Deck 12: Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction

Question 1

Meiosis typically results in the production of

A) ​two diploid cells.
B) ​four diploid cells.
C) ​four haploid cells.
D) ​two haploid cells.
E) ​one triploid cell.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Figure 12.5

The cell in the accompanying illustration is in ____.

A) ​prophase I.
B) ​metaphase I.
C) ​anaphase I.
D) ​prophase II.
E) anaphase II.​

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Figure 12.3

Which letter(s) in the accompanying figure represents the anther?

A) ​A
B) ​B
C) ​C
D) ​D
E) ​both C and D

Answer 3

C

Question 4

During meiosis II, ____.

A) ​cytokinesis results in the formation of a total of two cells
B) ​sister chromatids of each chromosome are separated from each other
C) ​homologous chromosomes pair up
D) ​homologous chromosomes separate
E) ​sister chromatids exchange parts

Question 5

Crossing over occurs during

A) ​anaphase I.
B) ​metaphase II.
C) ​prophase I.
D) ​prophase II.
E) telophase II.​

Question 6

Figure 12.3

Which letter in the accompanying figure represents the ovary in which haploid germ cells form by meiosis and gametes form when these cells divide by mitosis?

A) ​A only
B) ​B only
C) ​C only
D) ​D only
E) ​both A and D

Question 7

Duplicated chromosomes linked together at their centromeres at the beginning of meiosis are appropriately called what kind of chromatids?​

A) ​mother
B) ​parallel
C) ​sister
D) ​homogenous
E) haploid​

Question 8

Crossing over​

A) occurs during mitosis.
B) ​involves centrioles.
C) ​involves breakages and exchanges between sister chromatids.
D) ​results in new combinations of alleles being channeled into the daughter cells.
E) only occurs in animal cells.​

Question 9

Anaphase

A) involves the lining up of the chromosomes across the equatorial plate.​
B) is the same in mitosis and meiosis I and II.​​
C) is initiated when the chromosomes begin to move apart.
D) ​results in an unequal distribution of chromosomes to the resulting cells.
E) ​occurs after telophase.

Question 10

The essence of meiosis is that

A) ​onegamete receives the maternal chromosomes, and the other gamete receives the paternal chromosomes.
B) ​diploid gametes are formed.
C) ​gametes are formed after one cell division.
D) ​diploid sporesare formed.
E) haploid gametes are formed.​

Question 11

Which of the following is TRUE of asexual reproduction?

A) ​It allows an individual's genes to adjust to the environment.
B) ​It produces greater genetic diversity.
C) ​It is a good strategy if an organism lives in a constant, unchanging environment.
D) ​It slows the accumulation of potentially harmful mutations.
E) ​It allows only half of an individual's genes to be passed on.

Question 12

Pairs of maternal and paternal chromosomes line up between the two spindle poles during

A) ​metaphase I.
B) ​telophase I.
C) ​prophase II.
D) ​metaphase II.
E) anaphase II.​

Question 13

During prophase II, ____.

A) ​a new spindle forms
B) ​crossing over occurs
C) ​chromosomes are single-stranded
D) ​the cell is diploid
E) the nuclear envelope re-forms​

Question 14

Chromatids are​

A) attached at the centriole.​
B) ​a pair of chromosomes, one from the mother and one from the father.
C) ​attached to the nuclear envelope.
D) identical before and after crossing over occurs.​
E) ​identical until crossing over occurs.

Question 15

Sexual reproduction

A) ​leads to uniform characteristics within a population.
B) ​results in new combinations of genetic traits.
C) ​creates genetic clones.
D) ​requires less tissue differentiation than asexual reproduction.
E) produces genetic clones and requires less tissue differentiation than asexual reproduction.​

Question 16

Which of the following is an advantage of sexual reproduction?​

A) ​It prevents adaptation in a changing environment.
B) ​It eliminates the possibility of harmful traits being passed on.
C) ​It passes on half of a parent's genome.
D) ​It reduces genetic variation, which may be useful in the future.
E) ​It yields offspring with novel combinations of traits.

Question 17

Which of the following occur in telophase I of meiosis?​

A) ​nuclear envelope formation
B) ​pairing of homologues
C) ​formation of a bipolar spindle
D) ​crossing over
E) condensation of chromosomes​

Question 18

Crossing over is one of the most important events in meiosis because​

A) ​it produces new combinations of alleles on chromosomes.
B) ​homologous chromosomes must be separated into different daughter cells.
C) ​the number of chromosomes allotted to each daughter cell must be halved.
D) ​homologous chromatids must be separated into different daughter cells.
E) ​the number of chromosomes allotted to each daughter cell must be split in fourths.

