Deck 13: A: Social Psychologysocial Psychology

Question 1

Psychologists have developed ways to measure prejudices that people don't want to admit.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Kohlberg's approach to understanding morality emphasized the emotional contributions to moral decisions.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

​Even brief first impressions have better than chance accuracy.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

​Most people with mental illness are more dangerous than other people.

Question 5

​You are more likely to refer to personality when explaining other people's behavior than when explaining your own.

Question 6

​In the prisoner's dilemma,the action that seems best to each individual is disadvantageous to the group.

Question 7

​Low self-esteem is one of the main causes of violent behavior.

Question 8

If someone uses fear to persuade you to do something,more extreme danger makes you more likely to act.

Question 9

Playing violent video games causes increased violent behavior in real life.

Question 10

People generally don't work as hard if they are sharing the job with others.

Question 11

People with mental illness are not especially dangerous,unless they abuse alcohol or other drugs.

Question 12

To evaluate people's moral reasoning,Lawrence Kohlberg examined whether the answers people gave to moral dilemmas matched their behavior in real-world situations.

Question 13

Psychologists use the prisoner's dilemma to explore factors that lead to cooperative or competitive behaviors.

Question 14

​People in Western societies tend to underestimate the role of people's personality when trying to explain their behavior.

Question 15

If someone you don't respect suggests an idea,you might have more agreement with the idea later than you do at first.

Question 16

Working together for a common goal is an effective way to overcome prejudices.

Question 17

​Someone who is paid a small amount to do an unpleasant task will report liking the task more than someone who was paid a large amount.

Question 18

​You are more likely to help a stranger when many people are around than when you are by yourself.

Question 19

Altruistic behavior toward nonrelatives is widespread in the animal kingdom.

Question 20

People in Western societies tend to assume that people voluntarily chose to act as they did,even when the situation required that action.​

Question 21

Asch's research showed that most people sometimes conform to the majority's opinion,even when they know the majority is wrong.

Question 22

If someone replicated Milgram's obedience study today,far fewer participants would agree to give dangerous shocks.

Question 23

Birds with brighter feathers and longer tails are "advertising" the fact that they are healthy.

Question 24

"Opposites attract" is true for romantic couples.

Question 25

After a couple has been married for 30 years or so,passionate love is almost always replaced by companionate love.

Question 26

Behavior that helps others,despite some cost or risk to yourself,is called ________.

Question 27

​The basic lesson from Zimbardo's simulated prison study and from Milgram's teacher-learner study is that humans are crueler than previously realized.

Question 28

​A situation in which people say nothing,assuming that everyone else in the group understands and fully agrees with what is going on,is known as pluralistic _______.

Question 29

If a face has average nose,mouth,and other features,most people will regard that face as attractive.

Question 30

The tendency to work less hard when you are sharing the job with other people is known as social ____________.

Question 31

Far more people will conform if they are outnumbered ten to one than if they are outnumbered only three to one.

Question 32

A student learns about the results of Milgram's study of obedience and says,"Those participants were so cruel! I'm not cruel,so I would never deliver shocks to another person." This student is committing the fundamental attribution error.

Question 33

For a romantic couple to have long-term happiness,similarity of personalities is important.

Question 34

A situation in which two people choose between a cooperative act and a competitive act is known as the prisoner's ____________.

Question 35

​A group of people unanimously but moderately favor a certain idea.After they discuss it,most will become more extreme in supporting that idea

Question 36

Coercive techniques are a reliable way to get people to tell the truth.

Question 37

One explanation for why people often fail to help a person in distress is diffusion of _____________.

Question 38

By watching newlyweds interact with each other,you could predict with better than chance accuracy which couples will have successful marriages and which ones will divorce.

Question 39

Other things being equal,mere familiarity with something makes us like it more.

Question 40

To measure the maturity of someone's moral judgments,Kohlberg devised a series of moral __________ that pit one moral value against another.

Question 41

​One method of measuring prejudices or other attitudes that people don't want to admit is the __________ association test.

