Deck 4: Learning and Perception

Question 1

Behaviorists adopted the position that all behavior is the result of simple conditioning.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Punishment is a form of negative reinforcement.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Very few behaviors exhibited by associates and managers are intentional.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The Social Learning Theory states that humans do not need to directly experience a particular situation to develop some understanding of the behaviors that are rewarded in that situation.

Question 5

The Social Learning Theory accepts the idea that higher mental processes are extremely irrelevant in human learning.

Question 6

At VF Asia, learning goals are tied into individual performance evaluations and to the strategic goals of the organization.

Question 7

B.F. Skinner was a behaviorist who believed that people don't need to think to learn.

Question 8

At VF Asia, associate learning, development, and knowledge sharing are some of the crucial drivers of the VF Corporation's new strategy.

Question 9

Learning is driven by experience with a particular situation.

Question 10

Learning refers to relatively temporary changes in human capabilities that occur as a result of experience rather than a natural growth process.

Question 11

An example of learning is when past experience with a particular situation affects future behavior when the situation occurs again.

Question 12

The following is an example of positive reinforcement: if working harder and smarter removes the frown from a manager's face, then an associate may attempt to work harder and smarter.

Question 13

Delivering a punishment in an objective fashion is optimal when trying to extinguish an individual's undesirable behavior.

Question 14

Punishment results when the introduction of a negative consequence results in the individual being less likely to repeat the behavior.

Question 15

The Social Learning Theory was developed by Albert Bandura.

Question 16

Intellectual skills can be considered a learning outcome.

Question 17

Operant conditioning theory and social learning theory can both be used to explain learning.

Question 18

Learning is defined as a process through which individuals maintain their behavior based on positive or negative experiences in a situation.

Question 19

Continuous learning based on trying new things plays a critical role in an
organization's capability to gain and sustain a competitive advantage.

Question 20

Waiting for a considerable amount of time before punishing an individual's undesirable behavior is optimal when trying to extinguish that behavior.

Question 21

It is difficult to use extinction unless a manager has full control over all reinforcing consequences.

Question 22

OB Mod is also referred to as performance management.

Question 23

A continuous reinforcement schedule occurs when a reward is given after each instance of a behavior or set of behaviors.

Question 24

Although the fixed-ratio schedule can produce a reasonably high rate of desired behavior, it can also result in a short period immediately following reinforcement when the desired behavior does not occur.

Question 25

A variable ratio reinforcement schedule occurs when a reinforcement is introduced after the desired behavior has occurred a fixed number of times.

Question 26

Extinction is a reinforcement schedule in which a behavior is followed by the presence of a previously encountered positive consequence.

Question 27

Research has revealed that feedback to employees can facilitate their learning process.

Question 28

Employee motivation to learn is not increased when employees understand why what they are learning is important.

Question 29

The crash of a Korean Air 747 can be partly attributed to heavy-handed punishment delivered by captains for unwanted subordinate input.

Question 30

OB Mod stands for Organizational Behavior Moderation

Question 31

The Social Learning Theory rejects the idea that learning can also occur by anticipating consequences of others' behavior or by modeling others.

Question 32

The concept of self-efficacy is part of the Operant Conditioning Theory.

Question 33

Optimally, managers should listen to the offending party's explanation before taking any disciplinary action.

Question 34

Overlearning means that performing the new behavior takes a lot of conscious thought so that the performance becomes automatic.

Question 35

The basic goal of OB Mod is to improve task performance.

Question 36

A reinforcement schedule in which a reward does not occur after each instance of a behavior or set of behaviors is termed a spontaneous reinforcement schedule.

Question 37

Basketball players are reinforced through a variable ratio schedule each time they make a basket.

Question 38

Associates need to use the experiences of others as the basis for learning.

Question 39

Self-Efficacy is an individual's belief that he or she will be able to perform a specific task in a given situation.

Question 40

The Social Learning Theory proposes that people also learn by observing others.

Question 41

OB Mod research reveals that performance improvements tend to be greater in manufacturing organizations than in service organizations.

Question 42

Although simulations are important they typically represent complex models of reality.

Question 43

Perception is comprised of eight basic stages.

Question 44

People hold implicit person theories which are others' theories about what personality traits and abilities occur together and how these attributes are manifested in behavior.

Question 45

"We are ladies and gentlemen serving ladies and gentlemen," is the credo of the Four Seasons Hotel.

Question 46

Assuming that most other people have the same values and beliefs as we do is known as projecting.

Question 47

OB Mod research reveals that performance feedback coupled with social reinforcements can be as effective as feedback coupled with monetary reinforcers.

Question 48

PIGS stands for productive, immediate, goal-oriented, and situational feedback.

Question 49

A simulation may be a useful tool for understanding the effects of a potential action.

Question 50

A failure that results in learning is an unintelligent mistake.

Question 51

The Halo Effect occurs when a person makes a specific assessment of another person and then uses this specific impression to interpret everything the person does.

Question 52

Those people who believe that people cannot change are called entity theorists.

Question 53

The perceptual process is influenced by factors associated with both the perceiver and the general situation.

Question 54

Research has revealed that an individual's perceptions of another person cannot be influenced by his own internal states or emotions.

Question 55

The Halo Effect is considered a problem in the person perception process.

Question 56

The first stage of perception is sensing various characteristics of a person, task or event.

Question 57

Impaired hearing can affect perception.

Question 58

A failure that does not result in learning is a mistake.

Question 59

For jobs that are simple and routine OB Mod tends to be less effective.

Question 60

Learning from failure and OB Mod are ways that organizations can train their associates.

Question 61

When an individual attributes the behavior of others to internal rather than external causes, he or she is making what is called the "fundamental attribution error."

Question 62

Learning refers to relatively ___________changes in human capabilities as a result of experience.

Question 63

When an individual attributes their own successes to external factors and their failures to internal factors, he or she is using a "self-serving bias."

Question 64

Effective use of punishment in an organization includes _________ to the offending party's explanation before taking action.

Question 65

To be competitive in the twenty-first century an organization must have associates and managers who can effectively ________ and _________.

Question 66

Task perception does not seem to be related to job satisfaction.

Question 67

Specific outcomes associated with learning include verbal information, intellectual or motor skills, attitudes, cognitive strategies, and _________.

Question 68

It is well documented that people associate those who are physically attractive with negative qualities and those who are unattractive with positive qualities.

Question 69

Factors such as age, intelligence and gender have been found to influence perceptions of tasks.

Question 70

Learning is fully __________ into the culture at VF Asia Ltd.

Question 71

_________Theory was developed by Albert Bandura.

Question 72

____________ was a behaviorist researcher who applied the concepts of operant conditioning theory to human behavior.

Question 73

The redevelopment of VF Asia Ltd.'s learning and development strategy illustrates the importance of learning to the overall ________ goals of the organization.

Question 74

The process of deciding what caused a behavior is known as discernment.

Question 75

An example of a self-serving bias was the Great Bear Wilderness rescue team blaming the crash survivors for the team's failure to realize there had been survivors.

Question 76

A perception problem in which an individual bases perceptions about members of a particular group on a generalized set of beliefs is known as false belief.

Question 77

Interpreting another person's behavior as being caused by internal or external factors depends upon our perceptions of the consistency, consensus and diligence associated with the behavior.

Question 78

Learning is defined as a process through which individuals ________ their behavior based on positive or negative experiences in a situation.

Question 79

When behavior results in the introduction of a negative consequence, individuals are less likely to repeat the behavior. This is called _________.

Question 80

The textbook attributed the crash of a Korean Air 747 in part to ___________.