Deck 31: Skeletons, Muscles, and Movement

Question 1

A myofibril

A)is composed of a single sarcomere.
B)contains a single muscle fiber.
C)has no Z bands.
D)contains many sarcomeres.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

If there were no tendons in your appendicular skeleton, you would not be able to

A)walk.
B)nod your head.
C)speak.
D)chew your food.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Bone-to-bone connections in the human knee are cushioned by

A)ligaments.
B)cartilage.
C)tendons.
D)spongy bone.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following statements about bone tissue is false?

A)It contains living cells.
B)It has a mineral matrix composed largely of calcium and phosphate.
C)It supports the ear lobes.
D)It is structurally strong yet not brittle.

Question 5

An athlete with torn cartilage in the knee should expect

A)a quick recovery.
B)bleeding around the knee due to blood loss from the cartilage.
C)no harmful effects from the torn cartilage.
D)surgery as the only approach to fixing the tear.

Question 6

The axial skeleton includes the

A)spinal column only.
B)spinal column, skull, and rib cage.
C)all bones in the arms and legs.
D)spinal column and pelvis.

Question 7

Which of the following series correctly describes the organization of muscle tissue from smallest to largest component?

A)sarcomeres to myofibrils to muscle fibers
B)myofibrils to sarcomeres to muscle fibers
C)muscle fibers to sarcomeres to myofibrils
D)muscle fibers to myofibrils to sarcomeres

Question 8

In humans, red and white blood cells are made in

A)compact bone.
B)cartilage.
C)tendons.
D)bone marrow.

Question 9

The energy source for muscle contraction comes from

A)actin.
B)myosin.
C)ATP.
D)calcium ions.

Question 10

The matrix of cartilage tissue is made up of

A)collagen.
B)calcium.
C)phosphorous.
D)hydrostatic materials.

Question 11

You can wave "hello" to a friend, because you have

A)joints.
B)muscles.
C)tendons.
D)all of the above

Question 12

Following some knee injuries, patients experience a swelling due to an accumulation of fluid within the knee, a condition referred to as "water on the knee." Which of the following is a likely source of this fluid?

A)the tendons around the knee
B)the hydrostat
C)spongy bone
D)the synovial sac

Question 13

Where would you not expect to find spongy bone?

A)your arm
B)your hip bones
C)your ear
D)your leg

Question 14

Which of the following is not one of the three different types of support structures that make up the human skeleton?

A)bone
B)organs
C)cartilage
D)hydrostatic structures

Question 15

The figure below shows the change that occurs in two muscles when the arm goes from a bent to a straight position.
For this to occur,

A)the triceps contract and the biceps relax.
B)the biceps contract and the triceps relax.
C)both the biceps and the triceps contract.
D)both the biceps and the triceps relax.

Question 16

One of the most common knee injuries involves the tearing of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). How would an injury like this affect the function of the knee?

A)Ligaments attach muscle to bone, so tearing of the ligament would mean that muscles would no longer be able to cause the joint to bend.
B)Ligaments lubricate the cartilage in a joint, and a tear would allow the lubricant to leak out, causing bones to grind against each other and making it painful to bend the knee.
C)Ligaments hold the bones of the knee in the proper orientation, so tearing the ligament could disrupt the alignment of the knee, making bending difficult.
D)Ligaments are the muscles that surround a joint. Muscle tears can be painful, but heal quickly and usually do not affect knee function.

Question 17

Which of the following would play a role in movement as well as protection?

A)femur
B)skull
C)spinal column
D)radius

Question 18

Which of the following is part of the appendicular skeleton?

A)the spinal column
B)the arm
C)the skull
D)the rib cage

Question 19

The illustration below

A)reveals that bone contains both hard and soft components.
B)suggests that bones are extremely rigid.
C)shows that bones are heavy and densely packed.
D)highlights how bones are very fragile.

Question 20

Skeletons that form hard mineral matrices usually contain

A)actin.
B)cartilage.
C)calcium.
D)chitin.

Question 21

The polysaccharide that forms the basis of support tissues in insects and lobsters is

A)collagen.
B)chitin.
C)bone.
D)cartilage.

Question 22

The stiffness of a hydrostat is generated by

A)using muscle contraction to squeeze a water-filled body cavity.
B)reducing the amount of water present in a body cavity.
C)increasing the thickness of internal bones over time.
D)increasing the amount of air present in a body cavity.