Question 42

People who all favor the same position tend to become more extreme in their support after discussing it with one another.This tendency is called group _________.

Question 43

A policy of accepting,recognizing,and enjoying the differences among people and groups and the unique contributions each person can offer is known as _______________.

Question 44

When people feel tension because of conflict between their attitudes and their behavior,they are feeling __________ ____________.

Question 45

Explaining someone's behavior in terms of the situation,including factors that would influence almost anyone,is called ________ attribution.

Question 46

Suppose you hear someone you regard as unintelligent suggest a new idea.At first you ignore the idea,but later you forget who said it,and start to take it seriously.This tendency is known as the _________ effect.

Question 47

The actor-observer effect is the tendency to attribute the behavior of other people mostly to ____________________ causes.

Question 48

​Expectations that increase the probability of the expected event are known as __________ prophecies.

Question 49

An unfavorable attitude toward a group of people is called ________.

Question 50

The thought processes we use to assign causes to our own behavior and that of others are called ___________.

Question 51

If someone behaves the way you assume anyone else would,you give an external attribution for the behavior.If someone behaves in an unusual way,you look for an internal attribution.This criterion is called __________ information.

Question 52

The tendency to explain other people's behavior mainly by internal attributions and your own behavior mainly by external attributions is known as the ______-______ effect.​

Question 53

People listening to a message on a topic that they consider important,and worth their effort to evaluate the evidence,will follow the ____________________ route to persuasion.

Question 54

People who know that someone is trying to persuade them of something become somewhat resistant to the message.This tendency is called the __________ effect.

Question 55

Explaining someone's behavior in terms of the person's attitudes,personality,and other characteristics is called __________ attribution.

Question 56

Other things being equal,the first information we learn about someone influences us more than later information does.This is known as the ____________________ effect.

Question 57

A common way of measuring attitudes is to have people check points along a line ranging from 1,meaning "strongly disagree" to 7,meaning "strongly agree." This rating scale is called a ____________________ scale.

Question 58

The tendency to explain other people's behaviors by internal attributions,even when we see good reasons for an external attribution,is called the __________ attribution error.

Question 59

If you intentionally put yourself at a disadvantage to provide an excuse for failure,you are engaged in a self-_______ strategy.​

Question 60

Attributions that we adopt to maximize credit for our successes and minimize blame for our failures are called ________-_________ biases.

Question 61

How did Lawrence Kohlberg measure moral reasoning? And what are some reasons for doubt about his approach?

Question 62

Describe a study that demonstrates cognitive dissonance.

Question 63

Describe Milgram's obedience study.

Question 64

Many people deny having racial or other prejudices,and it seems likely that many of them are reporting incorrectly.Name and describe a method that social psychologists use to measure prejudices or other attitudes that people don't want to admit.

Question 65

We want to understand why people behave as they do.One method we use is to draw inferences about their reasons.Attribution is the set of thought processes we use to assign causes to our own behavior and that of others.Define internal attribution and external attribution.Describe the three types of information that Harold Kelley proposed we rely on when deciding whether to make an internal or external attribution for behavior.

Question 66

Sometimes a group pressures members into suppressing their doubts and supporting an ill-advised decision.This process is called _________.

Question 67

What contributions,if any,do low self-esteem and mental illness make to the probability of violent behavior?

Question 68

Social psychology research has revealed that other people can encourage us to do something we would not have done on our own,and they can inhibit us from doing something that we would have done on our own.One example of this is social loafing.Define social loafing and describe two examples of situations when individuals do NOT engage in social loafing.

Question 69

Describe the fundamental attribution error and give an example.

Question 70

What is the difference between the central route to persuasion and the peripheral route? When are people more likely to follow the peripheral route?

Question 71

If you face a prisoner's dilemma situation just one time,especially against an anonymous partner whom you will never meet,you are likely to give the competitive,noncooperative response.However,in real life,cooperation is much more common.Why?

Question 72

Theoretically,why does it make sense to choose a mate based partly on good looks?