Deck 20: The Conservative Order and the Challenges of Reform (1815-1832)

Question 1

A peaceful rebellion against colonial powers occurred in ________.

A)Haiti
B)Argentina
C)New Spain
D)Brazil

Answer 1

Brazil

Question 2

Louis XVIII agreed to become a(n)________.

A)parliamentary monarch
B)socialist monarch
C)constitutional monarch
D)absolute monarch

Answer 2

constitutional monarch

Question 3

Britain saw a(n)________ opportunity in the weakness of Spain after the Spanish Revolution.

A)economic
B)religious
C)military
D)cultural

Answer 3

economic

Question 4

Who was placed on the Spanish throne after Napoleon's downfall and,although he promised to govern according to a written constitution,ignored his pledge?

A)Louis XVIII
B)Alexander I
C)Ferdinand VII
D)Charles X

Question 5

In 1821,the Ottomans faced a revolt of the ________.

A)Turks
B)Italians
C)Greeks
D)Serbians

Question 6

The Treaty of London,signed in 1827,demanded ________.

A)that Russia recognize Romania as an independent state
B)Turkish recognition of Greek independence
C)that the Turks allow Britain,France,and Russia to decide the future of Greece
D)the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire

Question 7

In 1804,the French colony of ________ achieved independence.

A)Cuba
B)Haiti
C)Guiana
D)the Dominican Republic

Question 8

Most of the revolutionary movements were led by ________.

A)Creole elites
B)peninsulares
C)ex-slaves
D)merchants and tradesmen

Question 9

By 1830,________ had achieved independence.

A)Uruguay
B)most of Latin America
C)Colombia and Bolivia
D)Mexico

Question 10

________ lowered interest rates on government bonds to indemnify aristocrats who had lost lands in the French Revolution.

A)Louis XVIII
B)Charles X
C)Alexander I
D)Louis Philippe

Question 11

The Charter provided for a(n)________.

A)appointed legislature and hereditary monarchy
B)elected monarchy and appointed legislature
C)bicameral legislature and elected monarchy
D)hereditary monarchy and a bicameral legislature

Question 12

The major powers at the Congress of Vienna included ________.

A)Russia,Austria,Prussia,and Great Britain
B)Russia,France,Italy,and Great Britain
C)Prussia,Austria,France,and Italy
D)Prussia,France,Austria,and Great Britain

Question 13

Who succeeded Tsar Alexander I,who died in November 1825?

A)Constantine
B)Paul
C)Nicholas
D)Alexander II

Question 14

José de San Martín led the independence movement in what is today ________.

A)Peru
B)New Spain
C)Hispaniola
D)Argentina

Question 15

The single most powerful European political ideology proved to be ________.

A)nationalism
B)communism
C)republicanism
D)liberalism

Question 16

The Russian tsar was king of ________ and frequently infringed on the constitution and quarreled with its diet.

A)Serbia
B)Prussia
C)Finland
D)Poland

Question 17

Although their provisions were limited in scope,which three German states granted constitutions after 1815?

A)Württemberg,Hessen,and Bremen
B)Hessen,Bavaria,and Baden
C)Baden,Bavaria,and Württemberg
D)Hamburg,Bremen,and Brandenburg

Question 18

Who is most associated with Venezuelan independence?

A)José de San Martín
B)Simón Bolívar
C)Toussaint L'Ouverture
D)Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

Question 19

Nineteenth-century liberals derived their political ideas from the ________.

A)ancient writings of the Romans
B)philosophers of the American Revolution
C)biblical passages within the doctrine of the Holy Roman Church
D)writers of the Enlightenment

Question 20

The ________ Society was moderate and favored constitutional monarchy and the abolition of serfdom,but wanted to protect the interests of the aristocracy.

A)Northern
B)Southern
C)Eastern
D)Western

Question 21

The faith in free and unregulated trade between European nations was most closely aligned with ________.

A)constitutional monarchists
B)ultraroyalists
C)nineteenth-century liberals
D)Latin American revolutionaries

Question 22

The Four Ordinances were an example of ________.

A)conservative reaction
B)liberal reform
C)radical reform
D)the work of the Concert of Europe

Question 23

The Corn Law maintained high prices on grain by levying import duties on foreign grain in ________.

A)France
B)Germany
C)Belgium
D)Britain

Question 24

A significant difficulty for nationalism was,and is,________.

A)transitioning from monarchies to republicanism and peaceful elections
B)determining which ethnic groups could be considered nations
C)deciding which religion should be accepted as the formal religion of the state
D)settling on which national customs should be formally adopted by the state and schools

Question 25

What event sparked movements for independence from European domination throughout Latin America?

A)the wars of the French Revolution,particularly those of Napoleon
B)the French and Indian War
C)the American Revolution
D)the Crimean War

Question 26

The Decembrist Revolt began with a revolt among ________.

A)officers
B)peasants
C)slaves
D)landowners

Question 27

Haiti's revolution was ________ the general course of independence movements in Latin America.

