Deck 7: How Cells Release Chemical Energy

Question 1

The breakdown of ____ yields acetyl-CoA and carbon dioxide.

A) ​phosphoglycerate
B) ​pyruvate
C) ​oxaloacetate
D) ​PGAL
E) ​fructose bisphosphate

Answer 1

B

Question 2

How many net ATP molecules are produced per molecule of glucose broken down during glycolysis?

A) ​one
B) ​two
C) ​four
D) ​36
E) ​38

Answer 2

B

Question 3

How many ATP are spent before a glucose molecule can be broken down to release energy?

A) ​one
B) ​two
C) ​three
D) ​four
E) ​six

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What type of cells is especially impacted by defects in the mitochondria?

A) ​lung cells
B) ​skin cells
C) ​heart cells
D) ​nerve cells
E) ​bone cells

Question 5

When molecules are broken apart in respiration, ____.

A) ​the heat produced is used to drive biological reactions
B) ​the oxygen in the compounds that are broken apart is used as an energy source
C) ​the energy released is channeled into molecules of ATP
D) ​ATP is converted into ADP
E) ​ADP is released as a waste product

Question 6

What is the correct operational sequence of the three processes listed below?
I)glycolysis
II)electron transport chain
III)Krebs cycle

A) I → II → III​
B) II → I → III
C) ​III → I → II
D) ​II → III → I
E) ​I → III → II

Question 7

What process requires oxygen to function?

A) ​aerobic respiration
B) ​anaerobic respiration
C) ​alcoholic fermentation
D) ​lactate fermentation
E) ​substrate-level phosphorylation

Question 8

Where in a cell does glycolysis occur?

A) ​cytoplasm
B) ​Golgi body
C) ​nucleoid
D) ​mitochondrion
E) ​rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 9

For animals, the final hydrogen acceptor in cellular respiration is ____.

A) ​NADP+
B) ​sulfur
C) ​oxygen
D) ​magnesium
E) ​phosphorus

Question 10

Which molecule is a six carbon compound?

A) ​PEP
B) ​PGAL
C) ​fructose-1, 6-biphosphate
D) ​pyruvate
E) ​phosphoglycerate (PGA)

Question 11

Substrate-level phosphorylation transfers phosphate groups directly from ____ to ADP.

A) ​a substrate
B) ​coenzymes
C) ​the electron transfer chain
D) ​ATP
E) ​the Krebs cycle

Question 12

Substrate-level phosphorylation ____.

A) ​occurs during glycolysis
B) ​requires the presence of oxygen
C) ​is a precursor for the phosphorylation of glucose
D) ​is the source for the majority of the ATP produced in aerobic respiration
E) ​occurs in the mitochondria

Question 13

Which of the following has the greatest total energy?

A) ​cAMP
B) ​ADP
C) ​ATP
D) ​glucose
E) ​NADPH

Question 14

During the third stage of aerobic respiration, electrons and hydrogen ions released by the reactions of the first two stages are picked up by ____.

A) ​photosynthetic enzymes and ATP
B) ​CO₂ and H₂O
C) ​iron and glucose
D) ​NAD+ and FAD
E) ​O₂ and ATP

Question 15

Aerobic respiration ____.

A) ​evolved and enabled living organisms to utilize energy stored in glucose most efficiently
B) ​occurs only in animal cells because plants carry out photosynthesis
C) ​utilizes fat as its primary energy source
D) ​occurs at the same rate throughout all cells of the body
E) ​is the only cellular mechanism that yields ATP

Question 16

Pyruvate is the end product of ____.

A) ​glycolysis
B) ​acetyl-CoA formation
C) ​fermentation
D) ​the Krebs cycle
E) ​the citric acid cycle

Question 17

How many net ATP are generated in aerobic respiration?

A) ​two
B) ​eight
C) ​10
D) ​32
E) ​36

Question 18

In the breakdown of glucose, a phosphorylated six-carbon compound is split into two three-carbon compounds, which are named ____.

A) ​PGAL
B) ​pyruvate
C) ​acetyl-CoA
D) ​lactate
E) ​acetaldehyde

Question 19

For glycolysis to begin, ____.

