Deck 37: Immunity

Question 1

The "Adam's apple" is located in the ____.

A) ​Glottis
B) Pharynx
C) Trachea
D) Larynx
E) Bronchus

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following is true regarding hemoglobin?

A) ​It is a lipid.
B) ​It contains iron.
C) It raises the concentration of oxygen in the blood.
D) It is present in all vertebrates and invertebrates.
E) It is identical to hemocyanin.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Figure 38.9
​

The following two questions refer to the figure above showing a fish gill filament.
The most oxygenated blood is indicated by the letter ____.

A) ​A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Figure 37.10A
​

The following two questions refer to the antibody structure figure above.
What is characteristic of adult frogs?

A) ​gills
B) sucking air into their lungs
C) countercurrent exchange
D) pushing air into their lungs
E) drawing water by inhalation across their gills

Question 5

Carbon monoxide ____.

A) ​traps heat in the atmosphere
B) is an atmospheric pollutant
C) causes acid rain
D) interferes with the nervous system
E) binds to a hemoglobin molecule and interferes with oxygen uptake

Question 6

Figure 37.10A
​

The following two questions refer to the antibody structure figure above.
The variable region of a light chain is indicated by ____.

A) ​A
B) ​B
C) ​C
D) ​D
E) E​

Question 7

The accompanying figure illustrates a ____.

A) ​book lung
B) tracheal system
C) set of gills
D) lung micrograph
E) circulatory system

Question 8

Water flowing back and forth across the gills of fish is known as _____.

A) capillary movement
B) counter current exchange
C) deoxygenation
D) pharyngeal movement
E) gill slits

Question 9

Integumentary exchange of gases implies that the animal ____.

A) ​has a shell
B) has a tracheal system
C) lives in a moist location
D) has a siphon
E) lives in an arid location​

Question 10

A newly developed vaccine can prevent cancer caused by _____.

A) ​AIDS
B) ​polio
C) ​measles
D) ​HIV
E) HPV​

Question 11

Innate immune mechanisms _____.

A) ​are fast acting
B) ​take about a week to 10 days to come into full effect
C) ​are very specific for their targets
D) ​are tailored to only a few specific pathogens
E) are produced by genetic recombinations​

Question 12

Air is continuously forced through tubes that thread through vascularized tissue in a pair of inelastic lungs in _____.

A) ​some fish
B) amphibians
C) ​birds
D) ​reptiles
E) some small mammals​

Question 13

Figure 38.9
​

The following two questions refer to the figure above showing a fish gill filament.
The least oxygenated blood is indicated by the letter ____.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 14

What is the correct sequence of air flow in mammals?

A) ​nasal cavities, larynx, pharynx, bronchi, trachea
B) nasal cavities, pharynx, bronchi, larynx, trachea
C) nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi
D) nasal cavities, larynx, pharynx, trachea, bronchi
E) nasal cavities, bronchi, larynx, trachea, pharynx

Question 15

Which statement is true of carbon monoxide?

A) It is a waste product of photosynthesis.
B) It is always present when organic material burns.
C) It is harmless.
D) It has a strong odor.
E) It is a greenhouse gas.

Question 16

What is immunity?​

A) ​an organism's capacity to resist infection only
B) ​an organism's capacity to both resist and combat infection
C) ​a pathogen
D) ​an organism's capacity to combat infection only
E) a set of genetic instructions​

Question 17

Which of the following is true regarding some insect tracheal systems?

A) ​They are associated with the blood circulatory system.
B) They excrete body wastes as well as transport gases.
C) Their spiracles can become clogged by spraying them with oil.
D) The tracheal tubes are continually open in large terrestrial insects.
E) They contain respiratory pigments to enhance oxygen transport.

Question 18

Respiration in the human body relies on ____.

A) ​exocytosis and endocytosis
B) ​facilitated diffusion
C) osmosis
D) simple diffusion
E) active transport

Question 19

The term "respiration" in animals refers to the ____.

A) ​movement of oxygen into an animal only
B) movement of carbon dioxide out of an animal only
C) movement of oxygen into an animal and the movement of carbon dioxide out of the animal
D) binding of oxygen to hemoglobin molecules in the blood
E) diffusion of oxygen across a cell membrane

Question 20

Figure 38.9
​

The following two questions refer to the figure above showing a fish gill filament.
Paired lungs are characteristic of ____.

A) ​spiders
B) all birds
C) all fishes
D) all amphibian life stages
E) all insects

Question 21

Figure 38.16
​

The following three questions refer to the figure above.
Contraction of the diaphragm ____.

