Deck 16: Innate Host Defenses

Question 1

Macrophages include all of the following except

A) wandering macrophages
B) cells that phagocytise large debris
C) the fastest phagocytes to reach an infection site
D) histiocytes, kupffer cells and osteoclasts

Answer 1

C

Question 2

All of the following are components of the nonspecific host defenses except

A) fever
B) mucus
C) antibodies
D) interferon

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Toll-like receptors

A) come from outside the body and stimulate a cytokine
B) act nonspecifically to cause cell killing
C) are a set of receptors that when activated produce a membrane attack complex
D) recognize molecular patterns unique to pathogens

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Toll-like receptors can distinguish between

A) nonspecific and specific immune responses
B) gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria
C) bacteria versus viruses
D) two of the above

Question 5

Bacteria that resist digestion by phagocytes use all of the following mechanisms except

A) produce capsule that can resist lysosomal digestion
B) block chemokines from reaching phagocytes
C) form parasitophorous vacuoles
D) produce streptolysisin and leukocidin

Question 6

Physical barriers of nonspecific defenses

A) include both the cells that line the body surfaces and the chemicals they secrete
B) include phagocytes and interferon
C) respond to antigens by making thousands of different antibodies
D) are part of the host cellular defenses

Question 7

Blood contains cells including all of the following except

A) red blood cells
B) plasma
C) platelets
D) lymphocytes

Question 8

Steps in a phagocytic cell destroying an invading microorganism include

A) chemotaxis à adherence à ingestion à digestion
B) finding à filtering à secreting enzymes à streptolysin
C) chemotaxis à granuloma à adherence à histamine
D) finding à invading à clotting à regulating temperature

Question 9

Phagocytic leukocytes that contain oxidative chemicals to kill internalized microorgansisms are called

A) lymphocytes
B) platelets
C) mast cells
D) neutrophils

Question 10

Specific defenses

A) function against any infectious agent
B) include phagocytes and interferon
C) include only noncellular defenses
D) respond to particular infectious agents

Question 11

Which statement about chemical barriers is false?

A) high salt content of sweat inhibits the growth of bacteria
B) chemical barriers include mechanisms to limit free iron
C) secreted defensins form pores in microbes' membranes
D) chemical barriers include acute phase proteins and interferons

Question 12

Granulocytes include all of the following except

A) basophils
B) neutrophils
C) lymphocytes
D) eosinophils

Question 13

A phagocyte

A) contains phagolysosomes that fuse with a phagosome to produce a lysosome
B) must first adhere to an infectious agent before it can find it
C) in the blood include monocytes and neutrophils
D) refers to the oxidative chemicals that kill internalized microorganisms

Question 14

The granulocyte that releases the inflammatory agent histamine is a

A) neutrophil
B) monocyte
C) lymphocyte
D) basophil

Question 15

The largest lymphatic organ that engulfs worn-out blood cells and microorganisms is

A) the heart
B) a lymph node
C) the spleen
D) the thymus gland

Question 16

A multilobed lymphatic organ that functions to process lymphocytes known as T cells and release them into the blood is called:

A) tonsil
B) trachea
C) thymus gland
D) salivary gland

Question 17

Which of the following is not a chemical barrier?

A) mucous membrane
B) saliva
C) gastric juice
D) complement

Question 18

Which of the following does not partake in the process of phagocytosis?

A) chemotaxis
B) granulation
C) adherence
D) ingestion

Question 19

Defensins

A) are located within the lysosomal vesicles of phagocytes
B) are enzymes secreted by natural killer cells
C) defend against parasitic worms
D) are receptors for distinguishing between microorganisms

Question 20

What area of the body is drained by the right lymphatic duct?

A) upper right torso
B) right leg
C) left leg
D) upper left torso

Question 21

A protein that interferes with the ability of a virus to replicate inside a host cell is called:

A) streptolysin
B) leukocidin
C) interferon
D) histamine

Question 22

The condition that is caused by exogenous and endogenous pyrogens is

A) edema
B) pain
C) swelling
D) fever

Question 23

What collection of lymphoid tissue,found in the ileum of the small intestine,is comprised of unencapsulated regions filled with lymphocytes,called lymphoid nodules?

A) gut-associated lymphatic tissues
B) mucosa-associated lymphatic tissues
C) phagosomes
D) tonsils

Question 24

Leukocytes responsible for killing intracellular viruses are

A) Fixed Macrophages
B) Basophils
C) Granulocytes
D) Natural Killer cells

Question 25

During inflammation,permeable capillary walls allow accumulation of fluids near injured cells causing which of the following?

A) calor
B) diapedesis
C) edema
D) blood clotting

Question 26

What chemical substance diffuses into venules and capillaries causing their vasodilation during inflammation?

