Deck 4: Animalia

Question 1

Cephalization is clearly adaptive for the free-living planarians that must locate their food; why would the parasitic flukes and tapeworms retain cephalization?

A)Those with separate sexes would need to locate one another when mating.
B)Parasitic infection is typically organ specific; parasites need to sense their location before attaching to a body structure.
C)Parasite life cycles require dispersal to new hosts, some parasites actively sense potential hosts and move toward them.
D)All of the above are reasonable hypotheses.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Most animals reproduce sexually; fertilization begins a developmental sequence that progresses from

A)zygote to blastula to gastrula.
B)gastrula to zygote to blastula.
C)blastula to zygote to gastrula.
D)zygote to gastrula to blastula.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Modern sponges produce spicules to deter predation, but as the earliest animals they existed before any predators evolved; how might biologists interpret this observation?

A)Spicules were probably absent in the earliest sponges and evolved later as predation began.
B)Spicules performed other tasks in early sponges, possibly structural support, and were later modified for defense.
C)Spicules were present in some sponge species and absent in others; predation became a selection pressure that eliminated some species entirely.
D)All of the above are valid hypotheses.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Most animals have evolved a body cavity; in the coelomates the cavity is characterized by a

A)fluid-filled space lined with tissue derived from embryonic mesoderm.
B)fluid-filled space located between the endoderm of the gut and mesoderm-derived layers of the body wall.
C)central space partitioned by bands of muscle that creates multiple, but relatively small, fluid compartments.
D)None of the above describe the coelom.

Question 5

Neighboring plant or fungi cells share a common cell wall, making multicellularity relatively simple; how do animal cells remain connected to one another?

A)Animals cells share a common plasma membrane rather than a common cell wall.
B)Long interconnecting fibers extend from the nucleus of one cell to the nucleus of an adjacent cell.
C)Most animals produce a fiber-rich extracellular matrix to which their cells can attach.
D)All of the above can be found in various animals.

Question 6

Adult sea stars are considered to be radially symmetrical because

A)their closest relatives are the radially symmetrical chordates.
B)at least five dissection planes (one through each arm) exist.
C)they have distinct dorsal and ventral surfaces.
D)they lack a notocord.

Question 7

In the diagram below of the flatworm various organs are labeled; which combination of organs forms the flatworm's nervous system?

A)ADHI
B)BEFG
C)BCDH
D)ACHI

Question 8

With the exception of the sponges, all animals develop embryologically in one of two ways; the chordates and echinoderms, as deuterostomes,

A)are the only radially symmetric groups.
B)are the only bilaterally symmetric groups.
C)derive the anus from the blastopore.
D)derive the mouth from the blastopore.

Question 9

The presence of what features(s)would exclude the cnidarians and ctenophores as possibilities for the identity of a newly discovered animal?

A)Nervous tissue-it is absent in cnidarians and ctenophores.
B)A mouth that develops from the blastopore-in cnidarians and ctenophore the blastopore becomes the anus.
C)A body constructed from three tissue layers-in cnidarians and ctenophores the body wall is constructed from two tissue layers.
D)All of the above are characteristics that are absent in cnidarians and ctenophores.

Question 10

Cnidarians have a gastrovascular cavity rather than a complete gut; in what way(s)would this arrangement be less functional?

A)A blind-ended cavity increases the probability of parasite attachment within the cavity.
B)Gastrovascular digestion is less efficient because the more powerful digestive chemicals seen in advanced animals, like stomach acids, would be destructive with this type of organization.
C)Lacking a mouth and the capacity for chewing greatly reduces the potential prey items available for cnidarians in comparison to other animals.
D)Because undigestible materials must pass out through the same opening used to enter the cavity, a single item must be completely digested and expelled before digestion of a new food item can begin.

Question 11

The head, thorax, and abdomen of the insect body plan developed as individual segments fused; because each segment originated one pair of appendages a reasonable hypothesis is that the thorax developed when _____ segments fused.

