Deck 10: Gene Control

Question 1

The products of genes that are switched on in specific tissues at specific stages of development affect mainly

A) ​gene replication.
B) ​gene transcription.
C) ​mRNA transcript processing.
D) ​translation.
E) ​post-translational processing of proteins.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The rate at which mRNA is processed by ribosomes is an example of

A) ​transcriptional control.
B) ​transcript processing control.
C) ​transport control.
D) ​translational control.
E) ​post-translational control.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

In an egg, cytoplasmic localization of mRNA occurs when the transcripts

A) ​are bound to specific proteins.
B) ​are small enough.
C) ​are attached to fat soluble molecules.
D) ​contain specific introns.
E) ​are attached to ribosome subunits manufactured in the nucleus.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Cell differentiation can be defined as

A) ​protein synthesis.
B) ​different cell lineages expressing different subsets of their genes during development.
C) ​all cell lineages expressing the same genes during development.
D) ​different cell lineages expressing all subsets of their genes during development.
E) ​different genomes present in different cell lineages.

Question 5

The position of a cell within an embryo during embryonic development determines

A) which genes will be knocked out.
B) the gender of the embryo.
C) whether the cell will ​differentiate.
D) which master genes are turned on.
E) ​whether maternal mRNAs will be translated.

Question 6

Differentiation is the process by which cells

A) ​mature into larger cells.
B) ​change from one type of muscle to another.
C) ​change to repair injuries.
D) ​turn on all the genomic genes.
E) ​express different subsets of their genes during development..

Question 7

Figure 10.1

What is represented by the part of the figure labeled as "B"?

A) ​normal tissue
B) ​cancerous tissue
C) ​adipose tissue
D) ​lymph nodes
E) ​red blood cells

Question 8

X chromosome inactivation results in the

A) ​total inactivation of both X chromosomes.
B) ​inactivation of only the paternal X chromosome.
C) ​inactivation of only the maternal X chromosome.
D) ​inactivation of either the paternal X chromosome or the maternal X chromosome.
E) ​nonrandom inactivation of X chromosomes in the initial cells of tissues.

Question 9

A radical mastectomy involves the removal of

A) ​any breast tumor.
B) a benign breast tumor.
C) ​a malignant breast tumor.
D) ​a breast, all lymph nodes under the arm, and skeletal muscles in the chest wall under the breast.
E) ​both breasts.

Question 10

Which statement about promoters is true?

A) ​They are long sequences in DNA.
B) ​They are locations in DNA where regulatory proteins do not gather.
C) ​They control transcription.
D) ​They are associated with all genes.
E) ​They slow the rate of transcription.

Question 11

Post-translational modifications are responsible for

A) ​activation, inhibition, and stabilization of enzymes.
B) ​inhibition of enzymes only.
C) ​activation, inhibition, and synthesis of enzymes.
D) ​synthesis of enzymes and allosteric enzyme control.
E) ​synthesis of enzymes only.

Question 12

Transcription factors include

A) ​activators and repressors.
B) ​repressors.
C) ​activators, repressors, and enhancers.
D) ​activators, repressors, and translational factors.
E) ​enhancers and repressors.

Question 13

Which of the following causes DNA to wrap tightly around histones essentially shutting down transcription?

A) ​methylation
B) ​acetylation
C) ​nitrogenation
D) ​dehydration
E) ​carbonation

Question 14

Researchers tend to name genes based on what happens in their absence. The tinman gene in Drosophila results in flies

A) ​without hearts.
B) ​with nonjointed legs.
C) ​with a thick exoskeleton.
D) ​with rust colored eyes.
E) ​without brains.

Question 15

In knockout experiments,

A) ​genes are added to chromosomes.
B) ​normal genes are replaced physically by mutated genes.
C) ​genes are mutated or deleted to prevent their expression.
D) ​mRNAs are prevented from attaching to ribosomes.
E) ​the protein products of specific genes are inactivated.