A)unusual in
B)a moderate example of
C)an extreme example of
D)the last in

Question 28

Early nineteenth-century nationalism directly opposed the principle upheld at the Congress of Vienna that ________.

A)ethnicity,rather than monarchies or dynasties,provides the basis for political unity
B)legitimate monarchies or dynasties,rather than ethnicity,provide the basis for political unity
C)military strength,rather than ethnicity,provides the basis for political unity
D)common language should provide the basis for political unity

Question 29

The Six Acts attempted to ________.

A)curb political dissesnt
B)give the monarchy new powers and begin military expansion
C)raise public revenue through taxes and prohibit illegal search and seizures
D)prevent Catholics from exercising their civil rights

Question 30

What did the Carlsbad Decree do?

A)It dissolved the Burschenschaften.
B)It established freedom of the press.
C)It opened universities to all students.
D)It imposed liberal ideas on government agencies.

Question 31

What reaction did the German government have to the Burschenschaften?

A)The Burschenschaften was sponsored by the government.
B)The Burschenschaften made the government proud.
C)The government boasted about the works of the Burschenschaften.
D)The Burschenschaften made the government uneasy.

Question 32

The first congress under the Congress System met in ________.

A)Aix-la-Chapelle
B)Paris
C)Versailles
D)Brussels

Question 33

What type of person joined the Burschenschaften?

A)professionals
B)students
C)merchants
D)government officials

Question 34

Tsar Alexander I turned away from reform,and both at home and abroad took the lead in suppressing ________.

A)nationalism and communism
B)liberalism and nationalism
C)communism and socialism
D)socialism and liberalism

Question 35

Which of the following correctly identifies the major pillars of nineteenth-century conservatism?

A)solid military,established churches,and legitimate monarchies
B)established churches,burgeoning merchant class,and legitimate monarchies
C)landed aristocracies,established churches,and solid military
D)legitimate monarchies,landed aristocracies,and established churches

Question 36

As a political outlook,nationalism was and is based on the relatively modern concept that a nation is composed of people who are joined together by ________.

A)common language,culture,and history
B)loyalty to a ruler
C)a common legal system
D)participation in a single economic system

Question 37

Primogeniture in France was restored by ________.

A)liberals in government
B)conservatives in government
C)Charles X
D)Louis XVIII

Question 38

What did the Protocol of Troppau require of European governments?

A)They agreed to intervene to restore order in countries threatened by revolution.
B)They agreed to prop up monarchies that were in danger of being overthrown.
C)They agreed to support liberal revolutionary movements in their own countries.
D)They agreed to install liberal reforms,such as a free press and religious tolerance.

Question 39

Under the Congress System,France was ________.

A)excluded from governing Europe
B)left out of important decisions about maintaining order in Europe
C)readmitted to the Congress in good standing
D)given a leadership role in the Congress

Question 40

The Concert of Europe refers to the ________.

A)new informal arrangement for resolving mutual foreign policy issues
B)new Russian,Austrian,Prussian,and British quadruple alliance
C)January 1820 outbreak of the Spanish revolution
D)1814 restoration of the French monarchy

Question 41

Which generalization is most accurate regarding the progress of reform in Prussia under Frederick William III?

A)Reform movements progressed quickly with a supportive government.
B)Government policies granted freedom to make liberal reforms.
C)The reform movement was defeated completely under the conservative policies of Frederick William III.
D)Violent revolutionaries took control of the government pushing their powerful agendas.

Question 42

A major impediment to an alliance between liberals and workers was the liberal policy of ________.

A)opposition to labor unions
B)population control
C)a free market
D)supporting imperialism

Question 43

What event led to the exile of Charles X in France?

A)the July Revolution
B)the Great Reform Bill
C)the storming of the Bastille
D)the Decembrist Revolution

Question 44

Nineteenth-century liberals would most likely be associated with which of these?

A)written constitutions
B)democracy
C)trade regulation
D)restriction of the suffrage

Question 45

Prince Klemens von Metternich is remembered as a(n)________.

A)Enlightenment thinker
B)revolutionary leader
C)Latin American colonialist
D)conservative statesman

Question 46

What treaty temporarily solved the "Eastern Question" for European nations?

A)the Treaty of Adrianople
B)the Treaty of London
C)the Greek Treaty
D)the Protocol of Troppau

Question 47

The Latin American colonial revolutions generally led to socially ________ results.

Question 48

Which of the following events illustrated to Russian soldiers how backward and politically stifled their own nation remained?

A)the Russian and Austrian commercial exchange
B)Russia's battles with the Prussians
C)the Russian occupation of France
D)visits by foreign army officers

Question 49

On August 25,1830,disturbances broke out in ________ after the performance of an opera about a rebellion in Naples against Spanish rule.

Question 50

The first call for rebellion in New Spain came from a(n)________.

A)priest and his Indian followers
B)soldier and his troops
C)ex-slave and his enslaved brethren
D)merchant and his trading partners

Question 51

The occupation of ________ gave French merchants in Marseilles new economic ties to North America.

Question 52

Why did the Habsburg Empire resist nationalism?

