Deck 3: Fieldwork and Ethnography

Question 1

Fieldwork is considered a ________ for students because it creates a common bond among professionals in the field.

A) bond of collegiality
B) mutual transformation
C) developmental stage
D) rite of passage
E) evolutionary step

Answer 1

rite of passage

Question 2

Making the strange seem more familiar is an overarching goal of:

A) key interviews.
B) structured surveys.
C) ethnographic fieldwork.
D) salvage ethnography.
E) experimental hypotheses.

Answer 2

ethnographic fieldwork.

Question 3

Margaret Mead's talent for blending fieldwork with dynamic writing about gender roles provided her with the authority and opportunity to become an important ________ anthropologist.

A) synchronic
B) experimental
C) evolutionary
D) public
E) reflexive

Answer 3

public

Question 4

Margaret Mead:

A) conducted a restudy of the Trobriand Islands.
B) researched social life among the Nuer of Africa.
C) studied the effects of colonialism in Puerto Rico.
D) examined sexuality in Samoa.
E) became an expert on Native Americans.

Question 5

________ is the cornerstone of the research conducted by contemporary cultural anthropologists.

A) Participant observation
B) Archival research
C) Statistical analysis
D) Synchronic study
E) Unilineal evolution

Question 6

Franz Boas (1858-1942) is credited with developing which of the following anthropological perspectives?

A) unilineal evolution
B) ethnocentrism
C) cultural relativism
D) comparative ethnology
E) participant observation

Question 7

Nancy Scheper-Hughes' research among mothers in Alto do Cruzeiro, Brazil, allowed her to identify ________ of culture.

A) absence
B) ethnocentrism
C) patterns
D) disarray
E) censure

Question 8

________ is the sense of disorientation caused by the overwhelmingly new and unfamiliar people and experiences encountered during fieldwork.

A) Ethnographic dissonance
B) Culture shock
C) Anthropological competence
D) Fieldwork block
E) Cognitive map

Question 9

What was Nancy Scheper-Hughes' initial role in Alto do Cruzeiro?

A) ethnographer
B) physician
C) nurse
D) teacher
E) Peace Corp volunteer

Question 10

Lewis Henry Morgan:

A) conducted a restudy of the Trobriand Islands.
B) researched social life among the Nuer of Africa.
C) studied the effects of colonialism in Puerto Rico.
D) examined sexuality in Samoa.
E) became an expert on Native Americans.

Question 11

The author suggests that anthropology is unique among other disciplines such as economics or history because our perspective begins with:

A) statistics.
B) space.
C) people.
D) records.
E) trends.

Question 12

________ anthropology is based on secondhand accounts of missionaries and merchants.

A) Salvage
B) Public
C) Postmodern
D) Participatory
E) Armchair

Question 13

Annette Weiner:

A) conducted a restudy of the Trobriand Islands.
B) researched social life among the Nuer of Africa.
C) studied the effects of colonialism in Puerto Rico.
D) examined sexuality in Samoa.
E) became an expert on Native Americans.

Question 14

Sidney Mintz:

A) conducted a restudy of the Trobriand Islands.
B) researched social life among the Nuer of Africa.
C) studied the effects of colonialism in Puerto Rico.
D) examined sexuality in Samoa.
E) became an expert on Native Americans.

Question 15

Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard:

A) conducted a restudy of the Trobriand Islands.
B) researched social life among the Nuer of Africa.
C) studied the effects of colonialism in Puerto Rico.
D) examined sexuality in Samoa.
E) became an expert on Native Americans.

Question 16

________ are commonly used as a strategy to collect quantitative data.

A) Interviews
B) Surveys
C) Life histories
D) Conversations
E) Social networks

Question 17

Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard's approach to anthropology has been criticized for being:

A) ahistorical.
B) experimental.
C) reflexive.
D) evolutionary.
E) interpretive.

Question 18

Franz Boas' attempts to document Native American cultures that were devastated by the westward expansion of settlers are called:

A) salvage ethnography.
B) rapid assessment.
C) forced enculturation.
D) participant observation.
E) colonial anthropology.

Question 19

The author writes that the roots of cultural anthropology and ethnographic fieldwork lie in:

A) biological models.
B) philosophical debates.
C) demographic trends.
D) colonial encounters.
E) aboratory experiments.

Question 20

Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942) advocated that ethnographers develop which skill during their fieldwork?