Question 16

Adding acetyl groups to a histone regulates gene expression by allowing transcription to proceed by

A) ​increasing the pH of the cell.
B) ​loosening the DNA wound around the histone.
C) ​modifying the nucleotides of the promoter region of the DNA molecule.
D) ​enhancing the activity of RNA polymerase.
E) ​enhancing the development of a DNA-RNA hybrid.

Question 17

Figure 10.1

When cells stop responding to normal controls over growth and division they

A) ​begin to form a tumor.
B) ​produce a malignancy.
C) ​start to die.
D) ​kill surrounding cells.
E) ​produce scar tissue.

Question 18

Homeotic genes generally control

A) ​X chromosome inactivation.
B) ​the formation of a specific body part.
C) hormone synthesis.​
D) ​dosage compensation.
E) ​DNA methylation.

Question 19

The two different forms of fibronectin mRNA produced by two different kinds of cells is an example of

A) ​transcriptional control.
B) post-transcriptional control..
C) ​transport control.
D) ​translational control.
E) ​post-translational control.

Question 20

Transcription factors bind directly to

A) ​new polypeptide chains.
B) ​DNA.
C) ​RNA .
D) ​final proteins.
E) ​enhancers.

Question 21

On its own, the product of the C group gene alone in Arabidopsis thaliana triggers

A) ​sepal development.
B) ​stamen development.
C) ​carpel development.
D) ​petal development.
E) ​stamen and carpel development.

Question 22

The mosaic effect of X inactivation in calico cat fur can be observed in

A) ​skin color only.
B) ​hair color only.
C) ​fingernails only.
D) ​the location of sweat glands.
E) ​all its tissues.

Question 23

A gene can be silenced by the addition of what to a nucleotide?

A) -CH₃
B) ​-COOH
C) ​-OH
D) ​-NH₂
E) ​-PO4-3

Question 24

Which of the following accounts for the negative control of operons?

A) ​promoters
B) ​repressors
C) ​structural genes
D) ​operators
E) ​deactivators

Question 25

A mammalian female's

A) ​cells usually have multiple Barr bodies.
B) ​body is a mosaic for the X-linked traits she inherits.
C) ​Barr bodies are active in some cells.
D) ​Barr bodies are produced after puberty.
E) ​X-linked recessive genes are always expressed because of the deactivation of an X chromosome in each cell.

Question 26

In the ABC model of flower development in Arabidopsis thaliana, sepals form when which gene(s) is/are switched on?

A) ​A only
B) ​A and B
C) ​B and C
D) ​C only
E) ​A and B and C

Question 27

In prokaryotes, control of gene expression is mainly at the level of ____.

A) ​transcription
B) ​transcript processing
C) ​transport
D) ​translation
E) ​post-translation

Question 28

A low number of methyl groups associated with a gene encoding a hormone that fosters prenatal growth and development is common in individuals

A) with cancer.​
B) ​conceived duringfamine.
C) ​exposed tochemicals in cigarette smoke.
D) ​with young parents.
E) of ​certain ethnic groups.

Question 29

The obvious advantage of the lactose operon is that it

A) ​allows bacteria to survive in the presence of lactose.
B) ​cause the DNA regions that contain the operator to twist or loop.
C) ​enables bacteria to make lactose only in the presence of the proper enzymes.
D) ​negates the need for milk in the diet of adult humans.
E) ​enables glucose to substitute for lactose in the diet of lactose intolerant persons.

Question 30

The prokaryote operon model explains gene regulation at the level of

A) ​replication.
B) ​transcription.
C) ​transcript processing.
D) ​transcript transport.
E) ​translation.

Question 31

Repressors

A) bind to operators.​
B) ​lie between operators.
C) ​lie between promoters.
D) ​lie downstream from operators.
E) ​are part of an operon.

Question 32

Which statement is false concerning X chromosome inactivation?

A) ​It is an accident of evolution.
B) ​It is an example of dosage compensation.
C) ​It is a gene control mechanism.
D) ​It is responsible for the normal development of female embryos.
E) ​It does not occur in males.

