Deck 9: From Dna to Protein

Question 1

The genetic code is made up of codons consisting of how many nucleotides?

A) ​two
B) ​three
C) ​five
D) ​six
E) ​nine

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The portion of the DNA molecule that is translated is composed of

A) ​introns.
B) ​anticodons.
C) ​exons.
D) ​transcriptions.
E) ​exons and transcriptions.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following initiates the process of transcription?

A) RNA polymerase​
B) ​DNA polymerase
C) ​helicase
D) ​transfer RNA
E) ​exons

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Transcription starts at a region of DNA called a(n)

A) ​sequencer.
B) ​promoter.
C) ​activator.
D) ​terminator.
E) ​transcriber.

Question 5

If the DNA sequence isATG-CGT, the mRNA codons are

A) ​AUG-CGU.
B) ​ATG-CGT.
C) ​UAC-GCA.
D) ​UAG-CGU.
E) ​GUA-CGU.

Question 6

A segment of DNA that specifies a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide is called a(n)

A) ​codon.
B) ​intron.
C) ​messenger.
D) ​gene.
E) ​enzyme.

Question 7

Ricin is a(n)

A) substance found in castor bean seeds.​
B) ​polysaccharide extracted from rice.
C) ​ingredient in many paints and cosmetics.
D) ​protein that inactivates ribosomes.
E) ​substance found in castor bean seeds and a protein that inactivates ribosomes.

Question 8

There are how many different kinds of RNA codons?

A) ​3
B) ​72
C) ​28
D) ​64
E) ​120

Question 9

In eukaryotes, all of the different types of RNA are transcribed in the

A) ​mitochondria.
B) ​cytoplasm.
C) ​ribosomes.
D) ​nucleus.
E) ​endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 10

During transcription, uracil pairs with

A) ​ribose.
B) ​adenine.
C) ​cytosine.
D) ​thymine.
E) ​guanine.

Question 11

There are how many different kinds of amino acids?

A) ​3
B) ​6
C) ​12
D) ​20
E) ​28

Question 12

Ricin is toxic because it

A) ​binds to eukaryotic DNA.
B) ​binds to eukaryotic mRNA.
C) ​blocks food from entering the cell.
D) ​inactivates ribosomes.
E) ​binds to nerve tissue and causes paralysis.

Question 13

The relationship between strands of RNA and DNA during transcription is

A) antagonistic.​
B) ​opposite.
C) ​complementary.
D) ​an exact duplicate.
E) ​unrelated.

Question 14

Figure 9.3​

The process of going from transcription to translation

A) ​explains the structural complexity of genes.
B) ​describes the flow of genetic information.
C) ​is based upon the role of proteins in controlling life.
D) ​does not explain how genes function.
E) ​explains evolution in terms of molecular biology.

Question 15

DNA and RNA are alike in that they

A) ​both have same pentose sugar.
B) ​use the same nitrogenous bases to assemble the genetic code.
C) ​have the same number of strands.
D) ​both play vital roles in gene expression.
E) ​are both made in the cytoplasm.

Question 16

The form of RNA that carries the code from DNA to the site of protein assembly is called

A) ​messenger RNA.
B) ​nuclear RNA.
C) ​ribosomal RNA.
D) ​transfer RNA.
E) ​structural RNA.

Question 17

In this depiction of transcription (accompanying figure), the ____ strand is ____ because it ____.

A) upper; RNA; contains guanine
B) upper; RNA; contains uracil
C) lower; RNA; contains thymine
D) upper; RNA; has no uracil
E) lower; DNA; contains adenine

Question 18

____ carries protein-assembly instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

A) ​Template DNA
B) ​Messenger RNA
C) ​Transfer RNA
D) ​Ribosomal RNA
E) ​Total RNA

Question 19

Before messenger RNA fully matures,

A) ​all exons are deleted and removed.
B) ​a poly-A tail and modified guanine "cap" are added.
C) ​anticodons are assembled.
D) ​the transfer RNA transfers the messenger RNA to the ribosome.
E) ​the single RNA strand duplicates itself in much the same way as DNA.

Question 20

Figure 9.3​

The helix structure on the right of the above figure represents

A) ​DNA.
B) ​RNA.
C) ​lipid.
D) ​protein.
E) ​phospholipid.