Question 19

Figure 12.3

Which letter(s) in the accompanying figure represents the ovaries, where meiosis in diploid germ cells gives rise to eggs?

A) ​A
B) ​B
C) ​C
D) ​D
E) ​both A and B

Question 20

The figure above represents

A) ​individual genes from an asexual worm.
B) ​maternal chromosomes that are identical.
C) ​paternal chromosomes that are identical.
D) ​homologous chromosomes.
E) nonhomologous chromosomes.​

Question 21

Fertilization of plant gametes produces a

A) ​zygote.
B) ​gametophyte.
C) ​spore.
D) ​meiospore.
E) multicellular haploid plant.​

Question 22

If a diploid organism has a genome consisting of four pairs of homologous chromosomes, it can produce ____ different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes in gametes (disregarding crossing over).

A) ​4
B) ​8
C) ​12
D) ​16
E) ​32

Question 23

Which statement correctly describes human chromosomes?

A) ​The haploid number is 22
B) ​Human gametes end up with two of each type of 23 chromosomes.
C) ​There are 42 pairs of chromosomes.
D) ​The diploid number is 46.
E) ​Human gametes end up with one of each type of 22 chromosomes.

Question 24

In sexual reproducers, meiosis gives rise to

A) ​diploid gametes.
B) ​haploid gametes.
C) ​triploid gametes.
D) ​haploid germ cells.
E) ​diploid germ cells.

Question 25

Many of the molecules that actively maintain the integrity of a cell's chromosomes, particularly during DNA replication and mitosis, are involved in crossing over during ____ of meiosis.

A) ​prophase II
B) ​prophase I
C) ​metaphase II
D) ​metaphase I
E) ​telophase II

Question 26

In comparing mitosis and meiosis, which statement is true?

A) ​Meiosis I is more like mitosis than is meiosis II.
B) ​Both processes result in four cells.
C) ​Pairing of homologues occurs in both.
D) ​Chromatids are present only in mitosis.
E) Meiosis II resembles mitosis.​

Question 27

Which of the following is TRUE at the end of telophase I in corn (2n = 20)?​

A) ​Each cell has 20 chromosomes.
B) ​Each chromosome is paired with its homologue.
C) ​Centromeres connect homologous chromosomes.
D) ​Each cell is diploid.
E) ​Centromeres connect sister chromatids.

Question 28

If a child more strongly resembles one parent's physical traits than the other parent's, the explanation could be due to chromosome movements during

A) ​anaphase II.
B) ​metaphase II.
C) ​prophase II.
D) ​anaphase I.
E) ​telophase I.

Question 29

All of the microtubules are the same length, and homologous chromosomes are aligned midway between the spindle poles at ____.

A) ​telophase I
B) ​metaphase I
C) ​anaphase I
D) ​metaphase II
E) ​anaphase II

Question 30

Figure 12.7

The accompanying illustration shows one possible outcome of the random alignment of homologous chromosomes at metaphase I. How many OTHER possible arrangements exist?

A) ​none
B) ​one
C) ​two
D) seven
E) ​eight

Question 31

Homologous chromosomes become attached to either ____ in prophase I.

A) ​sister
B) ​spindle pole
C) ​nucleus
D) ​chromosome
E) chromatid​

Question 32

Crossing over​

A) ​increases variability in gametes.
B) ​happens only once per homologue pair.
C) ​occurs between sister chromatids.
D) ​prevents genetic recombination.
E) ​is followed immediately by separation of the chromatids.

Question 33

Which action is unable to produce variation?

A) ​crossing over
B) ​random alignment of chromosomes during meiosis
C) ​asexual reproduction
D) ​genetic recombination of alleles
E) sexual reproduction​

Question 34

What makes bdelloid rotifers so unique?​

A) ​They reproduce sexually.
B) ​They can reproduce sexually or asexually.
C) ​They are all males.
D) ​They can import DNA from other major kingdoms.
E) ​A female can become a male if males are scarce.

Question 35

In mitosis, one diploid nucleus becomes​

A) ​two haploid nuclei.
B) ​one haploid nucleus.
C) ​two diploid nuclei.
D) ​four diploid nuclei.
E) ​four haploid nuclei.

Question 36

Chromosome segregation in anaphase I is consistent with which statement?

