech and behavior
D)episodes of being unable to remember certain events of one's past

Question 75

Hallucinations,delusions,and grossly disorganized behavior are classified as which kind of symptoms?​

A)positive symptoms
B)​neutral symptoms
C)​negative symptoms
D)ambiguous symptoms

Question 76

An example of a "negative symptom" of schizophrenia is ____.​

A)hallucinations
B)​poor emotional expression
C)​delusions
D)thought disorder

Question 77

Dissociative identity disorder was previously known as ____.​

A)multiple personality disorder
B)​schizophrenia
C)​borderline personality disorder
D)bipolar disorder

Question 78

A schizophrenic patient whose main symptoms are lack of emotional expression,lack of social interaction,and lack of speech is suffering from ____.​

A)positive symptoms
B)​negative symptoms
C)​thought disorders
D)delusions

Question 79

Physicians must carefully monitor the dose of lithium they give to bipolar patients because ____.​

A)people develop a tolerance to the drug and must gradually increase their dosage
B)​people develop a sensitivity to the drug and must gradually decrease their dosage
C)​the amount of drug needed to achieve a good effect varies from one time of year to another
​
D)the most beneficial dosage is just less than the dosage that is toxic

Question 80

What Bleuler meant by schizophrenia was a split between ____ and ____ aspects of experience.​

A)emotional; behavioral
B)​emotional; realistic
C)​intellectual; behavioral
D)emotional; intellectual