A)3
B)6
C)12
D)24

Question 12

One of the most poisonous marine organisms is a cnidarian known as the sea wasp or box jellyfish; the motile adult organism is best described as a(n)

A)polyp.
B)medusae.
C)cnidoblast.
D)anthozoan.

Question 13

Animal body structures and organ systems differentiate predictably from the various layers of the gastrula; which organ system and layer is properly matched?

A)nervous system-mesoderm
B)digestive system-endoderm
C)muscles and skeleton-ectoderm
D)reproductive organs-endoderm

Question 14

A variety of tapeworms can infect humans, but two relatively simple measures can break the infective cycle:

A)do not allow pets to sleep in your home and treat your house periodically with insecticide.
B)consume dairy products only if pasteurized and water only if chlorinated.
C)properly cook any meats and refrigerate all types of perishable foods.
D)avoid consuming raw meats and ensure sanitary management of human wastes.

Question 15

Some mollusks feed on cnidarians, absorb intact cnidocytes, and migrate these cnidocytes into their body surface. What possible benefit could the mollusk derive from this behavior?

A)By disguising themselves as cnidarians they can better approach their prey.
B)Because some cnidarians use cnidocytes for protection their defensive functions could be transferred intact to the mollusk.
C)Mollusks with cnidocytes may increase their reproductive fitness by appearing more attractive to potential mates.
D)Cnidocyte toxin may incapacitate cnidarian prey species allowing for quicker consumption and more efficient food gathering.

Question 16

Sponge choanocytes collect food particles but there is no food distribution system within a sponge; how might surface cells receive nourishment?

A)They do not; surface cells die and are regularly replaced by cell division of nourished choanocytes.
B)Nutrients must diffuse from the choanocytes to surface cells.
C)Amoebocytes transfer food from the choanocytes to the nonfeeding cells.
D)Nutrient-rich choanocytes periodically fuse with nonfeeding cells, transferring nutrients as the cytoplasm mixes.

Question 17

Relationships among the animals having body cavities can be easily determined by examination of embryonic development; vertebrates and echinoderms are grouped together because in each group the

A)infolding that forms the body cavity eventually becomes the anus.
B)zygote divides repeatedly to become a blastula.
C)death of specific cells creates the internal hollow that eventually becomes the body cavity.
D)embryonic coelom is lined with mesodermal tissues.

Question 18

Radial symmetry occurs much less commonly than bilateral symmetry; the only radially symmetrical animal groups are the

A)protosomes and deuterosomes.
B)cnidarians and ctenophores.
C)annelids and mollusks.
D)echinoderms and nematodes.

Question 19

Cephalization described a body plan that is characterized by

A)a fluid-filled space lined with tissue derived from embryonic mesoderm.
B)a complete digestive system with mouth and anus.
C)the anterior location of feeding and sensory structures.
D)the organization of muscle into bands with perpendicular alignments.

Question 20

Most gardeners are pleased to discover earthworms in their gardens because earthworms improve the soil by

A)depositing nutrients and humic acid as fecal droppings.
B)increasing soil aeration as they burrow from the surface into deeper soil layers.
C)transporting organic matter from the surface into deeper soil layers.
D)all of the above

Question 21

The vertebrates, which include organisms such as humans, birds, and frogs, illustrate that very different forms can evolve from one basic body plan. The observation that these diverse organisms share a general body plan supports the hypothesis that

A)they may simply be different variations of the same species.
B)evolution discovers and produces the most useful features for a given point in time.
C)they form a lineage that began with a common ancestor.
D)highly adaptive traits have a high probability of evolving independently within otherwise unrelated groups.

Question 22

Many of the organ systems observed in vertebrates are present in the annelids, the simplest coelomates; an exception is the _____, which helps explain why earthworms leave the soil on rainy days.

A)digestive system
B)circulatory system
C)respiratory system
D)excretory system

Question 23

Which arthropod is properly matched with the correct class?

A)spider-insects
B)scorpion-crustacean
C)grasshopper-arachnids
D)centipede-myriapods

Question 24

How do biologists interpret the pattern of species richness shown below?