A)The Habsburg Empire was at war with the other nations of Europe.
B)The Habsburg Empire and Austria ruled lands in Italy.
C)Nationalism would seriously weaken the ethnically diverse Habsburg Empire.
D)Nationalism would bring all the people of the Habsburg Empire together and perhaps rally against the emperor.

Question 53

What did Louis XVIII hope to achieve in his constitution called the Charter?

A)He hoped to suppress the Roman Catholic Church.
B)He hoped to improve trade.
C)He hoped to bring about the policies of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.
D)He hoped to reconcile with the aristocracy and the church.

Question 54

In December 1830,Lord Palmerston,the British foreign minister,persuaded representatives of the powers in London to recognize ________ as an independent and neutral state.

Question 55

Which of these best parallels the relationship between England and Ireland in the 1800s?

A)Austria and Hungary
B)Prussia and Germany
C)Russia and Poland
D)France and Belgium

Question 56

Creole leadership in Latin American revolutions was prompted primarily by their desire to _______.

A)compete with peninsulares
B)implement democracies
C)perpetuate slavery
D)oppose the oppression of the peninsulares

Question 57

What was the relationship between Russia and Serbia after the mid-1820s?

A)Serbia was colonized by RussiA.
B)Serbia was overtaken by political forces in Russia.
C)Russia became the protector of Serbia.
D)Serbia revolted against Russian control.

Question 58

What was the outcome of the Mexican independence movement for the royalist Augustín de Iturbide?

A)He was executed for treason by Spain.
B)He was declared emperor by conservative Mexicans.
C)He was relieved of his duties by Ferdinand VII and sent back to Spain.
D)He was elected president of New Spain by the revolutionaries.

Question 59

The slogan "Orthodoxy,Autocracy,and Nationalism" was associated with ________.

A)the Russian Orthodox Church
B)Official Nationality
C)the Russian military
D)the Congress of Vienna

Question 60

The ________ revolution was unusual among the Latin American revolutions in being initiated by slaves.

Question 61

In the mid-1820s,________,which was also a Slav state and Eastern Orthodox in religion,became Serbia's formal protector.

Question 62

The son of a king of Bavaria,________ was chosen to be the first king of the new Greek kingdom.

Question 63

The first region of Latin America to assert itself toward independence was ________ or modern Argentina.

Question 64

The colonies of Latin America each took a separate path toward independence.Compare and contrast the revolutions in New Spain,Peru,Haiti,and Brazil.Explain how slavery played a role in the independence movement,and discuss how the outcome of the movement was shaped by its leaders.

Question 65

University students who dreamed of a united Germany formed ________,or student associations.

Question 66

What were the political characteristics of the July Monarchy? What role was Catholicism given under Louis Philippe? Was the new government clerical,anticlerical,or both? Do you think the July Monarchy represented a solid break with the past? Why or why not?

Question 67

How was the recognition of Greek independence an international affair? What nations were involved? How? What did the Treaty of London demand?

Question 68

How were European aristocrats affected by conservative governments? What traits or privileges did conservative aristocrats retain,gain,and lose? How did aristocrats see themselves during this era? Explain.

Question 69

The early nineteenth-century statesman who,more than any other,epitomized conservatism was the Austrian prince ________.

Question 70

Political liberals found inspiration in the 1789 French Declaration of the ________.

Question 71

How did the international community deal with the Spanish revolution of 1820? How did this reaction differ from previous decades or centuries? Discuss the winners and losers in the revolutionary movement.

Question 72

Behind the concept of nationalism usually lay the idea of popular ________.

Question 73

Consider Metternich as a source of European reaction.Why did Metternich oppose the recognition of political rights of national groups? Did Metternich view liberalism and nationalism in a positive or a negative light? What were the goals of Metternich and other Austrian officials regarding Austria's role in the newly-formed German Confederation?

Question 74

In general,the drive for independence in Latin America came from the ________,who worked as merchants and professional people of Spanish descent.

Question 75

In 1830,the Ottoman sultan formally granted independence to ________,and by the late 1830s,the major powers granted it diplomatic recognition.

Question 76

Compare and contrast the political reforms in Great Britain,Belgium,France,and Russia.What political strategies were successful? Which approaches failed? Was there one universal formula for success? Why or why not? Explain.

Question 77

What was a "liberal" in the nineteenth century? Explain the political and economic viewpoint of liberals and discuss how they differed from nationalists.Finally,make a comparison to the term liberal as it is used in present-day politics.

Question 78

Refer to the excerpt "Mazzini Defines Nationality." What characteristics of a people does Mazzini relate to nationalism? How and why does Mazzini tie nationalism to divine purposes? How does this view of nationality relate to the goals of liberal freedoms? How might these ideals of nationalism lead to international or domestic conflict?

Question 79

While European powers were plotting conservative interventions in Italy and Spain,a third Mediterranean revolt erupted in ________.

Question 80

"The independence of Latin America was a direct consequence of European events." Do you agree or disagree? Explain your answer,using specific information from the text.