A) ​diminishes the volume of the thoracic cavity
B) increases the volume of the thoracic cavity
C) pushes the rib cage downward
D) ​causes external intercostal muscles to relax
E) decreases lung capacity

Question 22

Figure 38.16
​

The following three questions refer to the figure above.
Oxygen moves from alveoli to the bloodstream ____.

A) ​because the concentration of oxygen is greater in alveoli than in the blood
B) mainly due to the activity of carbonic anhydrase in the red blood cells
C) against a concentration gradient
D) to equal the concentration of CO₂ in the blood
E) by active transport

Question 23

Figure 38.16
​

The following three questions refer to the figure above.
Total lung capacity is indicated by ____.

A) ​A + B
B) B + C
C) C + E
D) D + E
E) E + A

Question 24

The glottis is ____ when swallowing and ____ when speaking.

A) ​closed; open
B) open; closed
C) rigid; relaxed
D) relaxed; rigid
E) vibrating; closed

Question 25

Figure 38.16
​

The following three questions refer to the figure above.
Residual air volume is indicated by the letter ____.

A) A
B) B
C) ​C
D) D
E) E

Question 26

Match each term with the most appropriate statement.
a.cells that do not divide, die in less than a week, and secrete antibodies
b.cells that directly destroy body cells already infected by viral or fungal parasites, as well as mutant and cancerous cells
c.lymphocytes that are held in reserve, circulate in the bloodstream, and enable a rapid response to subsequent encounters with the same invader
d.able to lyse cells by forming pore complexes
e.cells that are produced in the bone marrow, are never changed by the thymus, and manufacture antibodies
f.able to destroy cells but not dependent on recognition of antigen-MHC complexes
g.a class of proteins that help cells of the immune system communicate
h."big eaters" that alert other lymphocytes to the invasion of specific antigens
i.immature cells that may or may not be committed to develop into one of several mature cell types
j.a group of cells that are all produced asexually from one original parent cell
k.surface patterns of nonself molecules or particles
l.proteins released by cytotoxic T cells to destroy target cell membranes
m.preparation injected into the body to elicit a primary immune response
n.one of this group has been identified as the causative agent of AIDS
clone

Question 27

Figure 38.21
​

Use the figure above to answer the following question.
Most of the carbon dioxide produced by the body is transported to the lungs ____.

A) ​in gaseous form
B) ​in the lymph system
C) ​as carbaminohemoglobin
D) ​in the form of bicarbonate
E) as carbonic acid

Question 28

Match each term with the most appropriate statement.
a.cells that do not divide, die in less than a week, and secrete antibodies
b.cells that directly destroy body cells already infected by viral or fungal parasites, as well as mutant and cancerous cells
c.lymphocytes that are held in reserve, circulate in the bloodstream, and enable a rapid response to subsequent encounters with the same invader
d.able to lyse cells by forming pore complexes
e.cells that are produced in the bone marrow, are never changed by the thymus, and manufacture antibodies
f.able to destroy cells but not dependent on recognition of antigen-MHC complexes
g.a class of proteins that help cells of the immune system communicate
h."big eaters" that alert other lymphocytes to the invasion of specific antigens
i.immature cells that may or may not be committed to develop into one of several mature cell types
j.a group of cells that are all produced asexually from one original parent cell
k.surface patterns of nonself molecules or particles
l.proteins released by cytotoxic T cells to destroy target cell membranes
m.preparation injected into the body to elicit a primary immune response
n.one of this group has been identified as the causative agent of AIDS
complement proteins

Question 29

Match each term with the most appropriate statement.
a.cells that do not divide, die in less than a week, and secrete antibodies
b.cells that directly destroy body cells already infected by viral or fungal parasites, as well as mutant and cancerous cells
c.lymphocytes that are held in reserve, circulate in the bloodstream, and enable a rapid response to subsequent encounters with the same invader
d.able to lyse cells by forming pore complexes
e.cells that are produced in the bone marrow, are never changed by the thymus, and manufacture antibodies
f.able to destroy cells but not dependent on recognition of antigen-MHC complexes
g.a class of proteins that help cells of the immune system communicate
h."big eaters" that alert other lymphocytes to the invasion of specific antigens
i.immature cells that may or may not be committed to develop into one of several mature cell types
j.a group of cells that are all produced asexually from one original parent cell
k.surface patterns of nonself molecules or particles
l.proteins released by cytotoxic T cells to destroy target cell membranes
m.preparation injected into the body to elicit a primary immune response
n.one of this group has been identified as the causative agent of AIDS
perforin

Question 30

Branches of a bronchus are known as ____.