A) statistical
B) local language
C) GIS
D) demographic
E) computer

Question 21

The American Anthropological Association mandate of "Do No Harm" is founded in:

A) ethical principles.
B) unilineal evolution.
C) colonial policies.
D) intensified globalization.
E) mutual transformation.

Question 22

The process of ________ utilizes the wealth of anthropological studies to compare the activities, trends, and patterns of power across cultures.

A) transformation
B) enculturation
C) cultural relativity
D) globalization
E) ethnology

Question 23

________ provides protection to people who may be vulnerable if they share intimate details of their lives with ethnographers.

A) Polyvocality
B) Rapport
C) Narrative
D) Anonymity
E) Ethnology

Question 24

Which of the following ethnographic methods is used to collect data on spatial relationships?

A) surveys
B) mapping
C) social network analysis
D) interviews
E) life histories

Question 25

The research conducted by anthropologist ________ regarding the production and exchange of sugar was an important study of the impacts of colonialism and globalization at the local level.

A) Margaret Mead
B) Barbara Myerhof
C) Sidney Mintz
D) Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard
E) Bronislaw Malinowski

Question 26

During the planning stages of a fieldwork project, it is typical to:

A) identify key informants.
B) establish rapport.
C) chart kinship networks.
D) conduct a literature review.
E) map the research community.

Question 27

The trafficking of human organs discussed in the text provides a disturbing example of the impacts of:

A) colonialism.
B) imperialism.
C) participation.
D) globalization.
E) fieldwork.

Question 28

Expansion of ________ networks in the late twentieth century has allowed anthropologists to continue research even after leaving the field.

A) transportation
B) kinship
C) economic
D) political
E) communications

Question 29

According to Guest, the discipline of anthropology has been criticized for sharing research on ________ with occupying governments or militaries.

A) impoverished communities
B) economic systems
C) prison systems
D) local communities
E) industrialization

Question 30

An important change in the way that ethnography is written in the twenty-first century is that there is less emphasis on presenting native voices.

A) true
B) false

Question 31

The trust and friendship that ethnographers establish with research subjects are known as:

A) reflexivity.
B) power.
C) authority.
D) rapport.
E) values.

Question 32

Franz Boas' fieldwork toolkit was likely to have included all of the following items EXCEPT a:

A) pen.
B) notebook.
C) camera.
D) dictionary.
E) computer.

Question 33

The discussion in the text of Margery Wolf's publication "A Thrice Told Tale" states that this innovative ethnographic approach includes a fictionalized account, a published article, and:

A) census data.
B) maps.
C) field notes.
D) photographs.
E) plans.

Question 34

Community members who guide, advise, and teach the ethnographer during fieldwork are called:

A) cultural collaborators.
B) research stakeholders.
C) key informants.
D) primary subjects.
E) research aides.

Question 35

Ethnography written for government agencies and nongovernmental organizations that addresses problems in the community is known as ________ anthropology.

A) unethical
B) reflexive
C) authoritative
D) experimental
E) public

Question 36

Because she has been a community activist and advocate for her research subjects, and founded Organs Watch as a watchdog organization, Nancy Scheper-Hughes' research could be considered a form of ________ ethnography.

A) experimental
B) public
C) mutual
D) organizational
E) informed

Question 37

Ways of establishing an ethnographer's ________ include discussing length of fieldwork, language skills, and the nature of his or her relationships with research subjects.

A) reflections
B) loyalties
C) framework
D) authority
E) orientation

Question 38

In an effort to make their ethnographies more collaborative and participatory, anthropologists often incorporative natives' perspectives in a practice known as:

A) polyvocality.
B) reflexivity.
C) transparency.
D) rapport.
E) relativity.

Question 39

Rumors such as those about organ thefts are of interest to anthropologists and folklorists because they:

A) often reflect underlying concerns about everyday life that go unspoken in everyday conversation.
B) serve as warnings of the potential dangers of conducting fieldwork in an area.
C) are very localized, demonstrating a resistance to globalization.
D) make it very difficult for ethnographers to gain informed consent.
E) are entertaining to listen to and retell.

Question 40

Ethnographers' awareness that they should engage in critical self-examination regarding the role they play in the research process is known as:

A) polyvocality.
B) reflexivity.
C) confidentiality.
D) authority.
E) relativity.

Question 41

The author argues that unlike a number of other academic disciplines, ethnography is both a social science and an art. Provide at least two concrete examples of how ethnography is scientific, and two concrete examples of why Guest considers it a science.