Question 33

Mutation in an A group gene in Arabidopsis thaliana affects development in its flower's

A) ​first whorl only.
B) ​second whorl only.
C) ​third whorl only.
D) ​first and second whorls.
E) ​second and third whorls.

Question 34

Mutation in a B group gene in Arabidopsis thaliana affects development in its flower's

A) ​first whorl only.
B) ​second whorl only.
C) ​third whorl only.
D) ​first and second whorls.
E) ​second and third whorls.

Question 35

Repressor proteins do not

A) ​prevent binding of RNA polymerase to DNA.
B) eliminates the need for lactose-metabolizing enzymes when lactose is not present.
C) ​inactivate operon genes when their products are not required.
D) ​bind to sets of operators.
E) ​increase transcription rates.

Question 36

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.a condensed X chromosome
b.protein that combines with DNA all along its length
c.attaches or detaches from operator to regulate transcription
d.portion of the operon that binds RNA polymerase
e.genes that induce expression of other genes
f.genes controlling the development of the body plan
g.the mutated form of this gene is associated with breast cancer
h.binding sites on DNA for regulatory proteins that increase transcription rates
histone

Question 37

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.a condensed X chromosome
b.protein that combines with DNA all along its length
c.attaches or detaches from operator to regulate transcription
d.portion of the operon that binds RNA polymerase
e.genes that induce expression of other genes
f.genes controlling the development of the body plan
g.the mutated form of this gene is associated with breast cancer
h.binding sites on DNA for regulatory proteins that increase transcription rates
Barr body

Question 38

Which of the following is the binding site for RNA polymerase on the DNA molecule?

A) ​structural genes.
B) ​repressor gene.
C) ​promoter sequence.
D) ​operator sequence.
E) ​region between an operator and the first structural gene.

Question 39

Is the lac operon transcribed when lactose is present?

A) ​Yes, lactose binds to the repressor, allowing RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter and transcribe the operon.
B) ​Yes, lactose binds to RNA polymerase, allowing it to bind to the promoter and transcribe the operon.
C) ​No, lactose binds to the repressor, allowing it to bind to the two operators preventing transcription.
D) ​No, lactose has no effect on transcription of the lac operon.
E) ​No, lactose binds to the second operator, blocking transcription by RNA polymerase.

Question 40

The promotion of the lactose operon in bacteria is

A) ​activated by a repressor protein.
B) ​independent of glucose concentration.
C) ​activated by lactose binding.
D) ​regulated by RNA polymerase.
E) ​regulated by mRNA.

Question 41

​Classification. Choose the proper item below for the following statements.a.​operon
b.​operator
c.​promoter
d.​riboswitch
e.​regulator protein
when the repressor is inactivated, RNA polymerase can bind here and allow transcription to occur

Question 42

The __________ governs expression of three genes active in lactose metabolism.

Question 43

In female mammals, most genes on one of the two X chromosomes are permanently inaccessible, a phenomenon is called __________.

Question 44

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.a condensed X chromosome
b.protein that combines with DNA all along its length
c.attaches or detaches from operator to regulate transcription
d.portion of the operon that binds RNA polymerase
e.genes that induce expression of other genes
f.genes controlling the development of the body plan
g.the mutated form of this gene is associated with breast cancer
h.binding sites on DNA for regulatory proteins that increase transcription rates
homeotic genes

Question 45

Knockout experiments involving __________ genes in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) revealed local controls over gene expression.