A) ​larynx
B) bronchi
C) bronchioles
D) trachea
E) pharynx

Question 31

Match each term with the most appropriate statement.
a.cells that do not divide, die in less than a week, and secrete antibodies
b.cells that directly destroy body cells already infected by viral or fungal parasites, as well as mutant and cancerous cells
c.lymphocytes that are held in reserve, circulate in the bloodstream, and enable a rapid response to subsequent encounters with the same invader
d.able to lyse cells by forming pore complexes
e.cells that are produced in the bone marrow, are never changed by the thymus, and manufacture antibodies
f.able to destroy cells but not dependent on recognition of antigen-MHC complexes
g.a class of proteins that help cells of the immune system communicate
h."big eaters" that alert other lymphocytes to the invasion of specific antigens
i.immature cells that may or may not be committed to develop into one of several mature cell types
j.a group of cells that are all produced asexually from one original parent cell
k.surface patterns of nonself molecules or particles
l.proteins released by cytotoxic T cells to destroy target cell membranes
m.preparation injected into the body to elicit a primary immune response
n.one of this group has been identified as the causative agent of AIDS
antigens

Question 32

Figure 38.21
​

Use the figure above to answer the following question.
What is the partial pressure of oxygen at the start of the systemic capillary beds?

A) 40 mm Hg
B) 100 mm Hg
C) 70 mm Hg
D) 104 mm Hg
E) 130 mm Hg

Question 33

Figure 37.13
​

Use the figure above depicting antigen processing to answer the following two questions.
The letter "F" in the accompanying figure represents ____.

A) ​complement
B) ​MHC markers with antigen expressed to the surface of a cell
C) ​lysosome fusing with a phagosome
D) ​plasma membranes fusing
E) MHC recycling​

Question 34

Match each term with the most appropriate statement.
a.cells that do not divide, die in less than a week, and secrete antibodies
b.cells that directly destroy body cells already infected by viral or fungal parasites, as well as mutant and cancerous cells
c.lymphocytes that are held in reserve, circulate in the bloodstream, and enable a rapid response to subsequent encounters with the same invader
d.able to lyse cells by forming pore complexes
e.cells that are produced in the bone marrow, are never changed by the thymus, and manufacture antibodies
f.able to destroy cells but not dependent on recognition of antigen-MHC complexes
g.a class of proteins that help cells of the immune system communicate
h."big eaters" that alert other lymphocytes to the invasion of specific antigens
i.immature cells that may or may not be committed to develop into one of several mature cell types
j.a group of cells that are all produced asexually from one original parent cell
k.surface patterns of nonself molecules or particles
l.proteins released by cytotoxic T cells to destroy target cell membranes
m.preparation injected into the body to elicit a primary immune response
n.one of this group has been identified as the causative agent of AIDS
B lymphocytes

Question 35

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs in the human lungs in the ____.

A) bronchi
B) alveoli
C) bronchioles
D) trachea
E) glottis

Question 36

Figure 38.16
​

The following three questions refer to the figure above.
Forced inhalation is indicated by ____.

A) ​A
B) ​B
C) C
D) ​D
E) E

Question 37

Match each term with the most appropriate statement.
a.cells that do not divide, die in less than a week, and secrete antibodies
b.cells that directly destroy body cells already infected by viral or fungal parasites, as well as mutant and cancerous cells
c.lymphocytes that are held in reserve, circulate in the bloodstream, and enable a rapid response to subsequent encounters with the same invader
d.able to lyse cells by forming pore complexes
e.cells that are produced in the bone marrow, are never changed by the thymus, and manufacture antibodies
f.able to destroy cells but not dependent on recognition of antigen-MHC complexes
g.a class of proteins that help cells of the immune system communicate
h."big eaters" that alert other lymphocytes to the invasion of specific antigens
i.immature cells that may or may not be committed to develop into one of several mature cell types
j.a group of cells that are all produced asexually from one original parent cell
k.surface patterns of nonself molecules or particles
l.proteins released by cytotoxic T cells to destroy target cell membranes
m.preparation injected into the body to elicit a primary immune response
n.one of this group has been identified as the causative agent of AIDS
cytotoxic T lymphocytes

Question 38

Oxyhemoglobin contains _____.

