Deck 10: Diseases and Conditions of the Circulatory System

Question 1

The procedure in which a catheter with a balloon is threaded into a coronary artery and expanded to compress the plaque and widen the lumen is called

A) coronary artery bypass.
B) angioplasty.
C) magnetic resonance imaging.
D) coronary stent.

Answer 1

B
Treatment consists of measures to restore adequate blood flow to the myocardium. Vasodilators and other types of medicines are prescribed. Angioplasty with a balloon or stenting is attempted in some instances to open the constricted arteries (see Figure 10-11). Claims of reduction of the plaque buildup with hypolipidemic drugs are being confirmed in some cases. First-line drug therapy for the prevention of CAD may include angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs), calcium channel blockers, thiazide diuretics, or vasodilators. Beta blockers and anticoagulants are used to prevent blood clots from breaking off and lodging in cerebral arteries. When the blockage is severe or does not respond to drug therapy or angioplasty, coronary artery bypass surgery may be indicated to restore circulation to the affected myocardium (see Figure 10-12).

Question 2

A systemic inflammatory disease of the joints and cardiac tissue that follows a sore throat caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus is

A) endocarditis.
B) myocarditis.
C) pericarditis.
D) rheumatic fever.

Answer 2

D
Rheumatic fever follows a sore throat caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus. The patient, usually a child, experiences a fever and polyarthritis, including joint pain, edema, redness, and limited range of motion. Joints frequently involved include finger, knee, and ankle joints, with inflammation transient among these joints. In addition, the patient experiences carditis, cardiac murmurs, cardiomegaly, and even CHF. Other symptoms include weakness, malaise, anorexia, weight loss, a rash on the trunk, abdominal pain, and the development of small nodules on the tendon sheaths in the knees, knuckles, and elbows. The symptoms occur 1-5 weeks after the upper respiratory tract infection.

Question 3

The condition where fat-containing substances are deposited on the coronary artery lumens causing a narrowing is

A) congestive heart failure (CHF).
B) cerebral artery disease.
C) ischemia.
D) coronary artery disease (CAD).

Answer 3

D
CAD is a condition involving the arteries supplying the myocardium (heart muscle) (see Figure 10-7). The arteries become narrowed by atherosclerotic deposits over time, causing temporary cardiac ischemia and eventually myocardial infarction (MI), or heart attack. Deposits of fat-containing substances called plaque in the lumen (opening) of the coronary arteries result in atherosclerosis and subsequent narrowing of the lumens of the arteries (see Figure 10-8). The myocardium must have an adequate blood supply to function. The coronary arteries supply the cardiac muscle with blood but become constricted by atherosclerosis (see Figure 10-9).

Question 4

Painless enlargement of the lymph nodes, severe itching, fever, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue, and malaise are symptoms of

A) lymphedema.
B) Hodgkin's disease.
C) anemia.
D) Buerger's disease.

Question 5

The patient who complains of sudden onset of severe headache, blurred vision, and dyspnea may be suffering from

A) CHF.
B) MI.
C) malignant hypertension.
D) angina pectoris.

Question 6

Treatment of cardiac tamponade includes

A) drainage of the blood in the pericardium.
B) drug therapy.
C) watchful waiting.
D) cardiac catheterization.

Question 7

The condition that results in painless gross swelling of an extremity is

A) lymphangitis.
B) lymphedema.
C) Buerger's disease.
D) Raynaud's disease

Question 8

A vasospastic disease of the fingers, hands, or feet resulting in pain, numbness, and sometimes discoloration is

A) Buerger's disease.
B) Raynaud's disease.
C) varicose veins.
D) thrombophlebitis.

Question 9

The most prevalent cardiovascular disorder in the United States is

A) angina pectoris.
B) CAD.
C) MI.
D) CHF.

Question 10

The condition in which the patient experiences chest pain with exertion is

A) angina pectoris.
B) CAD.
C) MI.
D) CHF.

Question 11

Cardiac arrhythmias may be caused by

A) disturbances in the normal conduction system of the heart.
B) ischemia and drugs.
C) failure of the sinoatrial (SA) node.
D) all of the above.

Question 12

Fluid shift into the extravascular spaces of the lungs with accompanying dyspnea, coughing, and bloody, frothy sputum is indicative of

A) MI.
B) pulmonary edema.
C) angina pectoris.
D) malignant hypertension.

Question 13

A pulsating mass that is noted mid-abdomen indicates

A) an arrhythmia.
B) palpitations.
C) aortic aneurysm.
D) pulmonary embolus.

Question 14

The valve most frequently involved in valvular heart disease is the _____ valve.

A) aortic
B) mitral
C) pulmonary
D) tricuspid

Question 15

Valvular heart disease can occur in what forms?

A) Insufficiency
B) Stenosis
C) Contracture
D) Both a and b

Question 16

Acute or chronic inflammation of the sac enclosing the heart is

A) endocarditis.
B) myocarditis.
C) pericarditis.
D) rheumatic fever.

Question 17

The patient who experiences gradually increasing dyspnea, anxiety, and edema of the feet and ankles may be suffering from

A) CHF.
B) MI.
C) malignant hypertension.
D) angina pectoris.

Question 18

The condition in which a reduction in the quantity of either red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin (Hgb) exists is

A) anemia.
B) thrombocytopenia.
C) leukemia.
D) agranulocytosis.