Question 23

In the contraction of a sarcomere, which of the following "walks" its way along filaments?

A)Z discs
B)actin
C)myosin
D)myofibrils

Question 24

Someone trying to increase muscular strength should

A)reduce caloric intake because thinner muscle is stronger than thicker muscle.
B)increase protein intake in order to decrease muscle cross-sectional area.
C)minimize weight training and increase aerobic exercise instead.
D)increase weight training to increase muscle cross-sectional area.

Question 25

Muscles work in pairs, because

A)contracted muscle cannot stretch itself back out again.
B)stretched muscle cannot contract by itself.
C)actin is located in one muscle of the pair, and myosin is in the other.
D)myofibrils of the paired muscles are connected.

Question 26

Cardiac muscle

A)is more like skeletal muscle because skeletal muscle has involuntary contractions.
B)is more like smooth muscle because smooth muscle has a banded appearance.
C)contains bands like skeletal muscle, but its contractions are involuntary like smooth muscle.
D)contains no bands, which is similar to smooth muscle.

Question 27

Soft-bodied animals rely on _____ for support.

A)bony skeletons
B)cartilage
C)joints
D)a hydrostat

Question 28

Which of the following animals has a skeleton made of carbohydrates linked with proteins?

A)mouse
B)housefly
C)shark
D)swallow

Question 29

Some genetically inherited forms of heart failure are caused by a mutation of the gene for myosin. Specifically, what part of the heart would be affected by this mutation?

A)sarcomeres
B)Z discs
C)tendons
D)smooth muscle

Question 30

Muscle contraction is caused by

A)movement of bones that anchor the muscles.
B)movement of sarcomeres along other sarcomeres.
C)sliding of myosin filaments along actin filaments.
D)contraction of actin and myosin filaments.

Question 31

Which of the following is a benefit of having an endoskeleton?

A)An endoskeleton provides a barrier to water loss.
B)An endoskeleton grows as the organism grows and does not have to be replaced.
C)An endoskeleton acts as a protective armor covering all body tissues.
D)An endoskeleton requires fewer joints than an exoskeleton.

Question 32

Which animal below has a skeleton that is a hydrostat?

A)grasshopper
B)octopus
C)bluebird
D)catfish

Question 33

Which of the following would not be found in an insect?

A)neuromuscular junction
B)sarcomere
C)marrow
D)chitin

Question 34

Which of the following would be found in a sarcomere?

A)cartilage
B)actin
C)collagen
D)chitin

Question 35

Actin filaments are anchored to

A)bones.
B)Z discs.
C)ATP.
D)cartilage.

Question 36

As a muscle contracts,

A)it creates energy.
B)the myofibrils break down.
C)the sarcomeres extend.
D)the Z discs move closer together.

Question 37

One benefit of smooth muscle being prominent in the digestive tract is that

A)smooth muscle needs more ATP than cardiac muscle.
B)smooth muscle can hold contractions longer than skeletal muscle.
C)most smooth muscle is fast-twitch muscle.
D)smooth muscle is only found in the digestive tract and specialized to move food through the body.

Question 38

A marathon runner would be using

A)mostly fast muscle fibers.
B)mostly slow muscle fibers.
C)slower-acting neuromuscular junctions.
D)less myoglobin than a sprint runner.

Question 39

Examine the figure below.
Which letter indicates a region of a human where you would find muscle that lacks sarcomeres?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)All human muscle contains sarcomeres.

Question 40

Which of the following is a likely explanation as to why terrestrial animals do not have a skeleton built entirely of cartilage?

A)Cartilage grows quickly and must be replaced frequently, leaving organisms with a cartilaginous skeleton vulnerable to predators for most of their lives.
B)Cartilage is too porous to be used as a skeletal material on land. The numerous holes in this tissue would lead to rapid water loss from the body.
C)Terrestrial organisms require a living skeleton that can respond to environmental change. Cartilage does not contain cells and, therefore, cannot respond.
D)Cartilage is not as strong as bone and probably cannot support the weight of the body against the pull of gravity.

Question 41

Red meat contains more of the oxygen-carrying pigment ____________________ as compared with white meat.

Question 42

The ____________________ the surface area exposed to a medium, the smaller the amount of drag experienced.

Question 43

Which of the following statements about support structures is true?

A)Heavier organisms have delicate skeletons relative to their body weight.
B)The support structures of heavier organisms account for a higher percentage of their body weight than those of lighter organisms.
C)Heavier organisms have stronger skeletons, relative to their body weight, than do lighter organisms.
D)Skeleton weight does not reflect body weight.