Question 42

Compare Nancy Scheper-Hughes' early ethnographic fieldwork in Alto do Cruzeiro with her current research and work with Organs Watch. How has globalization affected her fieldwork?

Question 43

In an age of intensifying globalization, ________ remains a critical research strategy that provides a deep insight and understanding of the myriad parts of our informants' everyday lives and cultures.

A) conducting surveys
B) drawing maps
C) participant observation
D) recording field notes
E) videotaping rituals

Question 44

Evaluate the merits of the long-term participant observation advocated by Bronislaw Malinowski relative to merits of the methods of "armchair" anthropology.

Question 45

In Horace Miner's interpretations of Nacirema culture, ________ are important ritual specialists.

A) kings and queens
B) teachers
C) physicians and dentists
D) actors
E) lawyers

Question 46

In his study of everyday "Body Rituals among the Nacirema," Horace Miner:

A) argues that the Nacirema view the body as healthy and beautiful.
B) identifies courts as the most important institution in society.
C) focuses on public rituals rather than everyday, mundane activities.
D) makes the familiar seem very strange.
E) relies exclusively on statistical data.

Question 47

Define zeros and explain their significance for ethnographers.

Question 48

Explain why ethnography is considered both a science and an art.

Question 49

In giving her perspectives on the process of doing fieldwork in a Brazilian shantytown, Nancy Scheper-Hughes' account of Alto do Cruzeiro is an example of:

A) polyvocality.
B) reflexive ethnography.
C) informed anthropology.
D) authoritative writing.
E) processual anthropology.

Question 50

What are the core moral and ethical concerns of anthropological research? Why are they necessary?

Question 51

How did early twentieth-century anthropology differ from the anthropology practiced in the nineteenth century Europe?

A) Twentieth-century anthropologists' research focused on kinship and religion, whereas nineteenth-century anthropologists were more interested in economics and politics.
B) Whereas twentieth-century anthropologists took a four-field approach to understanding culture, nineteenth-century were mostly interested in material culture.
C) Nineteenth-century anthropologists were mostly interested in present-day cultures as they existed, but twentieth-century anthropologists were interested in the processes by which cultures changed.
D) Nineteenth-century anthropologists conducted long-term fieldwork, but twentieth-century anthropologists tended to rely on explorers' accounts.
E) Although twentieth-century anthropologists did fieldwork in Africa and the Pacific, anthropologists in the nineteenth century primarily explored ancient cultures of the Mediterranean region.

Question 52

Anthropologists make great efforts to protect informants' anonymity:

A) in publications, although it is acceptable to use subjects' real names in research notes.
B) for communities, but not when discussing lives of community members.
C) when working in their own societies, but this is not necessary if working abroad.
D) when referring to individuals in research notes and publications.
E) when writing about sensitive topics within a community.

Question 53

Which of the following is NOT a reason for ethnographers to conduct long-term fieldwork?

A) learn about everyday life and practices
B) establish rapport with community members
C) gain a perspective on complex systems of power and meaning
D) reinforce ethnocentric attitudes about cultural superiority
E) understand connections between local and global processes

Question 54

One consequence of increased migration is that anthropologists conduct ________ ethnography, collecting data in two or more locations.

A) reflexive
B) extensive
C) public
D) multi-sited
E) narrative

Question 55

Folklorists and anthropologists interpret the phenomenon where people across the globe repeat variations of bizarre and unlikely stories as ________ that reflect informants' concerns about their own vulnerability in a globalizing society.

A) cultural shocks
B) mass hysteria
C) urban legends
D) multi-sited ethnographies
E) quantitative data

Question 56

Define three fieldwork strategies anthropologists use to research their ethnographies, and describe the context in which each is used.

Question 57

It is essential that ethnographers map communities because this:

A) allows the anthropologist to identify key informants.
B) documents the randomness of the built environment.
C) provides a deep immersion in the rhythms of daily life.
D) illuminates how use of space influences social interactions.
E) facilitates learning the local language.

Question 58

Evaluate the El Dorado controversy around anthropologist Napoleon Chagnon. You must demonstrate that you know when and where the contested activities occurred, and how the population was allegedly affected. Conclude by stating why this would have violated ethical standards, and what the American Anthropological Association ultimately found upon review of the evidence presented.

Question 59

Discuss Horace Miner's ethnography "Body Rituals among the Nacirema." What is the content of the ethnography? What was Miner's purpose in writing it, and how did he approach that purpose?

Question 60

Explain how ethnographers can explore global phenomena by conducting fieldwork at the local level.