Deck 12: The Global Economy

Question 1

Horticulture is defined as:

A) food production involving the domestication of animals.
B) cultivation involving permanent cultivation of the land.
C) practicing farming involving mechanization.
D) subsistence based on hunting, fishing, and gathering.
E) cultivation strategy with nonintensive use of land and labor.

Answer 1

cultivation strategy with nonintensive use of land and labor.

Question 2

According to the text, ________ is a primary commodity exported from Côte d'Ivoire.

A) sisal
B) tea
C) peanuts
D) cocoa
E) bananas

Answer 2

cocoa

Question 3

Humans first began to produce food approximately:

A) 1,000 years ago.
B) 200,000 years ago.
C) 100 AD.
D) 11,000 years ago.
E) 2000 BC.

Answer 3

11,000 years ago.

Question 4

The ________ is composed of strategies for production, distribution, and consumption of goods.

A) economy
B) capital
C) commodity
D) core
E) outsource

Question 5

Leveling mechanism can be described as:

A) aims to build social relationships, with an obligation that the object returned will be of proportional value.
B) a form of exchange in which goods are collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern.
C) practices that reallocate resources among a group to maximize collective good.
D) exchanges that are made through bonds of affection, including among kin, without the expectation that they will be repaid in kind.
E) a pattern of exchange in which the parties seek to receive more than they give.

Question 6

Generalized reciprocity can be described as:

A) aims to build social relationships, with an obligation that the object returned will be of proportional value.
B) a form of exchange in which goods are collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern.
C) practices that reallocate resources among a group to maximize collective good.
D) exchanges that are made through bonds of affection, including among kin, without the expectation that they will be repaid in kind.
E) a pattern of exchange in which the parties seek to receive more than they give.

Question 7

The process of transhumance involves:

A) slashing and burning vegetation from land.
B) moving livestock seasonally between different environments.
C) construction of terraces and channels.
D) occupational specialization and specialists including stone cutters.
E) establishment of permanent settlements.

Question 8

Among other changes that occur with the transition to intensive agriculture:

A) population sizes tend to decrease.
B) peasants' surpluses are transferred to the dominant elite.
C) a more egalitarian lifestyle emerges.
D) populations became less sedentary.
E) trade tends to occur at the local level rather than at the long-distance level.

Question 9

Negative reciprocity can be described as:

A) aims to build social relationships, with an obligation that the object returned will be of proportional value.
B) a form of exchange in which goods are collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern.
C) practices that reallocate resources among a group to maximize collective good.
D) exchanges that are made through bonds of affection, including among kin, without the expectation that they will be repaid in kind.
E) a pattern of exchange in which the parties seek to receive more than they give.

Question 10

Pastoralism is defined as:

A) food production involving the domestication of animals.
B) cultivation involving permanent cultivation of the land.
C) practicing farming involving mechanization.
D) subsistence based on hunting, fishing, and gathering.
E) cultivation strategy with intensive use of land and labor.

Question 11

Redistribution can be described as:

A) aims to build social relationships, with an obligation that the object returned will be of proportional value.
B) a form of exchange in which goods are collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern.
C) practices that reallocate resources among a group to maximize collective good.
D) exchanges that are made through bonds of affection, including among kin, without the expectation that they will be repaid in kind.
E) a pattern of exchange in which the parties seek to receive more than they give.

Question 12

Balanced reciprocity can be described as:

A) aims to build social relationships, with an obligation that the object returned will be of proportional value.
B) a form of exchange in which goods are collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern.
C) practices that reallocate resources among a group to maximize collective good.
D) exchanges that are made through bonds of affection, including among kin, without the expectation that they will be repaid in kind.
E) a pattern of exchange in which the parties seek to receive more than they give.

Question 13

Industrial agriculture is defined as:

A) food production involving the domestication of animals.
B) cultivation involving permanent cultivation of the land.
C) practicing farming involving mechanization.
D) subsistence based on hunting, fishing, and gathering.
E) cultivation strategy with intensive use of land and labor.

Question 14

Investigations of Côte d'Ivoire do not reveal which of the following complex dynamics seen in the global economy?