Question 21

Frameshift mutations may involve the

A) ​substitution of nucleotides.
B) ​substitution of codons.
C) ​substitution of amino acids.
D) ​addition or deletion of one or more base pairs.
E) ​rearrangement of amino acids.

Question 22

Which statement is true?

A) ​Gene mutations never occur independently of each other.
B) ​Gene mutations are very common.
C) ​Ionizing radiation is caused by chromosomal damage.
D) ​Mutations are random.
E) ​The loci of gene mutations can be predicted.

Question 23

Figure 9.7
​
The following questions refer to the codon table above.
The sequence of amino acids specified by this mRNA (AUGCGUCCA) is

A) ​serine - histidine - lysine.
B) ​methionine - arginine - proline.
C) ​methionine - alanine - serine.
D) ​valine - arginine - leucine.
E) ​valine - proline - methionine.

Question 24

The difference between normal and sickle-cell hemoglobin is based upon the

A) ​number of amino acids in the molecule.
B) ​substitution of one amino acid for another.
C) ​number and orientation of the amino acid chains attached to the heme portion of the molecule.
D) ​number of oxygen molecules that can be carried.
E) ​type of bone marrow that produces it.

Question 25

Figure 9.7
​
The following questions refer to the codon table above.
What carries amino acids to ribosomes during translation?

A) ​mRNA
B) ​tRNA
C) ​DNA
D) ​rRNA
E) ​exons

Question 26

A polysome is

A) ​one of the units of a ribosome.
B) ​the nuclear organelle that synthesizes RNA.
C) ​an organelle that functions similarly to a ribosome during meiosis.
D) ​the two units of a ribosome considered together.
E) ​an mRNA molecule with several ribosomes attached.

Question 27

Figure 9.7
​
The following questions refer to the codon table above.
The first amino acid of a new polypeptide chain is

A) ​alanine.
B) ​cysteine.
C) ​variable.
D) ​phenylalanine.
E) ​methionine.

Question 28

Anticodons pair with

A) ​codons on DNA
B) ​codons on mRNA.
C) ​codons on tRNA
D) ​codons on rRNA
E) ​messenger RNA and ribosomal RNA.

Question 29

A frameshift mutation results in

A) ​a normal protein due to the redundancy of the genetic code.
B) errors in DNA replication
C) errors in DNA splicing
D) ​a change in all mRNA codons downstream from the mutation
E) a change in the third position of one codon

Question 30

Figure 9.11

What is shown in the figure above?

A) transcription in eukaryotes
B) translation in prokaryotes
C) translation in eukaryotes
D) DNA replication
E) transcription in prokaryotes

Question 31

Which event occurs during the elongation stage?

A) ​Peptide bonds form.
B) ​Free amino acids bind to the mRNA binding site.
C) ​Anticodons bind to complementary codons.
D) ​A stop codon enters the ribosome.
E) ​Peptide bonds form, and anticodons bind to complementary codons.

Question 32

Figure 9.11

A gene mutation

A) ​is a temporary change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.
B) ​may be caused by environmental agents.
C) ​always arises spontaneously.
D) ​occurs only in eukaryotes.
E) ​is always damaging to the organism.

Question 33

Mutations are

A) ​random.
B) ​beneficial.
C) ​always lethal.
D) ​always heritable.
E) ​largely predictable.

Question 34

What stage of translation occurs when ribosomal subunits and tRNAs converge on mRNA?

A) ​initiation
B) ​elongation
C) ​termination
D) ​peptide bond formation
E) ​elongation and peptide bond formation

Question 35

Of all the different codons that exist, three of them

A) ​are involved in mutations.
B) ​do not specify a particular amino acid.
C) ​cannot be copied.
D) do not specify a particular amino acid and are signals to begin translation.
E) ​do not specify a particular amino acid and are signals to terminate translation.

Question 36

Figure 9.7
​
The following questions refer to the codon table above.
If the DNA nucleotides read ATG-CGT-GAC, the amino acid sequence of the resulting polypeptide would be

A) ​tyrosine - alanine - leucine.
B) ​methionine - arginine - asparagine.
C) ​histidine - glycine - proline.
D) ​serine - lysine - glycine.
E) ​serine - lysine - isoleucine.

