Deck 14: Image Intensified Fluoroscopy

Question 1

Before the image intensifier,the fluoroscopist may have worn _____ goggles to make it easier to see the dim fluoroscopic image.

A)blue
B)green
C)red
D)yellow

Answer 1

red

Question 2

The __________________________ absorbs x-rays and emits light.

A)input phosphor
B)output phosphor
C)photocathode
D)accelerating anode

Answer 2

input phosphor

Question 3

The _____________________ is designed to set the electron stream in motion at a constant velocity,and is located very close to the output phosphor.

A)input phosphor
B)output phosphor
C)photocathode
D)accelerating anode

Answer 3

accelerating anode

Question 4

This part of the image intensifier is made of zinc cadmium sulfide.

A)Input phosphor.
B)Output phosphor.
C)Photocathode.
D)Accelerating anode.

Question 5

This part of the image intensifier is made of cesium and antimony compounds.

A)Input phosphor.
B)Output phosphor.
C)Photocathode.
D)Electrostatic focusing lenses.

Question 6

The commercial fluoroscope was developed by

A)Rutherford
B)Edison
C)Newton
D)Einstein

Question 7

The image intensifier is located

A)next to the x-ray tube used for fluoroscopy
B)beneath the x-ray table
C)on a shelf just inside the room
D)inside the fluoroscopic tower

Question 8

The ________________ is (are)found along the entire length of the image intensifier.

A)input phosphor
B)output phosphor
C)photocathode
D)electrostatic focusing lenses

Question 9

The image intensifier improved fluoroscopy by

A)making the image easier to see because it is brighter
B)making the image easier to see because it is bigger
C)allowing indirect viewing of the fluoroscopic image
D)A and C

Question 10

The image intensifier was introduced in the

A)1920s
B)1950s
C)1970s
D)1980s

Question 11

The electronic vacuum tube that converts the remnant beam to light,then to electrons,then back to light,increasing the light intensity in the process is the

A)x-ray tube
B)image intensifier
C)recording system
D)mirror optics

Question 12

Photoemission occurs at the

A)input phosphor
B)output phosphor
C)photocathode
D)accelerating anode

Question 13

This part of the image intensifier is made of cesium iodide.

A)Input phosphor.
B)Output phosphor.
C)Photocathode.
D)Accelerating anode.

Question 14

This part of the image intensifier absorbs light and produces electrons.

A)Input phosphor.
B)Output phosphor.
C)Photocathode.
D)Electrostatic focusing lenses.

Question 15

The electrostatic focusing lenses have a ___________ charge.

A)negative
B)positive
C)neutral
D)changing

Question 16

The _______________________ is bonded directly to the input phosphor.

A)input phosphor
B)output phosphor
C)photocathode
D)accelerating anode

Question 17

The ratio of the number of light photons at the output phosphor as compared with the input phosphor is the

A)brightness gain
B)flux gain
C)minification gain
D)conversion factor

Question 18

The __________________ absorbs electrons and emits light.

A)input phosphor
B)output phosphor
C)photocathode
D)accelerating anode

Question 19

The original fluoroscopic image was very

A)dim
B)bright
C)clear
D)fuzzy

Question 20

___________ imaging is used to view the human body in real time,accomplished with fluoroscopy as opposed to radiography.

A)Static
B)Still
C)Dynamic
D)Colorized

Question 21

The term that means using an image intensifier to create a brighter image by taking a few x-ray photons and converting that energy into many light photons is the

A)brightness gain
B)flux gain
C)minification gain
D)conversion factor

Question 22

If the input phosphor measures 30 cm and the output phosphor measures 2.5 cm,what is the minification gain?