A) bradykinin
B) antibradykinin
C) histamine
D) antihistamine

Question 27

The lymphatic system does all of the following except

A) carries plasma to tissue
B) transports digested fats to the cardiovascular system
C) drains excess fluid from space between cells
D) allows for the circulation of cellular defenses

Question 28

A pocket of tissue that surrounds and walls off the inflammatory agent is called a

A) granuloma
B) edema
C) fibroblast
D) pyrogen

Question 29

Complement activation results in all of the following physiological processes except

A) opsonization
B) formation of membrane attack complexes
C) inflammation
D) fever

Question 30

What occurs in a lymph node?

A) lymph moves in two directions
B) lymph enters sinuses where there are aggregations of B cells
C) bacteria are removed by phagocytes and the adaptive immune response is initiated
D) only lymphocytes flow through the lymph nodes therefore they are not a site of infection

Question 31

The classical pathway of complement activation involves which of the following proteins?

A) C1, C4 and C2
B) C3 only
C) factor B
D) factor D and factor D

Question 32

Interferons are stimulated by viruses and

A) are produced only by macrophages
B) stimulate the production of antiviral proteins in neighboring cells
C) form membrane attack complexes
D) none of the above

Question 33

The process whereby immune cells leave the blood by passing between the endothelial cells that line blood vessels is known as:

A) leukocytosis
B) phagocytosis
C) specific defenses
D) diapedesis

Question 34

Heat,pain,redness and swelling are symptoms of:

A) phagocytosis
B) immune cytolysis
C) inflammation
D) leukocytosis

Question 35

A leukocyte-endogenous mediator

A) elevates body temperature
B) lowers the plasma iron concentration
C) decreases the host's metabolic rate
D) two of the above

Question 36

What non-specific immune component is directly responsible for the lysis of invading microorganisms?

A) chemotaxis
B) membrane attack complex
C) opsonin
D) chronic inflammation

Question 37

Antiviral proteins (AVPs)interfere with the replication of which of the following viruses?

A) DNA viruses
B) enveloped viruses
C) phages
D) RNA viruses

Question 38

Tissue debris,remains of digested microorganisms,injured cells and dead phagocytes are the content of

A) pus
B) plasma
C) opsonin
D) tonsils

Question 39

What is the fragile,reddish,grainy tissue that is typically observed in cut tissue and consists of capillaries and fibroblasts?

A) gut-associated lymphoid tissue
B) granulation tissue
C) granuloma
D) granulocytes

Question 40

The inflammatory condition resulting from an infectious agent continuously producing tissue damage is:

A) granulated inflammation
B) acute inflammation
C) chronic inflammation
D) edema

Question 41

Recombinant interferon

A) is of a different molecular form than that produced by infected cells
B) blocks virus replication but does not stimulate the adaptive immune system
C) unequivocally is the best available treatment for viruses and cancer
D) can be produced cheaply and abundantly

Question 42

You receive a cut on your foot. What are the four characteristic signs of inflammation you would expect to see? How would an inflammatory response develop against bacteria that enter the cut?

Question 43

An accumulation of pus in a cavity formed by damaged tissue

A) occurs during chronic inflammatory process
B) represents unencapsulated areas of lymphocytes
C) accounts for redness and increased tissue temperature
D) is known as an abscess

Question 44

The binding and coating of the surfaces of invading microbes by either antibodies or C3b is

A) aided by the release of cytokines by phagocytes
B) necessary for phagocytosis of all microbes
C) called oposonization
D) responsible for the direct lysis of invading microrganisms

Question 45

The spleen

A) along with the thymus gland and the skin are all lymphoid organs
B) contains lymph nodes that filter microbes from the lymph
C) filters material but does not contain phagocytes
D) two of the above

Question 46

Cytokines

A) are soluble proteins
B) function in host defenses such as macrophage chemotaxis
C) include interferons
D) all of the above

Question 47

Exogenous and endogenous __________ are fever causing substances

A) prostraglandins
B) pyrogens
C) cytokines
D) bradykines

Question 48

Residual body

A) is the remains of parasitic worms killed extracellularly
B) consists of a thin layer of cells that secrete mucus
C) prevents adherence of a phagocyte and a bacterium
D) is material that remains in a phagolysosome after digestion of a microbe

Question 49

Which of the following proteins activate complement,enhance inflammation and stimulate macrophages to undergo chemotaxis?

A) antiviral proteins
B) exogenous pyrogens
C) leukocidins
D) acute phase proteins

Question 50

Is fever useful? A patient comes to you with a fever and a respiratory infection,would you be more worried about aggressively treating the fever or too little fever control? Explain your answers.

Question 51

Complement

A) system consists of over 20 proteins that function in a cascade-like manner
B) activation results in the onset of fever
C) pathway involves factors B, D and P
D) all of the above

Question 52

What is the body's first line of defense against microbial danger? Why are these considered non-specific? Why are these considered innate? Is non-specific a better description than innate?

Question 53

Acute phase response proteins

A) include C-reactive protein (CRP) and mannose-binding protein (MBP)
B) bind to and coat the surface of the infectious agent
C) destroy abnormal cells
D) increase resistance of cells to viral infection