Question 37

In correct order, the three stages of translation are

A) ​initiation, replication, and termination.
B) ​elongation, peptide bond formation, and codon-anticodon pairing.
C) ​initiation, chain elongation, and termination.
D) ​termination, initiation, and replication.
E) ​initiation, codon-anticodon pairing, and termination.

Question 38

The structure in the above figure demonstrates which of the following?

A) ​transcription and translation occur simultaneously on a single strand
B) ​ribosomes attached to a strand of DNA
C) ​a small ribosomal subunit
D) ​multiple ribosomes on a strand of mRNA
E) ​a single unattached ribosome

Question 39

During the termination stage

A) ​a start codon enters the ribosome.
B) ​release factors separate the ribosomal subunits.
C) ​mRNA attaches to the ribosome and the polypeptide chain.
D) ​ribosomal subunits join.
E) ​a stop codon enters the ribosome.

Question 40

Ribosomal subunits

A) ​come together in threes to form functional units.
B) ​are composed of mRNA and structural proteins.
C) ​are synthesized in the cytoplasm.
D) ​converge with tRNA when mRNA is to be translated.
E) ​are transcribed from the complementary strand of DNA that is used for tRNA transcription.

Question 41

Choose the best matching element.​
a.​results in a hairless appearance of the sphynx cat
b.​RNA-directed process involving polypeptide chains
c.​sites at which RNA polymerases can bind and initiate transcription
d.​binds to small subunit platform of a ribosome
e.​guided and catalyzed by RNA polymerases
f.​polypeptide chain elongation proceeds independently at each body in this cluster
g.​adds nucleotides to the end of a growing RNA
h.​a tRNA triplet opposite a codon
i.​a set of three nucleotides
messenger RNA

Question 42

Each tRNA has a(n) __________ that base-pairs with a codon, and each binds to the amino acid specified by the codon.

Question 43

Choose the best matching element.​
a.​results in a hairless appearance of the sphynx cat
b.​RNA-directed process involving polypeptide chains
c.​sites at which RNA polymerases can bind and initiate transcription
d.​binds to small subunit platform of a ribosome
e.​guided and catalyzed by RNA polymerases
f.​polypeptide chain elongation proceeds independently at each body in this cluster
g.​adds nucleotides to the end of a growing RNA
h.​a tRNA triplet opposite a codon
i.​a set of three nucleotides
anticodon

Question 44

In transcription, RNA polymerase binds to a(n) _____________________ sequence near a gene, and then assembles a strand of RNA.

Question 45

Classification. You will need a genetic code table to answer the following. The following statements refer to the five RNA codons listed below; match them appropriately:​
a.​AUG
b.​UAA
c.​UUU
d.​UUA
e.​AAA
The anticodon AAA pairs with this codon.

Question 46

Genetic information carried by a(n) _____________________ directs the synthesis of a(n) _____________________ chain during translation.

Question 47

Choose the best matching element.​
a.​results in a hairless appearance of the sphynx cat
b.​RNA-directed process involving polypeptide chains
c.​sites at which RNA polymerases can bind and initiate transcription
d.​binds to small subunit platform of a ribosome
e.​guided and catalyzed by RNA polymerases
f.​polypeptide chain elongation proceeds independently at each body in this cluster
g.​adds nucleotides to the end of a growing RNA
h.​a tRNA triplet opposite a codon
i.​a set of three nucleotides
promoters

Question 48

Choose the best matching element.​
a.​results in a hairless appearance of the sphynx cat
b.​RNA-directed process involving polypeptide chains
c.​sites at which RNA polymerases can bind and initiate transcription
d.​binds to small subunit platform of a ribosome
e.​guided and catalyzed by RNA polymerases
f.​polypeptide chain elongation proceeds independently at each body in this cluster
g.​adds nucleotides to the end of a growing RNA
h.​a tRNA triplet opposite a codon
i.​a set of three nucleotides
polysome

Question 49

Classification. You will need a genetic code table to answer the following. The following statements refer to the five RNA codons listed below; match them appropriately:​
a.​AUG
b.​UAA
c.​UUU
d.​UUA
e.​AAA
A DNA codon of ATT is complementary to this RNA codon.

