Deck 7: X-Ray Interactions With Matter

Question 1

Secondary photons produced during a Compton interaction

A)are typically high energy
B)usually exit the patient and interact with the image receptor
C)contribute to patient dose
D)none of the above

Answer 1

contribute to patient dose

Question 2

Classical interactions are also known as

A)coherent scattering
B)Compton scattering
C)Thomson scattering
D)A and C
E)B and C

Answer 2

A and C

Question 3

Coherent scattering involves

A)an x-ray photon with high energy
B)an x-ray photon with low energy
C)ionization
D)all of the above

Answer 3

an x-ray photon with low energy

Question 4

The x-ray photons that are produced as a result of a characteristic cascade during a Compton interaction

A)are characteristic x-ray photons
B)are brems x-ray photons
C)are Compton x-ray photons
D)are "braking" x-ray photons

Question 5

Compton scattering involves the x-ray photon

A)being absorbed in the atom
B)removing an inner-shell electron
C)removing a middle- or outer-shell electron
D)passing through the atom without any change

Question 6

The fog seen on the radiographic image is the result of

A)coherent scattering
B)classical scattering
C)photoelectric interactions
D)Compton interactions

Question 7

The x-ray photon produced during classical scattering

A)is lower energy than the incident photon
B)is higher energy than the incident photon
C)travels in a different direction than the incoming photon
D)travels in the same direction than the incoming photon

Question 8

The Compton electron

A)typically exits the patient as part of the remnant radiation
B)does not have enough energy to produce further interactions
C)has enough energy to produce further interactions
D)A and B

Question 9

Compton scattering results in

A)a Compton electron
B)a secondary electron
C)a Compton scatter photon
D)all of the above

Question 10

The effect of classical scatter interactions on image quality

A)is significant
B)is minimal
C)is that quality is improved
D)B and C

Question 11

Compton scattering typically occurs with

A)low-energy photons
B)high-energy photons
C)moderate-energy photons
D)all of the above

Question 12

When i does interact with the image receptor,the Compton scatter photon contributes no useful information because

A)its energy is too low
B)its energy is too high
C)it has changed direction
D)none of the above

Question 13

The x-ray photon produced during classical scattering

A)is lower energy than the incident photon
B)is higher energy than the incident photon
C)is the same energy as the incident photon
D)continues traveling in the same direction as the incident photon

Question 14

If a middle-shell electron is removed during a Compton interaction

A)secondary photons are produced
B)a secondary electron is ejected
C)a Compton scatter photon is produced
D)all of the above

Question 15

Reducing the amount of Compton scattering

A)is impossible
B)is extremely difficult to accomplish
C)is very important in producing quality images
D)all of the above

Question 16

Most classical scatter photons

A)are the result of the removal of an orbital electron
B)are absorbed in the body
C)are transmitted through the body
D)become remnant radiation

Question 17

The Compton scatter photon

A)may exit the patient as part of the remnant radiation
B)does not have enough energy to produce further interactions
C)has enough energy to produce further interactions
D)A and C
E)A and B

Question 18

Compton scattering typically occurs with x-ray photons in the energy range of

A)5-10 keV
B)20-40 keV
C)60-90 keV
D)100-135 keV

Question 19

In reference to patient radiation dose,classical scatter interactions

A)slightly increase dose
B)significantly increase dose
C)have no effect on dose
D)slightly decrease dose

Question 20

With Compton scattering,the incident photon

A)loses none of its energy
B)loses up to one third of its energy
C)loses up to one half of its energy
D)does not lose any energy

Question 21

Protective apparel is often made of lead because it

A)is very heavy
B)can be made very thick
C)is inexpensive
D)has a high atomic number

Question 22

For photoelectric interactions to occur,the energy of the incident photon

A)may be greater than the binding energy of an inner-shell electron
B)may be the same as the binding energy of an inner-shell electron
C)may be less than the binding energy of an inner-shell electron
D)A and B
E)B and C

Question 23

The primary source of radiation exposure to the radiographer who is in the room during an exposure is

A)from scatter from the table
B)from scatter from the patient
C)from scatter from the image receptor
D)hard to determine;it depends on the procedure being done

Question 24

Pair production requires an x-ray photon with an energy of at least

A)0.51 MeV
B)1.02 MeV
C)1.51 MeV
D)2.04 MeV

Question 25

The energy of the photoelectron is equal to

A)the binding energy of the orbital electron minus the energy of the incident photon
B)the energy of the incident photon minus the binding energy of the orbital electron
C)the binding energy of the orbital electron plus the energy of the incident photon
D)none of the above

Question 26

Photoelectric interactions are more likely to occur in

A)air
B)soft tissue
C)bone
D)they occur equally in all types of tissues

Question 27

Pair production

A)occurs very often during radiographic procedures
B)seldom occurs during radiographic procedures
C)never occurs during radiographic procedures
D)it depends on the procedure

Question 28

The greater the angle of deflection of a Compton scatter photon:

A)the more likely it will interact with the image receptor
B)the lower the energy of the photon
C)the higher the energy of the photon
D)the more likely it will become part of the remnant radiation

Question 29

As a result of pair production,a(n)______________ and a(n)______________ are produced.