Question 44

Running times in the 100-meter dash have decreased due to

A)a decrease in illegal drug use.
B)better corporate sponsors.
C)use of equipment that reduces drag.
D)use of equipment that increases drag.

Question 45

One reason cats survive falls from heights better than humans do is that

A)they stiffen their bodies as they fall.
B)their skeletons are made of cartilage.
C)they twist their bodies so as to land only on their hind feet.
D)relative to body weight, their skeletons are stronger than human skeletons.

Question 46

In the skeleton of a house cat, compact bone forms the hard, white outer region, and ____________________ bone lies inside the compact bone.

Question 47

By analyzing the chart below, the following conclusion can be drawn:

A)The skeletal portion of body weight increases with larger animals.
B)The skeletal portion of body weight decreases with larger animals.
C)The skeletal portion of body weight increases with smaller animals.
D)There is no correlation between the skeletal portion of body weight and animal size.

Question 48

Animals that swim expend less energy to move than do animals that walk or fly because

A)water provides less resistance than air.
B)gravity has more impact on aquatic animals than it does on terrestrial animals.
C)aquatic animals do not have to use muscles to move their fins and tails.
D)the streamlined shapes and nonstick surfaces of aquatic animals reduce resistance due to drag.

Question 49

Insectivores easily obtain protein sources because exoskeletons are made of ____________________.

Question 50

Weight training initially increases the strength of a muscle by increasing the ____________________ of muscle fibers.

Question 51

Ostriches are huge nonflying birds that can run at speeds of up to 40 miles per hour over long distances and maintain speeds of 30 miles per hour over longer distances. The legs of ostriches probably contain mostly ____________________ muscle fibers.

Question 52

Tendons are connective tissues that connect ____________________ to bone.

Question 53

Postmenopausal women can prevent the condition of weakened bones called ____________________.

Question 54

Locomotion in insects differs from that of vertebrates in that the muscles of insects

A)are attached to an endoskeleton rather than an exoskeleton.
B)are inside the skeleton rather than outside.
C)push (extend) rather than pull (contract).
D)do not extend across joints.

Question 55

The three types of muscle in our bodies are smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, and ____________________ muscle.

Question 56

Lobsters, insects, and many other invertebrate groups have a(n)____________________, an external skeleton that surrounds and encloses the soft tissues it supports.

Question 57

Specialized bone cells, called ____________________, are surrounded by calcium and phosphate compounds.

Question 58

Flying and swimming animals share the features of streamlined bodies to reduce drag and appendages with ____________________ surfaces to efficiently push against air or water.

Question 59

A hydrostat stiffens when a muscle contracts around a body cavity filled with a ____________________.

Question 60

Ligaments are connective tissues that connect ____________________ to bone.

Question 61

Humans are likely to continue breaking 100-meter sprint records with further training.

Question 62

By the time a human is born, its skeleton has been completely replaced with bone.

Question 63

Cartilage bends more easily than bone does.

Question 64

In human embryos, the skeleton starts out as cartilage and is later replaced by bone.

Question 65

Cardiac muscles branch to interconnect with other cardiac cells to create a coordinated heartbeat.

Question 66

Muscle fibers contain only actin, whereas sarcomeres contain both actin and myosin.

Question 67

If the sarcomeres of a muscle are in the arrangement depicted by the figure below, the muscle must be in a relaxed state.

Question 68

Short-distance sprinters probably have more slow muscle fibers than fast muscle fibers in their legs.

Question 69

The heart of a moose contains both cardiac and smooth muscle.

Question 70

A single muscle fiber from a flea can lift about the same weight as a single muscle fiber from a human.

Question 71

Improvement of running performances has been greatly attributed to advancements in ____________________.

Question 72

Your small intestine has smooth muscle in its walls.

Question 73

The blue whale reduces drag with its streamlined shape and also its ____________________.

Question 74

An increase in muscle strength can result from either an increase in muscle fiber number or an increase in the thickness of existing muscle fibers.

Question 75

A hydrostat generates energy as it creates pressure.

Question 76

Hemoglobin allows slow muscle fibers to continue cellular respiration even when blood levels of oxygen are low.

Question 77

Generally, the larger an animal, the less of its weight is made up by its skeleton.

Question 78

Lobsters and insects have internal skeletons.