A)Insects are the easiest organisms to collect and have been the most thoroughly evaluated.
B)The basic insect body plan is highly adaptive, allowing insects to occupy an extremely large number of niches and habitats.
C)Insects are less susceptible to the factors causing losses of biodiversity; other organisms were once proportionately more abundant.
D)Small organisms require less resources and are proportionately more diverse; as the smallest organisms, insects display the greatest species richness.

Question 25

Gastropods make extensive use of the radula; which letter on the diagram below indicates its location?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D

Question 26

The specifics of metamorphosis vary among the arthropods; when the life cycle is characterized by _____ complete metamorphosis has occurred.

A)the gradual change of juvenile into adult with each successive molting
B)females that can lay eggs with or without fertilization.
C)juveniles with distinctly different appearances and habitat preferences than the adults
D)a small and sexually immature, but otherwise exact, replica of the adult

Question 27

Cephalopods are demonstrably the most intelligent invertebrate animals; most biologists suspect that their _____ best account(s)for their intellectual development.

A)exclusive distribution in marine habitats
B)loss of a protective shell
C)gill and improved metabolism due to oxygen availability
D)predatory lifestyle

Question 28

Rather than mandibles like most arthropods, spiders have fangs, which explains why most spiders

A)spin webs.
B)liquefy their prey with an injectable toxin.
C)have a protective cuticle.
D)have compound rather than simple eyes.

Question 29

During the algal blooms called red tides, consumption of bivalves is discouraged and harvesting may be prohibited; what aspect of bivalve life history is responsible for this association?

A)Bivalves live along coastlines and are exposed to the same pollutants that cause red tides.
B)Red tides reduce the populations of bivalves below critical the quantities needed by their natural predators.
C)Bivalves filter algae and detritus from the water, causing them to concentrate the algal toxins.
D)Bivalves are the natural bioremediators for red tides; harvesting them prolongs the bloom.

Question 30

Two phyla so dominate the diversity of marine ecosystems that any randomly collected animal is likely to be either a _____ or an arthropod.

A)bacterium
B)mollusk
C)rotifer
D)vertebrate

Question 31

What occurs during ecdysis or molting?

A)Mammals, for example, dogs and cats, shed hair.
B)Birds lose worn or damaged feathers from their bodies.
C)The cuticle of some phyla is shed to accommodate additional growth.
D)All of the above illustrate ecdysis.

Question 32

The life cycle for an insect whose developmental strategy is complete metamorphosis is shown below. What advantages are evident from the illustration?

A)Predators adapted for larva would have poor success preying on adults.
B)Adults have greater mobility and could more effectively disperse eggs once they begin reproducing.
C)Eggs can be deposited where food resources are still abundant.
D)all of the above

Question 33

Of the four animals shown below, which is believed to be most closely related to humans?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D

Question 34

The success of mammals is due in large part to several highly effective reproductive strategies, which include

A)the mammary gland for nourishing their young.
B)the placenta for supporting the growth of the embryo.
C)internal fertilization.
D)all of the above

Question 35

Fruit flies, blow flies, and black flies share a similar life history strategy; they first appear as maggots, pupate, and eventually emerge as adult files. This type of development is called

A)incomplete metamorphosis.
B)complete metamorphosis.
C)somatic differentiation.
D)hermaphroditic development.

Question 36

Mollusks have evolved a variety of defenses; which group is properly matched with its appropriate defensive strategy?

A)Bivalves shelter their soft bodies inside a hard, hinged shell.
B)Some nudibranchs advertise that they are poisonous with bright, highly visual coloration.
C)Cephalopods can contract their mantle cavity and create a strong flow of water that can jet propel them to safety.
D)all of the above

Question 37

What features identify the animal shown in the diagram below as an insect?

A)three body sections-a head, thorax, and abdomen
B)three pairs of legs all originating from the thorax
C)the presence of wings
D)All of the above are unique insect features.

Question 38

Chitin occurs in several kingdoms and numerous animal phyla but its greatest adaptive expression is seen in the

A)annelid tube worm cases.
B)tunicate notocord.
C)echinoderm water vascular system.
D)arthropod exoskeleton.