A) interconnectedness of farmers in Africa with global consumers
B) tensions between nation-states and transnational corporations
C) commodity chains that help to reinforce distinct national territories
D) strategic military interventions to police global economic flows
E) global financial markets affecting producers' compensation and quality of life

Question 15

Foraging is defined as:

A) food production involving the domestication of animals.
B) cultivation involving permanent cultivation of the land.
C) practicing farming involving mechanization.
D) subsistence based on hunting, fishing, and gathering.
E) cultivation strategy with intensive use of land and labor.

Question 16

The number of people who can be supported by the resources of the surrounding region is called:

A) carrying capacity.
B) demographics.
C) bartering.
D) subsistence strategy.
E) overpopulation.

Question 17

Agriculture is defined as:

A) food production involving the domestication of animals.
B) cultivation involving permanent cultivation of the land.
C) practicing farming involving mechanization.
D) subsistence based on hunting, fishing, and gathering.
E) cultivation strategy with intensive use of land and labor.

Question 18

Agriculture developed in all of the following regions, EXCEPT:

A) the Andes.
B) the Fertile Crescent.
C) Mexico.
D) southern Africa.
E) China.

Question 19

Strategies for food production in nonindustrialized societies do NOT include:

A) pastoralism.
B) agriculture.
C) horticulture.
D) swidden farming.
E) foraging.

Question 20

The author associates all of the following problems with industrialized agriculture, EXCEPT:

A) chemical fertilizers and pesticides pose dangers to workers and to local water resources.
B) genetic engineering makes crops more susceptible to harsh weather and pests in the long term.
C) often fewer calories are used to produce food than the food provides when consumed.
D) industrial agriculture requires extremely high-energy input to support machinery and irrigation.
E) food irradiation poses potential safety and health risks.

Question 21

Following independence, many former colonies experienced:

A) decreases in poverty.
B) rapid economic growth.
C) marked improvement in the standard of living.
D) a need to take on international debt.
E) greater income equality.

Question 22

Development is best defined as:

A) a term used to suggest that poor countries are poor as a result of their relationship to an unbalanced global economic system.
B) a theory that predicts that former colonies would progress along the same lines as the industrialized nations.
C) a strategy by which wealthy nations would spur global economic growth by alleviating poverty by investing in former colonies.
D) a critique that argued that despite the end of colonialism, the underlying economic relations in the global economy had not changed.
E) a continued pattern of unequal economic relations despite the formal end of colonial political and military control.

Question 23

According to the text, many scholars trace the origins of the modern world economic system to:

A) the expansion of the Holy Roman Empire.
B) Columbus's voyage to the New World.
C) the arrival of the Pilgrims in North America.
D) the Crusades.
E) the French settlement of Haiti.

Question 24

Modernization is best defined as:

A) a term used to suggest that poor countries are poor as a result of their relationship to an unbalanced global economic system.
B) a theory that predicts that former colonies would progress along the same lines as the industrialized nations.
C) a strategy by which wealthy nations would spur global economic growth by alleviating poverty by investing in former colonies.
D) a critique that argued that despite the end of colonialism, the underlying economic relations in the global economy had not changed.
E) a continued pattern of unequal economic relations despite the formal end of colonial political and military control.

Question 25

The goods exchanged in the Triangle Trade did not include:

A) fur.
B) people.
C) sugar.
D) cotton.
E) drugs.

Question 26

In the nineteenth century, European nations met at the Berlin Conference to decide how to divide up the lands, resources, and populations of:

A) North and South America.
B) the Caribbean.
C) China and Japan.
D) the Middle East.
E) the continent of Africa.

Question 27

Globally, the movement toward independence from colonizing nations occurred:

A) in the early twenty-first century.
B) in the late 1700s.
C) in the mid-1800s.
D) in the late nineteenth century.
E) in the mid-twentieth century.

Question 28

As described in the textbook, early international trade routes existed between ________ more than two thousand years ago.

A) North America and South America
B) the South Pacific and Hawaii
C) the Middle East and Southeast Asia
D) North America and eastern Africa
E) Central America and the Caribbean

Question 29

In the modern world system, peripheral nations:

A) are industrialized former colonial powers.
B) tend to draw resources from less developed regions and convert them into manufactured goods.
C) serve primarily as sources of raw materials, agricultural products, and cheap labor.
D) typically control the most lucrative economic processes.
E) are characterized by having a high standard of living.