A) ​The position where crossing over occurs is random.
B) ​The pole that any one chromosome moves toward is completely independent of the movement of the other 45 chromosomes in human cells.
C) ​Either partner of a homologous pair of chromosomes may end up at either spindle pole.
D) ​The sperm that fertilizes the egg is selected at random.
E) ​The number of crossing over events is random.

Question 37

Crossing over is facilitated by a ____ orientation between homologous chromosomes.

A) ​tightly angled
B) separated, perpendicular​
C) ​tight, perpendicular
D) ​separated, parallel
E) ​tight, parallel

Question 38

Figure 12.6

The accompanying figure illustrates ____.

A) ​anaphase I
B) ​metaphase I
C) ​metaphase II
D) ​crossing over
E) migration​

Question 39

During ____, microtubules fasten the cell's chromosomes to the spindle poles.

A) ​prophase I
B) ​anaphase II
C) ​metaphase I
D) ​metaphase II
E) ​telophase I

Question 40

Gamete formation is

A) ​the result of mitosis.
B) ​the pairing of homologous chromosomes.
C) ​the formation of sex cells.
D) ​the fusion of gametes.
E) ​a process that occurs only in asexually reproducing forms.

Question 41

Some of the stages of meiosis are listed below. For the following statements, select the best choice of these stages.​
a.​prophase I
b.​metaphase II
c.​anaphase I
d.​anaphase II
e.​telophase I
During this stage, the sister chromatids begin to separate.

Question 42

Some of the stages of meiosis are listed below. For the following statements, select the best choice of these stages.​
a.​prophase I
b.​metaphase II
c.​anaphase I
d.​anaphase II
e.​telophase I
New genetic combinations are present after this stage.

Question 43

__________ are regions in an organism's DNA that encode information about heritable traits.

Question 44

Some of the stages of meiosis are listed below. For the following statements, select the best choice of these stages.​
a.​prophase I
b.​metaphase II
c.​anaphase I
d.​anaphase II
e.​telophase I
By the end of this phase, the number of homologous chromosomes is reduced in half.

Question 45

With __________, offspring inherit the same number and kinds of genes from one parent.

Question 46

Sexual reproduction has many benefits from a genetic standpoint. Can you think of any downside to sexual reproduction?

Question 47

Some of the stages of meiosis are listed below. For the following statements, select the best choice of these stages.​
a.​prophase I
b.​metaphase II
c.​anaphase I
d.​anaphase II
e.​telophase I
Pairing of homologues occurs during this stage.

Question 48

Discuss the unique reproductive capacity of the bdelloid rotifer.

Question 49

Match the term to the correct description.​
a.​prophase II
b.​metaphase I
c.​telophase II
d.​meoisis II
Spindle microtubules attach to each sister chromatid as the nuclear envelope breaks up.

Question 50

What would happen if sister chromatids did not break apart during anaphase of mitosis?

Question 51

With sexual reproduction, two genes for the same trait that are slightly different are called __________.

Question 52

Match the term to the correct description.​
a.​prophase II
b.​metaphase I
c.​telophase II
d.​meoisis II
This process is most similar to mitosis.

Question 53

Some of the stages of meiosis are listed below. For the following statements, select the best choice of these stages.​
a.​prophase I
b.​metaphase II
c.​anaphase I
d.​anaphase II
e.​telophase I
Recombination via crossing over occurs during this stage.

Question 54

At __________, the fusion of two gametes produces a(n) __________.

Question 55

Some of the stages of meiosis are listed below. For the following statements, select the best choice of these stages.​
a.​prophase I
b.​metaphase II
c.​anaphase I
d.​anaphase II
e.​telophase I
Following this phase, each individual cell is haploid.

Question 56

Match the term to the correct description.​
a.​prophase II
b.​metaphase I
c.​telophase II
d.​meoisis II
Spindle microtubules attach the two chromosomes of each pair to opposite spindle poles.

Question 57

Some of the stages of meiosis are listed below. For the following statements, select the best choice of these stages.​
a.​prophase I
b.​metaphase II
c.​anaphase I
d.​anaphase II
e.​telophase I
During this phase, homologues separate.

Question 58

Match the term to the correct description.​
a.​prophase II
b.​metaphase I
c.​telophase II
d.​meoisis II
A new nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes, so four haploid (n) nuclei form.

Question 59

A diploid organism has ten homologous chromosome pairs. Disregarding crossing over, how many genetically different gametes are possible?