A) ​glucose must enter the mitochondria
B) ​there must be an input of energy from ATP
C) ​oxygen must be available
D) ​some hydrogen acceptors must be available
E) ​there must be an input of energy from ADP

Question 20

Glycolysis depends upon a continuous supply of NAD+ and ____.

A) ​NADP
B) ​pyruvate
C) ​glucose
D) ​NADH
E) ​H₂O

Question 21

When glucose is used as the energy source, the largest amount of ATP is produced in ____.

A) ​glycolysis
B) ​acetyl-CoA formation
C) ​the Krebs cycle
D) ​substrate-level phosphorylation
E) ​electron transfer phosphorylation

Question 22

Select the one most appropriate choice for each.
a.​produces NADH and CO₂; pyruvate oxidized
b.​​produces ATP, NADH, and CO₂
c.splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules
d.​regenerates NAD+as pyruvate is converted to ethanol or lactate
e.​uses a membrane-bound system that sets up production of ATP
acetyl-CoA formation​

Question 23

The breakdown of ____ for energy production results in the formation of ammonia as a waste product.

A) ​carbohydrates
B) ​fats
C) ​proteins
D) ​carbohydrates and fats
E) ​fats and proteins

Question 24

The final step of the Krebs cycle regenerates ____.

A) ​pyruvate
B) ​acetyl-CoA
C) ​fructose bisphosphate
D) ​oxaloacetate
E) ​citrate

Question 25

The energy used to generate most of the ATP formed in aerobic respiration is released when electrons are passed from NADH along a chain to ____.

A) ​oxygen
B) ​acetyl CoA
C) ​FADH
D) ​CO₂.
E) ​NADPH

Question 26

Fats provide more energy than carbohydrates because they ____.

A) ​are larger molecules
B) ​require more oxidation reactions to breakdown fully
C) ​are hydrophilic
D) ​are liquid
E) ​are partially oxidized initially

Question 27

What is lost when acetyl-CoA enters into the Krebs cycle?

A) ​pyruvate
B) ​coenzyme A
C) ​fructose bisphosphate
D) ​oxaloacetate
E) ​citrate

Question 28

Select the one most appropriate choice for each.
a.​produces NADH and CO₂; pyruvate oxidized
b.​​produces ATP, NADH, and CO₂
c.splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules
d.​regenerates NAD+as pyruvate is converted to ethanol or lactate
e.​uses a membrane-bound system that sets up production of ATP
glycolysis

Question 29

The electron transfer chain is located ____.

A) ​on the inner membrane of the mitochondria
B) ​on the inner membrane of the chloroplasts
C) ​in the fluid part of the chloroplast
D) ​throughout the cytoplasm of the cell
E) ​on the plasma membrane of eukaryotes

Question 30

During which phase of aerobic respiration is FADH₂ produced?

A) ​glycolysis
B) ​ethanol production
C) ​acetyl-CoA formation
D) ​the Krebs cycle
E) ​glycolysis and the Krebs cycle

Question 31

In the conversion of pyruvate to ethanol, what is produced?

A) ​acetaldehyde only
B) ​carbon dioxide only
C) ​NADH only
D) ​acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide
E) ​acetaldehyde, carbon dioxide, and NADH

Question 32

Electron transfer phosphorylation yields____ ATPs.

A) ​four
B) ​two
C) ​three
D) ​32
E) ​zero

Question 33

In the mitochondria, hydrogen is actively pumped to the ____.

A) inner membrane
B) outer membrane
C) ​intermembrane space
D) matrix
E) ​cytoplasm

Question 34

If fermentation pathways follow glycolysis, ____.

A) ​CO₂ will be one of the products as pyruvate is converted to lactate
B) ​the two NADH molecules produced during glycolysis will (depending on the organism) be used to reduce pyruvate to either lactate or ethanol and CO₂
C) ​ATP will be required to convert pyruvate to either lactate or ethanol and CO₂
D) ​oxidative phosphorylation occurs either on the plasma membrane or on derivatives of the plasma membrane
E) ​ATP will be required to convert lactate to pyruvate and CO₂

Question 35

Select the one most appropriate choice for each.
a.​produces NADH and CO₂; pyruvate oxidized
b.​​produces ATP, NADH, and CO₂
c.splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules
d.​regenerates NAD+as pyruvate is converted to ethanol or lactate
e.​uses a membrane-bound system that sets up production of ATP
fermentation

Question 36

During the Krebs cycle, ____.