Question 19

Possible consequences of emboli include

A) cerebral vascular accident (CVA).
B) MI.
C) pulmonary venous obstruction.
D) all of the above.

Question 20

The patient with pale, cold, clammy skin; a rapid and weak pulse; tachypnea; and an altered level of consciousness is experiencing

A) CHF.
B) shock.
C) atherosclerosis.
D) hypertension.

Question 21

Noninflammatory disease of the heart muscle with enlargement of the myocardium and ventricular dysfunction refers to

A) rheumatic fever.
B) mitral stenosis.
C) cardiomyopathy.
D) mitral valve prolapse (MVP).

Question 22

Ischemia causes

A) death to tissue.
B) swelling of tissue.
C) blood disorders.
D) hemorrhage.

Question 23

Treatment of CHF includes

A) medication to slow and strengthen the heartbeat.
B) administration of diuretics.
C) digitalis.
D) all of the above.

Question 24

The two upper chambers of the heart are the

A) atria.
B) septa.
C) ventricles.
D) bundle of His.

Question 25

_____ is a hereditary bleeding disease resulting from a deficiency of clotting factors.

A) Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
B) Temporal arteritis
C) Hemophilia
D) Leukemia

Question 26

Abnormally slow heart rate is

A) asystole.
B) tachycardia.
C) bradycardia.
D) fibrillation.

Question 27

The diagnosis of anemia indicates that the patient is experiencing a reduction in

A) RBCs or Hgb.
B) platelets.
C) lymphatic tissue.
D) white blood cells (WBCs).

Question 28

A condition of simultaneous hemorrhage and thrombosis is

A) hemophilia.
B) DIC.
C) Hodgkin's lymphoma.
D) Raynaud's syndrome.

Question 29

The presence of Reed-Sternberg cells in lymphatic tissue is diagnostic of

A) rheumatic fever.
B) sickle cell anemia.
C) pernicious anemia.
D) Hodgkin's disease.

Question 30

Symptoms of cardiovascular disease include

A) chest pain, fatigue, and fainting.
B) rapid heartbeat and palpitations.
C) cyanosis, edema, and dyspnea.
D) all of the above.

Question 31

Joint and bone pain, fever, weight loss, fatigue, weakness, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and enlarged lymph glands are typical symptoms of

A) varicose veins.
B) leukemia.
C) Raynaud's disease.
D) phlebitis.

Question 32

The weakening and resulting local dilation of the wall of an artery is

A) varicose veins.
B) aneurysm.
C) thromboangiitis obliterans.
D) Raynaud's syndrome.

Question 33

Hardening of the cusps of the cardiac valves is

A) arteriosclerosis.
B) stenosis.
C) insufficiency.
D) thrombus.

Question 34

Medical intervention for varicose veins includes

A) rest and elevation of the legs.
B) exercise, warm soaks, and support stockings.
C) surgical intervention or injection of a sclerosing agent into the vein.
D) all of the above.

Question 35

The patient experiencing crushing chest pain, dyspnea, diaphoresis, and anxiety is usually suffering from

A) angina.
B) CHF.
C) MI.
D) pulmonary edema.

Question 36

Common symptoms of an MI are

A) left-sided, crushing-type chest pain.
B) irregular heartbeat, dyspnea, and excessive sweating.
C) nausea, anxiety, and denial.
D) all of the above.

Question 37

Interference with the conduction system of the heart may be the source of

A) essential hypertension.
B) cardiac arrhythmias.
C) atherosclerosis.
D) all of the above.

Question 38

Referring to the conduction system of the heart, the pacemaker is located in the

A) AV node.
B) Purkinje fibers.
C) SA node.
D) bundle branches.

Question 39

Clots of aggregated material (usually blood) are

A) emboli.
B) necrosis.
C) stenosis.
D) claudication.

Question 40

The chronic hereditary form of anemia found predominately in the black race is called _____ anemia.

A) sickle cell
B) hemolytic
C) pernicious
D) aplastic

Question 41

CAD results from deposits of fat-containing substances called plaque in the lumen (opening) of the coronary arteries resulting in atherosclerosis and subsequent narrowing of the lumen of the arteries.

Question 42

Immediate intervention for thrombophlebitis is not necessary.

Question 43

Agranulocytosis (also called neutropenia) is a blood dyscrasia in which leukocyte levels become extremely low.

Question 44

MI is the death of myocardial tissue caused by ischemia.

Question 45

Agranulocytosis is usually caused by drug toxicity or hypersensitivity.

Question 46

Transfusion incompatibility reactions are always fatal.

Question 47

"Hardening of the arteries," refers to

A) plaque.
B) arteriosclerosis
C) atherosclerosis
D) fat

Question 48

Patients with MVP experience severe crushing chest pain and syncope.

Question 49

Mitral stenosis is usually the result of rheumatic heart disease.

Question 50

Causes of cardiac arrest include respiratory arrest, MI, trauma, electrocution, hemorrhage, and drug overdose.

Question 51

Sickle cell anemia is asymptomatic.

Question 52

The cause of essential hypertension is unknown.

Question 53

Cardiomyopathy is a noninflammatory disease of the cardiac muscle.

Question 54

Patients with coronary heart disease always experience pain.