Question 39

Which mollusk is properly matched with the correct class?

A)common garden slug-gastropod
B)nautilus-bivalve
C)scallop-gastropod
D)nudibranch-cephalopod

Question 40

Biologists might have been able to predict that raising lobsters in captivity would be unsuccessful; once a lobster

A)molts it becomes defenseless and a prey item for other lobsters.
B)reaches marketable size the cost of feeding it exceeds its sales value.
C)reaches sexual maturity they quit feeding, lose weight, and search for mates.
D)molts its flavor and texture make it almost unpalatable.

Question 41

In addition to embryonic similarities the chordates and echinoderms also each possess a hollow nerve cord located on the ____________________ side of the body.

Question 42

For the insects that undergo complete metamorphosis the larva matures to form a ____________________.

Question 43

Fossil evidence suggests that feathers existed prior to the development of a flight-capable skeleton; because these feathered animals could not fly, biologists suspect that the initial adaptive value for feathers was related their ability to

A)serve as insulation.
B)reduce an animal's suitability as prey.
C)create an enlarged body contour and discourage predators.
D)accept metabolic waste and reduce the need of water for urine production.

Question 44

The vertebrates are grouped into a lineage because all members possess an internal ____________________.

Question 45

The figure below shows the vertebrates and arthropods as being distantly related, yet each has features, like limbs and jaws, seen in no other groups. How can such obvious similarities be disregarded in favor of embryological development as a basis for classification?

A)The decision to overlook certain features reveals the arbitrary nature of classification and explains why there is so little agreement among taxonomists.
B)Taxonomists have not disregarded limbs; they were likewise inherited from a common ancestor but secondarily lost by the mollusks, annelids, and echinoderms.
C)Embryos are securely protected during development and experience little selection pressure; shared inherited features are best explained by a common ancestor.
D)Examination of the embryos of all animals with body cavities reveals limbs, but they are unnecessary for some lifestyles and so they degenerate.

Question 46

Recent analysis of the membranes of sponge cells suggests a closer relationship to other animals than previously suspected; if sponges are actually within the eumetazoan clade, as shown in the diagram below, it would require that they possess _____ at some point in their life history.

A)bilateral symmetry
B)a blastopore
C)true tissues
D)sexual reproduction

Question 47

Except for the hagfish, lamprey, and their close relatives, all vertebrates have paired jaws; how did jaws form in an evolutionary clade that already had a skeleton?

A)A mutation causing extra skeletal cell division allowed the extra cells to form the jaws.
B)A modification of an existing skeletal element occurred; in this case the gill arch was modified.
C)Reproduction between a nonjawed chordate and a jawed arthropod produced jawed offspring.
D)To date biologists have been unsuccessful in explaining the origin of jaws.

Question 48

Sponges are considered to be the most ancient of animals; although multicellular, sponges have not developed the ____________________ present in all other animals.

Question 49

The myriapods are a relatively small group of arthropods; its most common members are the ____________________ and ____________________.

Question 50

During cephalization structures associated with ____________________ and____________________ concentrate at the anterior margin of a bilateral animal.

Question 51

The rate of habitat destruction and species loss in the world's tropical rainforests is alarming, perhaps as great as

A)1 species per minute.
B)3 species per hour.
C)8 species per day.
D)1,000 species per year.

Question 52

Which of the following investigations would be the least likely to provide useful information about the relationships within the kingdom Animalia?

A)which developmental sequences occur during embryonic growth
B)an examination of the construction of the cell membrane
C)a comparative examination of the proteins used in photosynthesis
D)in what way various organs and organ systems have become modified over time

Question 53

Although some exceptions exist, the majority of mollusks are protected within a shell that is secreted by the animal's ____________________.

Question 54

The conservation organization Ocean Blue has developed a seafood recommendation list that advises avoiding many captive-reared species; why might seafood reared in captivity be less desirable?