A)8.3
B)12
C)69.2
D)144

Question 23

In fluoroscopy,shape distortion is caused by

A)angling the x-ray tube
B)angling the image intensifier in the fluoroscopic tower
C)inaccurate control or focusing of the electrons released at the periphery of the photocathode,and the curved shape of the photocathode
D)inaccurate control or focusing of the electrons released at the periphery of the photocathode,and the flat shape of the photocathode

Question 24

The diameter of the input phosphor typically measures between

A)5 and 10 cm
B)15 and 30 cm
C)40 and 65 cm
D)75 and 100 cm

Question 25

Magnification of the fluoroscopic image results in improved

A)brightness
B)spatial resolution
C)contrast
D)exposure

Question 26

The formula for minification gain is

A)minification gain = input phosphor diameter / output phosphor diameter
B)minification gain = input phosphor diameter² / output phosphor diameter²
C)minification gain = output phosphor diameter / input phosphor diameter
D)minification gain = output phosphor diameter²/ input phosphor diameter²

Question 27

The formula to determine the amount of magnification created when in magnification mode,the formula is

A)MF = full size input phosphor / selected input phosphor
B)MF = full size input phosphor² / selected input phosphor²
C)MF = selected input phosphor / full size input phosphor
D)MF = selected input phosphor² / full size input phosphor²

Question 28

If a 30/23/15 cm image intensifier is operated in the 23-cm mode,the fluoroscopic image will be magnified by a factor of

A)1.3
B)1.5
C)1.7
D)2

Question 29

A disadvantage of using magnification mode during fluoroscopy is

A)the image has less resolution
B)the image brightness is inconsistent
C)the patient receives additional dose
D)none of the above

Question 30

When operated in magnification mode,the electrostatic lenses have ________ of a negative charge.

A)less
B)more
C)the same amount as usual
D)one half

Question 31

Increasing the mA is the way to correct a fluoroscopic image that has

A)noise
B)pincushion appearance
C)vignetting
D)magnification

Question 32

____________ is measured in cd/m²/mR/s.

A)Brightness gain
B)Flux gain
C)Minification gain
D)Conversion factor

Question 33

Fluoroscopic imaging systems operate at: ________

A)2-5 mA
B)15-20 mA
C)200-500 mA
D)Unlimited mA

Question 34

Distortion of the fluoroscopic image that appears as unequal magnification is

A)noise
B)pincushion appearance
C)vignetting
D)magnification

Question 35

The function of the fluoroscopic unit that maintains the overall appearance of the fluoroscopic image (contrast and density)by automatically adjusting the kilovoltage peak (kVp),milliamperage (mA),or both is

A)DQE
B)APR
C)ABC
D)AEC

Question 36

The diameter of the output phosphor is approximately

A)1 cm
B)2.5 cm
C)5 cm
D)25 cm

Question 37

An expression of the ability of an image intensifier tube to convert x-ray energy into light energy and increase the brightness of the image in the process is the

A)brightness gain
B)flux gain
C)minification gain
D)conversion factor

Question 38

Typical fluoroscopic systems have spatial resolution capabilities in the range of

A)2-3 Lp/mm
B)4-6 Lp/mm
C)7-9 Lp/mm
D)10-12 Lp/mm

Question 39

A loss of brightness around the edge of the fluoroscopic image caused by the curve of the photocathode is

A)noise
B)pincushion appearance
C)vignetting
D)magnification

Question 40

The formula for brightness gain is

A)brightness gain = minification gain - flux gain
B)brightness gain = minification gain / flux gain
C)brightness gain = minification gain × flux gain
D)None of the above

Question 41

In LCD monitors,the liquid crystal layer sandwiched between polarizing layers contains crystals that are in an ________ state,but become __________ when electric current is applied.

A)organized and untwisted;unorganized and twisted
B)organized and twisted;unorganized and untwisted
C)unorganized and untwisted;organized and twisted
D)unorganized and twisted;organized and untwisted

Question 42

The fiberoptic bundle or optical lens system is used to

A)deliver the image from the camera to the television monitor
B)record the fluoroscopic image
C)link the output phosphor and camera or CCD
D)none of the above

Question 43

A typical high-resolution monitor has

A)825 line systems
B)1024 line systems
C)525 line systems
D)2034 line systems

Question 44

Semiconductor capacitors made of metal oxide are components of the

A)camera tube
B)CCD
C)image intensifier
D)x-ray tube

Question 45

When the electron beam sweeps the anode and travels back and forth across,from top to bottom,it is moving in a ___________ pattern.