A) ​substrate-level phosphorylation occurs
B) ​oxaloacetate is consumed
C) ​electrons and H+ are removed from the coenzymes NADH and FADH
D) ​molecules of carbon dioxide are consumed
E) ​oxidative phosphorylation occurs

Question 37

The yield from each pyruvate in the second stage of aerobic respiration includes ____.

A) ​four NADH
B) ​one FADH+
C) ​two ATP
D) ​six CO₂
E) ​six ATP

Question 38

The breakdown of ____ into cellular energy can involve glycolysis.

A) ​carbohydrates
B) ​fats
C) ​proteins
D) ​carbohydrates and fats
E) ​fats and proteins

Question 39

Bakers use alcoholic fermentation to produce ____, which causes dough to rise.

A) ​alcohol
B) ​ATP
C) ​butyric acid
D) ​carbon dioxide
E) ​none of these

Question 40

Lactate fermentation transfers the electrons and hydrogen ions carried by NADH directly to ____.

A) ​acetaldehyde
B) ​pyruvate
C) ​carbon dioxide
D) ​oxygen
E) ​myoglobin

Question 41

Figure 7.7 Labeling. Use these molecules to label the major inputs and/or outputs of the Krebs cycle on the figure below.

a.​CO₂
b.​NADH
c.​ADP + Pi
d.​FADH₂
e.​ATP
What molecule corresponds to the item labeled as "53" in the accompanying figure?​

Question 42

Figure 7.7 Labeling. Use these molecules to label the major inputs and/or outputs of the Krebs cycle on the figure below.

a.​CO₂
b.​NADH
c.​ADP + Pi
d.​FADH₂
e.​ATP
What molecule corresponds to the item labeled as "56" in the accompanying figure?​

Question 43

Select the one most appropriate choice for each.
a.​produces NADH and CO₂; pyruvate oxidized
b.​​produces ATP, NADH, and CO₂
c.splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules
d.​regenerates NAD+as pyruvate is converted to ethanol or lactate
e.​uses a membrane-bound system that sets up production of ATP
electron transfer phosphorylation​

Question 44

Figure 7.7 Labeling. Use these molecules to label the major inputs and/or outputs of the Krebs cycle on the figure below.

a.​CO₂
b.​NADH
c.​ADP + Pi
d.​FADH₂
e.​ATP
What molecule corresponds to the item labeled as "59" in the accompanying figure?​

Question 45

Figure 7.7 Labeling. Use these molecules to label the major inputs and/or outputs of the Krebs cycle on the figure below.

a.​CO₂
b.​NADH
c.​ADP + Pi
d.​FADH₂
e.​ATP
What molecule corresponds to the item labeled as "57" in the accompanying figure?​

Question 46

​Classification. Use the five processes listed below for the following questions.
a.​glycolysis
b.​aerobic respiration
c.​electron transfer phosphorylation
d.​alcoholic fermentation
e.​lactate fermentation
In this process, the net energy yield is equal to two molecules of ATP, and the final product is ethanol.

Question 47

​Classification. Use the five processes listed below for the following questions.
a.​glycolysis
b.​aerobic respiration
c.​electron transfer phosphorylation
d.​alcoholic fermentation
e.​lactate fermentation
This process is responsible for the largest ATP production.

Question 48

Figure 7.7 Labeling. Use these molecules to label the major inputs and/or outputs of the Krebs cycle on the figure below.

a.​CO₂
b.​NADH
c.​ADP + Pi
d.​FADH₂
e.​ATP
What molecule corresponds to the item labeled as "54" in the accompanying figure?​

Question 49

Classification. Use the five compounds listed below for the following questions.​
a.​ethanol
b.​pyruvate
c.​lactate
d.​citrate
e.​acetaldehyde
This compound is utilized in alcoholic fermentation and lactate fermentation.

Question 50

​Classification. Use the five processes listed below for the following questions.
a.​glycolysis
b.​aerobic respiration
c.​electron transfer phosphorylation
d.​alcoholic fermentation
e.​lactate fermentation
This process precedes the Krebs cycle.