Question 46

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.a condensed X chromosome
b.protein that combines with DNA all along its length
c.attaches or detaches from operator to regulate transcription
d.portion of the operon that binds RNA polymerase
e.genes that induce expression of other genes
f.genes controlling the development of the body plan
g.the mutated form of this gene is associated with breast cancer
h.binding sites on DNA for regulatory proteins that increase transcription rates
master genes

Question 47

​Classification. Choose the proper item below for the following statements.a.​operon
b.​operator
c.​promoter
d.​riboswitch
e.​regulator protein
repressors, activators, and transcription factors

Question 48

​Classification. Choose the proper item below for the following statements.a.​operon
b.​operator
c.​promoter
d.​riboswitch
e.​regulator protein
sequence in a prokaryotic mRNA molecule that can regulate its translation

Question 49

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.a condensed X chromosome
b.protein that combines with DNA all along its length
c.attaches or detaches from operator to regulate transcription
d.portion of the operon that binds RNA polymerase
e.genes that induce expression of other genes
f.genes controlling the development of the body plan
g.the mutated form of this gene is associated with breast cancer
h.binding sites on DNA for regulatory proteins that increase transcription rates
enhancers

Question 50

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.a condensed X chromosome
b.protein that combines with DNA all along its length
c.attaches or detaches from operator to regulate transcription
d.portion of the operon that binds RNA polymerase
e.genes that induce expression of other genes
f.genes controlling the development of the body plan
g.the mutated form of this gene is associated with breast cancer
h.binding sites on DNA for regulatory proteins that increase transcription rates
repressor protein

Question 51

​Classification. Choose the proper item below for the following statements.a.​operon
b.​operator
c.​promoter
d.​riboswitch
e.​regulator protein
arepressor protein can shut down transcription by binding here

Question 52

​Classification. Choose the proper item below for the following statements.a.​operon
b.​operator
c.​promoter
d.​riboswitch
e.​regulator protein
this contains regulator, promoter, and operator regions

Question 53

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.a condensed X chromosome
b.protein that combines with DNA all along its length
c.attaches or detaches from operator to regulate transcription
d.portion of the operon that binds RNA polymerase
e.genes that induce expression of other genes
f.genes controlling the development of the body plan
g.the mutated form of this gene is associated with breast cancer
h.binding sites on DNA for regulatory proteins that increase transcription rates
BRCA1

Question 54

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.a condensed X chromosome
b.protein that combines with DNA all along its length
c.attaches or detaches from operator to regulate transcription
d.portion of the operon that binds RNA polymerase
e.genes that induce expression of other genes
f.genes controlling the development of the body plan
g.the mutated form of this gene is associated with breast cancer
h.binding sites on DNA for regulatory proteins that increase transcription rates
promoter

Question 55

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.​
a.​influences the amount and kinds of mRNA assembled from structural gene
b.​splicing, capping, and adding a poly-A tail
c.​nuclear envelope selectively regulates passage of transcripts
d.​phosphorylation of translated protein
e.​dosage compensation
transcriptional control

Question 56

As cell lineages use varying subsets of genes during development, they become specialized through a process called __________.

Question 57

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.​
a.​influences the amount and kinds of mRNA assembled from structural gene
b.​splicing, capping, and adding a poly-A tail
c.​nuclear envelope selectively regulates passage of transcripts
d.​phosphorylation of translated protein
e.​dosage compensation
post-translational control

Question 58

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.​
a.​influences the amount and kinds of mRNA assembled from structural gene
b.​splicing, capping, and adding a poly-A tail
c.​nuclear envelope selectively regulates passage of transcripts
d.​phosphorylation of translated protein
e.​dosage compensation
transport control

Question 59

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.​
a.​influences the amount and kinds of mRNA assembled from structural gene
b.​splicing, capping, and adding a poly-A tail
c.​nuclear envelope selectively regulates passage of transcripts
d.​phosphorylation of translated protein
e.​dosage compensation
X chromosome inactivation

Question 60

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.​
a.​influences the amount and kinds of mRNA assembled from structural gene
b.​splicing, capping, and adding a poly-A tail
c.​nuclear envelope selectively regulates passage of transcripts
d.​phosphorylation of translated protein
e.​dosage compensation
mRNA processing

Question 61

What is the most efficient way to regulate gene expression from the perspective of cellular resources?

Question 62

Why is SRY considered to be a master gene?

Question 63

Explain why grandsons of boys who survived a famine lived longer than grandsons of boys who did not experience a famine?