A)sweep
B)brush
C)raster
D)rooster

Question 46

Typical television monitors are

A)300 line systems
B)450 line systems
C)525 line systems
D)875 line systems

Question 47

Each capacitor in a CCD represents a(n)

A)line
B)image
C)pixel
D)electric charge

Question 48

The image intensifier is capable of resolving approximately ___________,whereas the monitor can resolve approximately _______________.

A)1-2 Lp/mm;1-2 Lp/mm
B)1-2 Lp/mm;5 Lp/mm
C)5 Lp/mm;5 Lp/mm
D)5 Lp/mm;1-2 Lp/mm

Question 49

The purpose of a beam-splitting mirror is to

A)view the fluoroscopic image on more than one television
B)reduce the intensity of the image from the output phosphor
C)allow spot filming to be done during fluoroscopy
D)all of the above

Question 50

A face plate,signal plate,and target are all components of the

A)anode of the camera tube
B)charge coupled device (CCD)
C)cathode of the camera tube
D)x-ray tube

Question 51

In terms of resolution,the weakest part of the fluoroscopic system is the

A)image intensifier
B)television monitor
C)camera tube
D)None of the above

Question 52

The CCDs electric charge from the capacitors is sent to the

A)output phosphor
B)television monitor
C)x-ray tube
D)image intensifier

Question 53

When the electron beam is sweeping the anode,if the electron beam and light from the output phosphor are incident on the same place at the same time,_____________ through the target to the signal plate.

A)x-rays are produced
B)the image is magnified
C)electrons are transmitted
D)none of the above

Question 54

A light-sensitive semiconducting device that generates an electrical charge when stimulated by light and stores this charge in a capacitor is the

A)anode of the camera tube
B)charge coupled device (CCD)
C)cathode of the camera tube
D)x-ray tube

Question 55

Its purpose is to convert the electronic signal from the camera tube or CCD into a visible image

A)image intensifier
B)fiberoptic bundle
C)television monitor
D)anode of the vidicon tube

Question 56

An electron gun can be found in the

A)television monitor
B)CCD
C)vidicon camera
D)A and C
E)B and C

Question 57

The _____________ is a diode tube contained in a glass envelope to maintain a vacuum,and is connected to the output phosphor of the image intensifier by either a fiberoptic bundle or an optical lens system.

A)television monitor
B)Vidicon camera tube
C)charge coupled device (CCD)
D)liquid crystal display (LCD)

Question 58

The target layer is a photoconductive layer made of antimony trisulfide in ______ tubes and lead oxide in ______ tubes.

A)x-ray;vidicon
B)vidicon;x-ray
C)vidicon;plumbicon
D)plumbicon;vidicon

Question 59

The conventional method for viewing the fluoroscopic image is by

A)using a handheld device
B)looking directly at the output phosphor
C)using a television monitor
D)using a mirror-optics system

Question 60

In LCD monitors,the number of TFTs is equal to the

A)number of crystals in the liquid crystal layer
B)number of pixels displayed
C)Lp/mm of resolution
D)display line system

Question 61

Digital fluoroscopy is improved by using

A)a vidicon camera
B)videotape
C)a beam-splitting mirror
D)a charge-coupling device (CCD)

Question 62

The newest fluoroscopy systems use a flat-panel detector

A)to record the spot images during fluoroscopy
B)to record the overhead images following fluoroscopy
C)in place of the image intensifier
D)in addition to the image intensifier

Question 63

Which of the following requires more radiation to produce quality fluoroscopic images?

A)Conventional image intensifier.
B)Flat-panel detector in place of image intensifier.
C)There is no difference between the two.