A)Aquaculture often diverts food production away from staples to an exported crop.
B)Aquaculture's intense biological activity often degrades local water and land quality.
C)Captive-reared species may be exposed to pollution like heavy metals that can be difficult to detect.
D)all of the above

Question 55

Snakes can often be found resting on asphalt highways at dusk; what biological factor motivates them to engage in this behavior?

A)Ectothermy-a snake's body temperature will match the environment; rocks and asphalt cool more slowly than the surrounding ground.
B)Predation-as higher-level consumers, snakes need to hunt continuously and are more successful on the smooth surface of a roadbed at night.
C)Camouflage-the background color of asphalt makes detection by owls and other nocturnal predators difficult.
D)Mating-locating compatible mates can be difficult among the grasses, brush, and shrubs of typical snake habitat.

Question 56

An animal having radial symmetry, a complete gut, and mesoglea would be a(n)____________________.

Question 57

Endoderm forms the ____________________ layer of an animal embryo.

Question 58

The mesoglea in a cnidarian is not considered a true tissue because it originates as a ____________________ rather than from cell division.

Question 59

The evolutionary tree of the vertebrates supports which conclusion?

A)The blacktip reef shark, Carcharhinus melanopterus, evolved before any mammals existed.
B)The DNA of humans and turtles will show more similarities than any comparison involving any fish or amphibian.
C)The embryos of fish, amphibians, and reptiles would be indistinguishable from those of a human.
D)All of the above are valid conclusions.

Question 60

Reptiles display many adaptations supporting a terrestrial lifestyle, but _____ is the most significant in reducing their dependency on an aquatic habitat.

A)keratinized scales
B)ectothermy
C)the amniotic egg
D)the three-chambered heart

Question 61

Sharks and the ray-finned fishes differ in several ways; the most significant difference is the composition of the skeleton.

Question 62

More than 95 percent of all living mammals are classified as ____________________; the remainder are classified either as marsupials or monotremes.

Question 63

The similarity in the cell-adhesion proteins seen in many animal embryos and the colonial chanoflagellates is most reasonably explained as a shared derived trait, and indicates kinship with that group of protists.

Question 64

Relative brain size (brain weight/total body weight)tends to be largest in the arboreal mammals.

Question 65

Ctenophores can be distinguished from cnidarians by the presence of a complete digestive system.

Question 66

Sponges have been characterized as lacking tissue; however, recent research indicates that the outer ____________________ interact with one another to create a protective barrier and meet the criteria of a tissue.

Question 67

The addition of a ____________________ to the egg of reptiles and birds permits a longer development time and a more capable individual when hatched.

Question 68

Ectothermy describes a strategy to homeostatically regulate a body temperature to be below the ambient temperature; thus leading to the phrase cold-blooded.

Question 69

Features like a toothed jaw and a bony tail suggest that Archaeopteryx probably did not fly, possibly using its feathers for insulation or gliding instead of flight.

Question 70

Although adult echinoderms display radial symmetry, they are not considered to be closely related to the cnidarians and ctenophores.

Question 71

Keratin is an important and widespread structural protein in animals, forming structures as diverse as feathers, toenails, and the carapace of crabs.

Question 72

The success of the amniotic egg was the development of a completely water- and airtight shell that prevented moisture loss.

Question 73

Mammals are classified as endothermic homeotherms; if exposed to hot or cold temperatures their body temperature will remain relatively stable.

Question 74

Of the labeled features in the diagram below, only the dorsally positioned nerve cord would be present in an echinoderm.

Question 75

Conservation biologists estimate that 20 percent of the world's bird species that existed 2,000 years ago are now extinct.

Question 76

Tetrapods are so named because they possess four limbs.

Question 77

The evolution of the lung was a critical development in the adaptation of animals to a terrestrial lifestyle; the first vertebrates to breathe using a lung were the reptiles.

Question 78

The swim bladder illustrates how an adapted characteristic can be used for a secondary function when environmental pressures change; although first used for buoyancy, it later served as a primitive ____________________.

Question 79

In all eutherians, and some marsupials, offspring develop internally in association with the ____________________.

Question 80

Because of their abundance and the relative scarcity of other types of vertebrates, the ____________________ era is often called the Age of Reptiles.