A) oxygen bound irreversibly to a heme group
B) ​carbon dioxide
C) carbonic anhydrase
D) ​bound oxygen in the absence of a heme group
E) oxygen bound reversibly to a heme group

Question 39

Figure 37.13
​

Use the figure above depicting antigen processing to answer the following two questions.
The letter "B" from the accompanying figure represents ____.

A) ​complement
B) ​MHC markers with antigen expressed to the surface of a cell
C) ​lysosome with MHC molecule
D) ​plasma membranes fusing
E) MHC recycling​

Question 40

Figure 37.13
​

Use the figure above depicting antigen processing to answer the following two questions.
The human voice is generated by air moving through the _____.

A) ​pharynx
B) ​glottis
C) epiglottis
D) pleura
E) trachea

Question 41

Match each term with the most appropriate statement.
a.cells that do not divide, die in less than a week, and secrete antibodies
b.cells that directly destroy body cells already infected by viral or fungal parasites, as well as mutant and cancerous cells
c.lymphocytes that are held in reserve, circulate in the bloodstream, and enable a rapid response to subsequent encounters with the same invader
d.able to lyse cells by forming pore complexes
e.cells that are produced in the bone marrow, are never changed by the thymus, and manufacture antibodies
f.able to destroy cells but not dependent on recognition of antigen-MHC complexes
g.a class of proteins that help cells of the immune system communicate
h."big eaters" that alert other lymphocytes to the invasion of specific antigens
i.immature cells that may or may not be committed to develop into one of several mature cell types
j.a group of cells that are all produced asexually from one original parent cell
k.surface patterns of nonself molecules or particles
l.proteins released by cytotoxic T cells to destroy target cell membranes
m.preparation injected into the body to elicit a primary immune response
n.one of this group has been identified as the causative agent of AIDS
memory cells

Question 42

Respond to the following statements in reference to the five items listed below. Answers may be used more than once or not at all
a.​antigens
b.​antibodies
c.​helper T cells
d.​cytotoxic T cells
e.​effector B cells
These bind, as in a lock-and-key mechanism, to foreign proteins.

Question 43

Match each term with the most appropriate statement.
a.cells that do not divide, die in less than a week, and secrete antibodies
b.cells that directly destroy body cells already infected by viral or fungal parasites, as well as mutant and cancerous cells
c.lymphocytes that are held in reserve, circulate in the bloodstream, and enable a rapid response to subsequent encounters with the same invader
d.able to lyse cells by forming pore complexes
e.cells that are produced in the bone marrow, are never changed by the thymus, and manufacture antibodies
f.able to destroy cells but not dependent on recognition of antigen-MHC complexes
g.a class of proteins that help cells of the immune system communicate
h."big eaters" that alert other lymphocytes to the invasion of specific antigens
i.immature cells that may or may not be committed to develop into one of several mature cell types
j.a group of cells that are all produced asexually from one original parent cell
k.surface patterns of nonself molecules or particles
l.proteins released by cytotoxic T cells to destroy target cell membranes
m.preparation injected into the body to elicit a primary immune response
n.one of this group has been identified as the causative agent of AIDS
stem cells

Question 44

Classification.Respond to the following statements with reference to the five types of white cells listed below.​
a.​macrophages
b.​helper T cells
c.​B cells
d.​cytotoxic T cells
e.​natural killer cells
These cells kill tumor cells but are not B or T lymphocytes.

Question 45

Match each term with the most appropriate statement.
a.cells that do not divide, die in less than a week, and secrete antibodies
b.cells that directly destroy body cells already infected by viral or fungal parasites, as well as mutant and cancerous cells
c.lymphocytes that are held in reserve, circulate in the bloodstream, and enable a rapid response to subsequent encounters with the same invader
d.able to lyse cells by forming pore complexes
e.cells that are produced in the bone marrow, are never changed by the thymus, and manufacture antibodies
f.able to destroy cells but not dependent on recognition of antigen-MHC complexes
g.a class of proteins that help cells of the immune system communicate
h."big eaters" that alert other lymphocytes to the invasion of specific antigens
i.immature cells that may or may not be committed to develop into one of several mature cell types
j.a group of cells that are all produced asexually from one original parent cell
k.surface patterns of nonself molecules or particles
l.proteins released by cytotoxic T cells to destroy target cell membranes
m.preparation injected into the body to elicit a primary immune response
n.one of this group has been identified as the causative agent of AIDS
macrophages