Question 64

Which of the following is an advantage of flat panel detectors used in fluoroscopy?

A)Much lighter and more compact.
B)Produce a digital signal directly.
C)Less electronic noise.
D)60 times larger operational dynamic range because they do not exhibit veiling glare.
E)All of the above.

Question 65

The recording device that "photographs" the image off of the output phosphor is the

A)cassette spot filming
B)film cameras for spot filming
C)videotape
D)flat panel detector

Question 66

The analog-to-digital converter

A)takes the video (analog)signal and divides it into binary language that the computer "understands."
B)determines the contrast resolution of the system
C)is necessary for the computer to process and display the image
D)all of the above

Question 67

This recording system uses 70-mm or 105-mm film

A)Cassette spot filming
B)Film cameras for spot filming
C)Videotape
D)None of the above

Question 68

For detectors to produce high-quality fluoroscopic images,they must be able to

A)respond very quickly
B)respond many times in a row
C)have application-specific integrated circuits for noise reduction
D)all of the above

Question 69

Early versions of digital fluoroscopy used the standard system and added

A)a different camera
B)an analog-to-digital converter (ADC)
C)videotape
D)a digital-to-analog converter (DAC)

Question 70

Which of the following has a rectangular field of view and a wider dynamic range?

A)Conventional image intensifier.
B)Flat-panel detector in place of image intensifier.
C)There is no difference between the two.

Question 71

Which of the following is required in the indirect-capture detector?

A)Amorphous silicon photodetector.
B)Thin film transistor (TFT)array.
C)A scintillator that uses cesium iodide or gadolinium oxysulfide as the phosphor.
D)All of the above.

Question 72

Which of the following is true about the CCD used in digital fluoroscopy?
I.The CCD is more-light sensitive with a higher DQE value.
II.The CCD exhibits less noise and no spatial distortion.
III.The CCD has higher spatial resolution.
IV.The CCD requires more radiation to create an image.

A)I and II only.
B)I and III only.
C)I,II,and III only.
D)I,II,and IV only.
E)I,II,III,and IV.

Question 73

Which of the following contains a thin layer of pixels instead of a liquid crystal layer,with each pixel containing three neon and xenon gas-filled cells?

A)Cathode ray tube monitor.
B)Liquid crystal display (LCD)monitor.
C)Plasma monitor.
D)Radiographic film.

Question 74

Flat-panel detectors for fluoroscopic imaging can be the

A)cesium iodide amorphous silicon indirect-capture detector
B)amorphous selenium direct-capture detector
C)amorphous silicon direct-capture detector
D)A and B
E)A and C

Question 75

Which of the following recording systems require the x-ray-beam to be in radiographic mode?

A)Cassette spot filming.
B)Film cameras for spot filming.
C)Cine filming.
D)Flat panel detector.

Question 76

Frame averaging is

A)an operation that reduces overall patient dose
B)an operation that increases overall patient dose
C)an operation that reduces image noise by averaging multiple image frames together
D)A and C
E)B and C

Question 77

Fluoroscopic equipment should be inspected every

A)week
B)month
C)6 months
D)year

Question 78

The difference between geometric magnification and electronic magnification is

A)geometric magnification is where the patient is placed closer to the x-ray tube to create a larger OID and electronic magnification involves the selection of a smaller field of view
B)electronic magnification is where the patient is placed closer to the x-ray tube to create a larger OID and geometric magnification involves the selection of a smaller field of view
C)there is no difference between geometric magnification and electronic magnification

Question 79

A large fill factor refers to

A)the entire detector being filled with x-rays
B)the entire detector needing a large amount of x-rays to produce an image
C)a large area of the pixel being sensitive to x-rays
D)a small area of the pixel being sensitive to x-rays

Question 80

This allows the film to be divided into 2,4,or more images

A)Cassette spot filming with masking shutters
B)Film cameras for spot filming
C)Videotape
D)Flat panel detector