A)electron;positron
B)electron;proton
C)proton;neutron
D)neutron;electron

Question 30

No matter which direction the Compton scatter photon goes,it retains approximately

A)one fourth of its energy
B)one third of its energy
C)one half of its energy
D)two thirds of its energy

Question 31

The end product(s)of a photoelectric interaction is (are)

A)a high-energy x-ray photon
B)a photoelectron
C)an ionized atom
D)B and C

Question 32

The major source of radiation exposure to technologists is due to

A)coherent scattering
B)classical scattering
C)photoelectric interactions
D)Compton interactions

Question 33

Secondary x-ray photons are the result of

A)Compton interactions
B)Thompson scattering
C)photoelectric interactions
D)A and C

Question 34

To minimize occupational exposure,the technologist should

A)never go in an x-ray room during a procedure
B)wear protective apparel (lead aprons,gloves,etc. )when in the room during imaging
C)stand close to the patient's head
D)B and C

Question 35

Photoelectric interactions

A)contribute significantly to patient dose
B)should be reduced as close to 0 events as possible
C)negatively affect radiographic image quality
D)all of the above

Question 36

The energy of the photoelectron is the least as a result of a photoelectric interaction in

A)bone
B)soft tissue
C)fat
D)the energy level is the same for all

Question 37

Pair production occurs when the incident photon interacts with

A)an inner-shell electron
B)an outer-shell electron
C)inner- and outer-shell electrons
D)the nucleus of the atom

Question 38

After a photoelectric interaction,the incident photon

A)loses some of its energy and changes direction
B)loses most of its energy and changes direction
C)loses all of its energy and no longer exists
D)none of the above

Question 39

Barium sulfate is used as a contrast agent to visualize soft tissue structures such as the stomach because it

A)is very heavy
B)can be made very thick
C)is inexpensive
D)has a high atomic number

Question 40

During a photoelectric interaction,

A)an inner-shell electron is ejected
B)an outer-shell electron is ejected
C)no electrons are ejected
D)electrons for all levels are ejected

Question 41

For photodisintegration to occur,the incident photon must have an energy level of at least

A)100 keV
B)1.02 MeV
C)10 MeV
D)100 MeV

Question 42

All Compton scatter photons travel in the direction of the image receptor.

Question 43

Photodisintegration occurs when the incident photon interacts with

A)an inner-shell electron
B)an outer-shell electron
C)inner- and outer-shell electrons
D)the nucleus of the atom

Question 44

The photoelectric interaction and Compton interaction can both result in a characteristic cascade,producing characteristic radiation.

Question 45

Potential biological damage can occur as a result of a Compton interaction because of the ionization of atoms.

Question 46

Excessive absorption is the result of

A)using a mAs that is too low for the examination
B)using a kVp that is too low for the examination
C)using a kVp that is too high for the examination
D)all of the above

Question 47

Air is considered:

A)radiopaque
B)hard to penetrate
C)radiolucent
D)more likely to absorb radiation

Question 48

A positron is

A)the same as an electron
B)a positively charged electron
C)the same as a proton
D)a positively charged neutron

Question 49

The greater the absorption of radiation

A)the greater the differential absorption
B)the better the image quality
C)the greater the patient dose
D)all of the above

Question 50

The most radiosensitive molecule in the body is

A)DNA
B)RNA
C)nerve cells
D)gonadal cells

Question 51

The probability of Compton scattering depends on the atomic number of the atom.

Question 52

A breakage of the major structure and framework of the macromolecule as a result of an x-ray interaction is called

A)main-chain scission
B)cross-linking
C)point lesions
D)all of the above

Question 53

Radiation interacting with bone is more likely to be absorbed,resulting in that area of the image being

A)a light shade of gray
B)a dark shade of gray
C)black
D)all of the above

Question 54

Dense material,like bone,is considered:

A)radiopaque
B)easy to penetrate
C)radiolucent
D)less likely to absorb radiation

Question 55

Following absorption of the incident photon in the atom's nucleus,a photodisintegration interaction may result in

A)positrons being ejected from the nucleus
B)neutrons being ejected from the nucleus
C)protons being ejected from the nucleus
D)B and C

Question 56

After ejection from the atom's nucleus,when the positron interacts with an electron

A)an annihilation event occurs
B)the electron and positron are both destroyed
C)two x-ray photons are produced
D)all of the above

Question 57

The probability of Compton scattering depends on the energy level of the incident x-ray photon.

Question 58

Radiation interacting with air is more likely to be _____________,resulting in that area of the image being darker.

A)absorbed
B)transmitted
C)attenuated
D)scattered

Question 59

Photodisintegration interactions

A)occur very often during radiographic procedures
B)seldom occur during radiographic procedures
C)never occur during radiographic procedures
D)it depends on the procedure

Question 60

To produce a radiographic image that represents anatomy,there must be

A)photoelectric interactions
B)transmitted photons
C)differential absorption
D)all of the above

Question 61

Without differential absorption,the image would be a single shade of gray.

Question 62

The higher the atomic number of an atom,the greater the probability of a photoelectric interaction.

Question 63

The more the energy of the incident x-ray photon exceeds the binding energy of the inner-shell electron,the greater the probability of a photoelectric interaction.

Question 64

The probability of a photoelectric interaction depends on the atomic number of the atom.

Question 65

The probability of a photoelectric interaction depends on the energy level of the incident x-ray photon.

Question 66

Irradiation of water can create harmful free radicals that then indirectly damage molecules and cells.