Question 51

Classification. Use the five compounds listed below for the following questions.​
a.​ethanol
b.​pyruvate
c.​lactate
d.​citrate
e.​acetaldehyde
This compound is made in many dough-based products consumed by humans

Question 52

Figure 7.7 Labeling. Use these molecules to label the major inputs and/or outputs of the Krebs cycle on the figure below.

a.​CO₂
b.​NADH
c.​ADP + Pi
d.​FADH₂
e.​ATP
What molecule corresponds to the item labeled as "60" in the accompanying figure?​

Question 53

​Classification. Use the five processes listed below for the following questions.
a.​glycolysis
b.​aerobic respiration
c.​electron transfer phosphorylation
d.​alcoholic fermentation
e.​lactate fermentation
This process yields the most energy overall.

Question 54

Select the one most appropriate choice for each.
a.​produces NADH and CO₂; pyruvate oxidized
b.​​produces ATP, NADH, and CO₂
c.splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules
d.​regenerates NAD+as pyruvate is converted to ethanol or lactate
e.​uses a membrane-bound system that sets up production of ATP
the Krebs cycle

Question 55

​Classification. Use the five processes listed below for the following questions.
a.​glycolysis
b.​aerobic respiration
c.​electron transfer phosphorylation
d.​alcoholic fermentation
e.​lactate fermentation
In this one-step process, the final product is lactate.

Question 56

Classification. Use the five compounds listed below for the following questions.​
a.​ethanol
b.​pyruvate
c.​lactate
d.​citrate
e.​acetaldehyde
This compound is the end product of glycolysis.

Question 57

Classification. Use the five compounds listed below for the following questions.​
a.​ethanol
b.​pyruvate
c.​lactate
d.​citrate
e.​acetaldehyde
This compound is produced by fast-twitch muscle fibers.

Question 58

Classification. Use the five compounds listed below for the following questions.​
a.​ethanol
b.​pyruvate
c.​lactate
d.​citrate
e.​acetaldehyde
This compound is an intermediate product of alcoholic fermentation but not lactate fermentation.

Question 59

Figure 7.7 Labeling. Use these molecules to label the major inputs and/or outputs of the Krebs cycle on the figure below.

a.​CO₂
b.​NADH
c.​ADP + Pi
d.​FADH₂
e.​ATP
What molecule corresponds to the item labeled as "55" in the accompanying figure?​

Question 60

Figure 7.7 Labeling. Use these molecules to label the major inputs and/or outputs of the Krebs cycle on the figure below.

a.​CO₂
b.​NADH
c.​ADP + Pi
d.​FADH₂
e.​ATP
What molecule corresponds to the item labeled as "58" in the accompanying figure?​

Question 61

Discuss how photosynthesis is a natural partner for aerobic respiration.

Question 62

How many molecules of ATP are produced at each stage of aerobic respiration?

Question 63

Acetyl-CoA is produced when ____________________ is broken down.

Question 64

Write the equation that summarizes the aerobic respiration pathway.

Question 65

The electron transport chain begins when ____________________ or ____________________ are oxidized.

Question 66

In a mitochondrion, a mutation occurs such that the protein responsible for accepting electrons from FADH₂ no longer functions. How will this affect ATP production?

Question 67

Glycolysis requires ATP input in order to produce ____________________ and ____________________.

Question 68

Figure 7.7 Labeling. Use these molecules to label the major inputs and/or outputs of the Krebs cycle on the figure below.

a.​CO₂
b.​NADH
c.​ADP + Pi
d.​FADH₂
e.​ATP
What molecule corresponds to the item labeled as "61" in the accompanying figure?​

Question 69

Why do some muscle cells produce ATP via lactate fermentation?

Question 70

During alcoholic fermentation, ____________________ is converted into ethanol.

Question 71

Figure 7.7 Labeling. Use these molecules to label the major inputs and/or outputs of the Krebs cycle on the figure below.

a.​CO₂
b.​NADH
c.​ADP + Pi
d.​FADH₂
e.​ATP
What molecule corresponds to the item labeled as "62" in the accompanying figure?​

Question 72

Why is the total ATP produced via aerobic respiration different from the net ATP produced?

Question 73

What molecule is the common entry point to aerobic respiration for carbohydrates, proteins and fats?

Question 74

What is the ultimate fate of the carbon atoms in a glucose molecule that goes through aerobic respiration?

Question 75

What is the most important product of stage 2 of aerobic respiration?