Question 30

Underdevelopment is best defined as:

A) a term used to suggest that poor countries are poor as a result of their relationship to an unbalanced global economic system.
B) a theory that predicts that former colonies would progress along the same lines as the industrialized nations.
C) a strategy by which wealthy nations would spur global economic growth by alleviating poverty by investing in former colonies.
D) a critique that argued that despite the end of colonialism, the underlying economic relations in the global economy had not changed.
E) a continued pattern of unequal economic relations despite the formal end of colonial political and military control.

Question 31

The "Triangle Trade" discussed in the text linked:

A) Asia, Europe, and Africa.
B) Africa, Europe, and the Americas.
C) Asia, Africa, and the Americas.
D) Europe and Africa.
E) Europe and Asia.

Question 32

The notion of the modern world system was developed by:

A) Karl Marx.
B) Immanuel Wallerstein.
C) Adam Smith.
D) John Keynes.
E) Henry Ford.

Question 33

Neocolonialism is best defined as:

A) a term used to suggest that poor countries should reestablish their colonial relationships with wealthy countries.
B) a theory that predicts that former colonies would progress along the same lines as the industrialized nations.
C) a strategy by which wealthy nations would spur global economic growth by alleviating poverty by investing in former colonies.
D) a critique that argued that despite the end of colonialism, the underlying economic relations in the global economy had not changed.
E) a continued pattern of unequal economic relations despite the formal end of colonial political and military control.

Question 34

________ is the commodity most closely associated with early Chinese trade routes.

A) Fur
B) Sugar
C) Salt
D) Silk
E) Slaves

Question 35

Policy planners and national governments did not rely on ________ as routes to progress in former colonies.

A) interest-free loans to the nations of Latin America
B) scientific and technological expertise
C) developing the infrastructure
D) financial assistance from agencies like the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank
E) input from anthropologists and other experts

Question 36

European colonialism was achieved through:

A) creating a new market for goods formerly exported from the Orient.
B) advanced weaponry and military strategies.
C) short-term and equal exchanges with Caribbean islands.
D) cooperation through the governments of Spain and England.
E) policies that created a balance of power between colonizers and the colonized.

Question 37

In the United States, the system of taxation is a form of:

A) redistribution.
B) balanced reciprocity.
C) negative reciprocity.
D) generalized reciprocity.
E) capitalism.

Question 38

Dependency theory is best defined as:

A) a term used to suggest that poor countries are poor as a result of their relationship to an unbalanced global economic system.
B) a theory that predicts that former colonies would progress along the same lines as the industrialized nations.
C) a strategy by which wealthy nations would spur global economic growth by alleviating poverty by investing in former colonies.
D) a critique that argued that despite the end of colonialism, the underlying economic relations in the global economy had not changed.
E) a continued pattern of unequal economic relations despite the formal end of colonial political and military control.

Question 39

Haiti is a significant former colony because:

A) it was the first nation to gain independence from a colonial power.
B) it became the first independent former colony to be ruled by people of African descent.
C) it was the first colony in the Caribbean to gain independence from Portugal.
D) widespread migration from Haiti to Britain occurred after Independence.
E) a film depicting the torture of Haitian nationalists was banned in France.

Question 40

Europeans extrapolated ________ from the New World in order to enter into the Chinese trade routes of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.

A) corn
B) copper
C) gold
D) slaves
E) porcelain

Question 41

In which way(s) has globalization affected the modern world system in the past forty years?

A) There is less predictability in the flow of goods between core and peripheral nations.
B) There are no longer any peripheral nations due to technological changes in manufacturing.
C) More than 80 percent of the world's population now lives in developed nations.
D) Semiperipheral nations have lost their economic power to peripheral nations.
E) The standard of living has declined dramatically in the core nations due to migration.

Question 42

The position that the free market and free trade rather than the state are the main mechanisms for ensuring economic growth is associated with:

A) John Keynes.
B) Adam Smith.
C) Karl Marx.
D) Henry Ford.
E) Immanuel Wallerstein.