Question 46

Match each term with the most appropriate statement.
a.cells that do not divide, die in less than a week, and secrete antibodies
b.cells that directly destroy body cells already infected by viral or fungal parasites, as well as mutant and cancerous cells
c.lymphocytes that are held in reserve, circulate in the bloodstream, and enable a rapid response to subsequent encounters with the same invader
d.able to lyse cells by forming pore complexes
e.cells that are produced in the bone marrow, are never changed by the thymus, and manufacture antibodies
f.able to destroy cells but not dependent on recognition of antigen-MHC complexes
g.a class of proteins that help cells of the immune system communicate
h."big eaters" that alert other lymphocytes to the invasion of specific antigens
i.immature cells that may or may not be committed to develop into one of several mature cell types
j.a group of cells that are all produced asexually from one original parent cell
k.surface patterns of nonself molecules or particles
l.proteins released by cytotoxic T cells to destroy target cell membranes
m.preparation injected into the body to elicit a primary immune response
n.one of this group has been identified as the causative agent of AIDS
vaccine​

Question 47

Respond to the following statements in reference to the five items listed below. Answers may be used more than once or not at all
a.​antigens
b.​antibodies
c.​helper T cells
d.​cytotoxic T cells
e.​effector B cells
Proteins produced by these attack bacteria and viruses in the blood.

Question 48

Respond to the following statements in reference to the five items listed below. Answers may be used more than once or not at all
a.​antigens
b.​antibodies
c.​helper T cells
d.​cytotoxic T cells
e.​effector B cells
These directly attack the foreign cells of an incompatible skin graft.

Question 49

Respond to the following statements in reference to the five items listed below. Answers may be used more than once or not at all
a.​antigens
b.​antibodies
c.​helper T cells
d.​cytotoxic T cells
e.​effector B cells
An Rh+ molecule in the body of an Rh woman is an example of these.

Question 50

Classification.Respond to the following statements with reference to the five types of white cells listed below.​
a.​macrophages
b.​helper T cells
c.​B cells
d.​cytotoxic T cells
e.​natural killer cells
These cells scavenge dead cells and attack bacteria directly.

Question 51

Match each term with the most appropriate statement.
a.cells that do not divide, die in less than a week, and secrete antibodies
b.cells that directly destroy body cells already infected by viral or fungal parasites, as well as mutant and cancerous cells
c.lymphocytes that are held in reserve, circulate in the bloodstream, and enable a rapid response to subsequent encounters with the same invader
d.able to lyse cells by forming pore complexes
e.cells that are produced in the bone marrow, are never changed by the thymus, and manufacture antibodies
f.able to destroy cells but not dependent on recognition of antigen-MHC complexes
g.a class of proteins that help cells of the immune system communicate
h."big eaters" that alert other lymphocytes to the invasion of specific antigens
i.immature cells that may or may not be committed to develop into one of several mature cell types
j.a group of cells that are all produced asexually from one original parent cell
k.surface patterns of nonself molecules or particles
l.proteins released by cytotoxic T cells to destroy target cell membranes
m.preparation injected into the body to elicit a primary immune response
n.one of this group has been identified as the causative agent of AIDS
interleukins

Question 52

Match each term with the most appropriate statement.
a.cells that do not divide, die in less than a week, and secrete antibodies
b.cells that directly destroy body cells already infected by viral or fungal parasites, as well as mutant and cancerous cells
c.lymphocytes that are held in reserve, circulate in the bloodstream, and enable a rapid response to subsequent encounters with the same invader
d.able to lyse cells by forming pore complexes
e.cells that are produced in the bone marrow, are never changed by the thymus, and manufacture antibodies
f.able to destroy cells but not dependent on recognition of antigen-MHC complexes
g.a class of proteins that help cells of the immune system communicate
h."big eaters" that alert other lymphocytes to the invasion of specific antigens
i.immature cells that may or may not be committed to develop into one of several mature cell types
j.a group of cells that are all produced asexually from one original parent cell
k.surface patterns of nonself molecules or particles
l.proteins released by cytotoxic T cells to destroy target cell membranes
m.preparation injected into the body to elicit a primary immune response
n.one of this group has been identified as the causative agent of AIDS
retroviruses

Question 53

Respond to the following statements in reference to the five items listed below. Answers may be used more than once or not at all
a.​antigens
b.​antibodies
c.​helper T cells
d.​cytotoxic T cells
e.​effector B cells
An antigen-bearing pathogen that breaches normal flora surface barriers triggers __________ immunity.