Question 50

A base-pair substitution may alter a protein by changing an amino acid or by introducing a(n) _____________________.

Question 51

Classification. You will need a genetic code table to answer the following. The following statements refer to the five RNA codons listed below; match them appropriately:​
a.​AUG
b.​UAA
c.​UUU
d.​UUA
e.​AAA
This codon codes for an amino acid and indicates the beginning of a coding region.

Question 52

Choose the best matching element.​
a.​results in a hairless appearance of the sphynx cat
b.​RNA-directed process involving polypeptide chains
c.​sites at which RNA polymerases can bind and initiate transcription
d.​binds to small subunit platform of a ribosome
e.​guided and catalyzed by RNA polymerases
f.​polypeptide chain elongation proceeds independently at each body in this cluster
g.​adds nucleotides to the end of a growing RNA
h.​a tRNA triplet opposite a codon
i.​a set of three nucleotides
single base-pair mutation

Question 53

Gene _____________________ requires the participation of RNA, tRNA, and _____________________.

Question 54

Choose the best matching element.​
a.​results in a hairless appearance of the sphynx cat
b.​RNA-directed process involving polypeptide chains
c.​sites at which RNA polymerases can bind and initiate transcription
d.​binds to small subunit platform of a ribosome
e.​guided and catalyzed by RNA polymerases
f.​polypeptide chain elongation proceeds independently at each body in this cluster
g.​adds nucleotides to the end of a growing RNA
h.​a tRNA triplet opposite a codon
i.​a set of three nucleotides
transcription

Question 55

Choose the best matching element.​
a.​results in a hairless appearance of the sphynx cat
b.​RNA-directed process involving polypeptide chains
c.​sites at which RNA polymerases can bind and initiate transcription
d.​binds to small subunit platform of a ribosome
e.​guided and catalyzed by RNA polymerases
f.​polypeptide chain elongation proceeds independently at each body in this cluster
g.​adds nucleotides to the end of a growing RNA
h.​a tRNA triplet opposite a codon
i.​a set of three nucleotides
RNA polymerase

Question 56

Classification. You will need a genetic code table to answer the following. The following statements refer to the five RNA codons listed below; match them appropriately:​
a.​AUG
b.​UAA
c.​UUU
d.​UUA
e.​AAA
A single mutation involving the second letter of codon AUA could convert it to this codon.

Question 57

Classification. You will need a genetic code table to answer the following. The following statements refer to the five RNA codons listed below; match them appropriately:​
a.​AUG
b.​UAA
c.​UUU
d.​UUA
e.​AAA
This codon terminates a coding region.

Question 58

Choose the best matching element.​
a.​results in a hairless appearance of the sphynx cat
b.​RNA-directed process involving polypeptide chains
c.​sites at which RNA polymerases can bind and initiate transcription
d.​binds to small subunit platform of a ribosome
e.​guided and catalyzed by RNA polymerases
f.​polypeptide chain elongation proceeds independently at each body in this cluster
g.​adds nucleotides to the end of a growing RNA
h.​a tRNA triplet opposite a codon
i.​a set of three nucleotides
translation

Question 59

The process of gene expression includes two steps: ____________________ and ____________________.

Question 60

Choose the best matching element.​
a.​results in a hairless appearance of the sphynx cat
b.​RNA-directed process involving polypeptide chains
c.​sites at which RNA polymerases can bind and initiate transcription
d.​binds to small subunit platform of a ribosome
e.​guided and catalyzed by RNA polymerases
f.​polypeptide chain elongation proceeds independently at each body in this cluster
g.​adds nucleotides to the end of a growing RNA
h.​a tRNA triplet opposite a codon
i.​a set of three nucleotides
codon

Question 61

What is the probability of a mutation occurring within the protein coding region of the human genome during a single cell division event?

Question 62

The concepts of transcription and translation have been said to form the 'central dogma' of molecular biology. Is this a fitting description?

Question 63

What does the fact that all organisms use essentially the same genetic code suggest about the origin of life?

Question 64

Assume alternative splicing can generate all permutations and combination. How many proteins could a gene with three exons and two introns generate?