Question 43

According to the text, in the contemporary world, global cities are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:

A) a well-developed infrastructure.
B) local transportation and communications systems.
C) a skilled labor force.
D) large-scale industrial manufacturing.
E) advanced communication technology.

Question 44

The text discusses the Tsukiji fish market as an example of a global commodity chain because:

A) one can trace the hands fish pass through in a network that connects previously unconnected people and locations.
B) merchants in Tokyo opted to sell only local produce to make the market more sustainable.
C) it has become the largest tourism attraction in Tokyo.
D) it is a shifting of core and periphery because goods and money are flowing from the periphery to the core.
E) prices for tuna are determined on the New York Stock exchange rather than in Tokyo, with the standardized prices improving the income of Japanese fishermen.

Question 45

The author considers ________ critical for striking a balance with nature.

A) switching from the use of petroleum to solar and power
B) increasing consumption of goods to grow the economy
C) maintaining population growth at current levels
D) reducing the number of nation-states in the globe
E) encouraging more people and nations to purchase on credit

Question 46

Why is understanding the foraging lifestyle so important to economic anthropologists? When did humans first use this adaptive strategy, and how many humans rely on this practice today? What are the primary locations where it is practiced today? What have anthropologists learned about this lifestyle through studies of the Dobe !Kung? Think specifically of the resources and means of obtaining them, settlement patterns, and division of labor.

Question 47

According to the author, what conditions led to the emergence of dependency theory?

A) African scholars argued that industrialized countries were using the land and rain in East Africa to grow crops for export.
B) Anthropologists observed that inadequate natural resources made former colonies across the globe dependent on help from industrialized nations.
C) Latin American scholars observed that the global economy was structured to extract resources from less developed nations and transfer them to industrialized nations.
D) European scholars argued that flows of migrants from the global North to the global South made Europe dependent on immigrants as a labor source.
E) Former colonies became self-sufficient and did not experience underdevelopment.

Question 48

The author discusses that the Chinese restaurant workers who enter the United States through New York:

A) have typically learned English before arriving in the United States, so they do not need English classes.
B) tend to come from larger cities such as Beijing and have experience working in restaurants.
C) save up for years before making the journey, so that they have no debts on arrival.
D) frequently suffer physical and emotional stress as underpaid employees working long hours.
E) have no way of keeping in touch with their families at home.

Question 49

How does tracing the links in the chain as commodities origination in Côte d'Ivoire inform us of the complex dynamics in the global economy? After defining the term commodity chain and identifying the commodities produced and exported from this nation, discuss how the recent history of this former colony illustrates three important dimensions of the global economy.

Question 50

According to the text, ________ is/are a direct cause of global warming.

A) turtle hunting in Honduras
B) the melting ice sheets in the Himalayas
C) the shift to production of organic foods
D) carbon emissions from gas and oil fuels
E) growing manioc in the Amazon

Question 51

Structural adjustment programs are associated with:

A) an increase in the government spending on education and health care.
B) an increase in the state's role in local and international economics.
C) privatization of state-owned enterprises.
D) strict regulation of local labor markets.
E) reduction in Third World debt.

Question 52

Emilio Moran's Anthropological Center for Training and Research aims to:

A) produce sustainable goods to limit use of coal in British factories.
B) train anthropologists to develop advanced technologies for measuring climate change.
C) use anthropological skills to study changing uses of Amazonian fields across time.
D) teach scientists ethnographic skills and methodologies so they can study climate change.
E) interview Himalayans about how they are coping with water shortages.

Question 53

Which of the following does the author identify as a success the global economy has achieved in the past sixty years?

A) School enrollments have more than doubled across the globe.
B) Infant mortality rates have dropped by more than 60 percent.
C) A reduction in poverty: fewer than one million people across the globe go hungry each day.
D) Life expectancy has risen by 50 percent to seventy-eight years in the past century.
E) A decline in child malnutrition resulting in fewer than one million deaths annually.

Question 54

Currently, the world is consuming natural resources at a rate ________ sustainable levels.