Question 54

__________ immunity specifically targets billions of different antigens.

Question 55

Match each term with the most appropriate statement.
a.cells that do not divide, die in less than a week, and secrete antibodies
b.cells that directly destroy body cells already infected by viral or fungal parasites, as well as mutant and cancerous cells
c.lymphocytes that are held in reserve, circulate in the bloodstream, and enable a rapid response to subsequent encounters with the same invader
d.able to lyse cells by forming pore complexes
e.cells that are produced in the bone marrow, are never changed by the thymus, and manufacture antibodies
f.able to destroy cells but not dependent on recognition of antigen-MHC complexes
g.a class of proteins that help cells of the immune system communicate
h."big eaters" that alert other lymphocytes to the invasion of specific antigens
i.immature cells that may or may not be committed to develop into one of several mature cell types
j.a group of cells that are all produced asexually from one original parent cell
k.surface patterns of nonself molecules or particles
l.proteins released by cytotoxic T cells to destroy target cell membranes
m.preparation injected into the body to elicit a primary immune response
n.one of this group has been identified as the causative agent of AIDS
natural killer cells​

Question 56

Match each term with the most appropriate statement.
a.cells that do not divide, die in less than a week, and secrete antibodies
b.cells that directly destroy body cells already infected by viral or fungal parasites, as well as mutant and cancerous cells
c.lymphocytes that are held in reserve, circulate in the bloodstream, and enable a rapid response to subsequent encounters with the same invader
d.able to lyse cells by forming pore complexes
e.cells that are produced in the bone marrow, are never changed by the thymus, and manufacture antibodies
f.able to destroy cells but not dependent on recognition of antigen-MHC complexes
g.a class of proteins that help cells of the immune system communicate
h."big eaters" that alert other lymphocytes to the invasion of specific antigens
i.immature cells that may or may not be committed to develop into one of several mature cell types
j.a group of cells that are all produced asexually from one original parent cell
k.surface patterns of nonself molecules or particles
l.proteins released by cytotoxic T cells to destroy target cell membranes
m.preparation injected into the body to elicit a primary immune response
n.one of this group has been identified as the causative agent of AIDS
B cells

Question 57

Classification.Respond to the following statements with reference to the five types of white cells listed below.​
a.​macrophages
b.​helper T cells
c.​B cells
d.​cytotoxic T cells
e.​natural killer cells
These cells recognize cell surface antigens and initiate the proliferation of lymphocytes.

Question 58

Respond to the following statements in reference to the five items listed below. Answers may be used more than once or not at all
a.​antigens
b.​antibodies
c.​helper T cells
d.​cytotoxic T cells
e.​effector B cells
These produce immunoglobulins in response to the reinvasion by a virus.

Question 59

Classification.Respond to the following statements with reference to the five types of white cells listed below.​
a.​macrophages
b.​helper T cells
c.​B cells
d.​cytotoxic T cells
e.​natural killer cells
Antibody production occurs in these cells.

Question 60

Classification.Respond to the following statements with reference to the five types of white cells listed below.​
a.​macrophages
b.​helper T cells
c.​B cells
d.​cytotoxic T cells
e.​natural killer cells
These cells destroy cells infected by viruses.

Question 61

__________ are proteins, Y-shaped antigen receptors made only by __________ cells.

Question 62

Some clones of the original immune cells are __________ cells, long-lived B and T cells reserved for future encounters with the antigen.

Question 63

__________ fights infection by increasing the metabolic rate.

Question 64

__________ is the only disease to have been eradicated from causing natural infections.

Question 65

Why is the destruction of helper T cells caused by HIV infection so crippling to adaptive immunity?​

Question 66

Why is it beneficial to urinate after sexual activity?​

Question 67

An individual is exposed to a pathogen and takes five days to recover. When exposed a year later they again take five days to recover. Would you suspect that adaptive immunity was involved? Why or why not?​

Question 68

__________ relieve allergy symptoms by dampening the effects of histamines.

Question 69

__________ refers to processes designed to induce immunity.

Question 70

Research on HIV vaccines is progressing, but success to date has been limited to vaccines that are of limited effectiveness against a few strains of the HIV virus. However, flu vaccines are similar in their limitations. Why are 'limited effectiveness flu vaccines released, but not HIV vaccines?​

Question 71

Ig stands for __________.

Question 72

Antigen receptors give __________ the collective potential to recognize billions of different antigens.

Question 73

Inflammation begins when mast cells in tissue release __________, which increases blood flow and also makes capillaries leaky to phagocytes and plasma proteins.