A) 25 percent less than
B) 50 percent more than
C) 100 percent less than
D) equal to
E) five hundred times

Question 55

As discussed in the text, all of the following were negative reactions to neoliberalism, EXCEPT:

A) the 1999 anti-World Trade Organization protests in Seattle.
B) Many Latin American nations repaying their International Monetary Fund (IMF) debts and rejecting further aid.
C) protests by European workers to measures that cut their income or standard of living.
D) developing nations' refusal to ratify international treaties that protected farmers in the United States.
E) increased support for government spending on Medicaid and Social Security payments.

Question 56

Neoliberal economic policies:

A) promote state spending on health care to ensure a higher quality of life.
B) increase tariffs and taxes on industry to provide revenue for building the infrastructure.
C) advocate limiting the profits of international corporations.
D) have resulted in an overall improvement in living conditions across the globe.
E) seek to eliminate trade barriers across international boundaries and promote trade.

Question 57

Fordism is best defined as a(n):

A) conservative worldview that sees the free market as the main mechanism for ensuring economic growth.
B) flexible strategy that corporations use to accumulate profits during the era of globalization.
C) universal strategy for exploiting raw materials from colonized nations.
D) model of production based on a social compact between labor, capital, and government.
E) economic worldview that holds that government should play no role in economic growth.

Question 58

As discussed in the text, one of the frictions resulting from the interconnectedness of the global economy is deforestation of the rainforest in:

A) Chiapas, Mexico.
B) Kalimantan, Borneo.
C) Osaka, Japan.
D) Sao Paolo, Brazil.
E) Yunnan, China.

Question 59

________ advanced the position that capitalism works best when the government has a role in moderating the basic welfare of all its citizens.

A) John Keynes
B) Adam Smith
C) Karl Marx
D) Henry Ford
E) Immanuel Wallerstein

Question 60

The author does NOT discuss ________ as an example of ecological crisis.

A) monsoons and flooding in Bangladesh
B) heat waves and droughts in the United States
C) a rise in temperatures across the globe
D) food shortages despite farm mechanization
E) an increase in the number of underground aquifers in Asia

Question 61

Why was European colonialism such an important component of the development of the global economic system? Why was Columbus's voyage to the New World tied to the trade network occurring in the Old World? Explain how discovery of gold and silver in the New World and colonization facilitated Europe's participation in the Old World trade network? Specifically, why is the Opium War of 1839 an important example of how the trade network changed with colonization?

Question 62

Explain where and when the so-called Triangle Trade occurred, identifying the three primary commodities the text discusses in this exchange network. Contrast the production and exchanges that occurred in the Caribbean plantation economy with the exchanges occurring between European trappers and Native American populations in North America.

Question 63

Discuss where and when agricultural production is first seen in the historical record. What technologies does this subsistence strategy entail? Identify and explain changes that occur with the transition to the agricultural subsistence strategy, providing a total of three examples of social, political, and demographic changes that occur in societies practicing agriculture that occur with food production that are not seen in horticultural, pastoral, or foraging lifestyles.

Question 64

Explain the controversies associated with neoliberal policies. Identify two positives and two negatives of neoliberalism discussed in the text. What is the reasoning behind structural adjustment policies? Use two examples from Jamaica to discuss problems associated with structural adjustment.

Question 65

Why are anthropologists interested in the anticolonial and independence movements? When did the majority occur, and summarize reasons for this. Identify three strategies commonly used to gain independence and how external forces often contributed to the quest for independence.

Question 66

Contrast the perspectives of modernization and dependency theories. First, define modernization theory and explain two objectives of economic development projects. Then discuss the criticisms of this approach that have emerged in Latin America. Why did Latin American theorists argue that Latin American nations could not be competitive in the global economic system? What did they suggest that underdeveloped nations do?

Question 67

How were the Old World long-distance trade routes a precursor to the global economy? First, provide two examples of the commodities exchanged by Arab and Chinese traders, discussing how these products circulated from Asia to Europe. How and when did the movement of slaves occur in the eighth and ninth centuries?

Question 68

What distinguishes Wallerstein's notions of core, peripheral, and semiperipheral nations? Define each, and explain how they correlate to the concepts of colonial and postcolonial nations. After explaining the role of each in production or exchange networks, explain-using the example of Appalachia from the text-how a peripheral area can exist within a core. Provide a second example of how a core can exist within a periphery. How does the author account for this phenomenon?