Deck 13: Social Psychologysocial Psychology

Question 1

​What term refers to assuming that everyone else understands what is happening better than you do?

A)Cognitive dissonance
B)​Social loafing
C)​Diffusion of responsibility
D)​Pluralistic ignorance

Answer 1

​Pluralistic ignorance

Question 2

You are confused by something your professor just said,but no one else is asking questions,so you assume they understand.Meanwhile,they assume you understand.What does this illustrate?​

A)Group polarization
B)​Social loafing
C)​Pluralistic ignorance
D)​Cognitive dissonance

Answer 2

​Pluralistic ignorance

Question 3

According to Lawrence Kohlberg,how should we evaluate people's moral reasoning?​

A)Ask people what is the right thing to do in certain situations.
B)​Consider the reasons people give for the moral decisions they make.
C)​See whether people's actual behavior matches what they say is right or wrong.
D)​Watch whether people act guilty when they break a rule.

Answer 3

​Consider the reasons people give for the moral decisions they make.

Question 4

To evaluate moral reasoning,Kohlberg emphasized which of the following?​

A)The consistency of people's answers on moral dilemmas, from one time to another
B)​The agreement between people's answers on moral dilemmas and their actual behavior
C)​The emotions that people displayed while answering moral dilemmas
D)​The explanations people gave for their answers on moral dilemmas

Question 5

When are you most likely to offer help to a person who appears possibly hurt?​

A)When you are not sure whether the person needs help
B)​When you are in a hurry
C)​When you are surrounded by people you don't know
D)​When you are alone

Question 6

​You would be more likely to help someone who appears to be hurt if you were by yourself than if you were surrounded by strangers.Which of the following is the probable explanation?

A)Diffusion of responsibility
B)​Group polarization
C)​Fundamental attribution error
D)​Cognitive dissonance

Question 7

Whereas people tend to compete in the prisoner's dilemma,what makes them more cooperative in real life?​

A)People want to build a reputation for being fair.
B)​People try to avoid situations that lead to competition.
C)​People get to think about their decisions more carefully.
D)​People feel a greater sense of moral duty in real life.

Question 8

Which objection do many psychologists raise against Kohlberg's approach to morality?​

A)Most moral decisions are based on emotion, not logic.
B)​Most people need a great deal of time to make a decision about a moral question.
C)​In most cases, children make moral decisions differently from the way adults do.
D)​Kohlberg overemphasized respect for authority and underemphasized justice.

Question 9

What is "pluralistic ignorance"?

A)Assuming that everyone else knows more than you do
B)Believing that something you heard from an unreliable source is actually true
C)Knowing a little about everything but not much about anything
D)The tendency for uninformed people to stick tightly to their opinions

Question 10

Why do many biologists and psychologists consider altruistic behavior a theoretical problem?​

A)Altruism benefits someone else more than the person doing the act.
B)​So far, researchers have not located the gene responsible for altruistic behavior.
C)​Most people engaging in an altruistic act do not feel good about it.
D)​Altruistic acts are more common toward nonrelatives than toward relatives.

Question 11

Suppose someone says it is morally right to steal a drug to save someone's life.What would Kohlberg say about this person's moral reasoning?​

A)The person shows a high level of moral reasoning.
B)​The person shows a low level of moral reasoning.
C)​The level of moral reasoning depends on what reasons the person gives.
D)​The level of moral reasoning depends on the person's actions in real life.

Question 12

Researchers use the prisoner's dilemma to investigate which question?​

A)How far people will go in obeying orders from an authority figure
B)​How people decide whether to cooperate or compete
C)​Whether people accomplish more when they work separately or as a group
D)​What factors increase or decrease the tendency to conformity

Question 13

When you are in a crowd of people,what do you become LESS likely to do?

A)Help a person who might be hurt
B)Think of yourself as being special
C)Maintain good posture
D)Account for your behavior by an external attribution

Question 14

​Why do many people get a poor outcome in the prisoner's dilemma?

A)Each person makes a choice that harms someone else.
B)​Many people do not fully understand what their choices might mean.
C)​People prefer a small reward now instead of a larger reward later.
D)​People show too much respect for authority.

Question 15

What was Lawrence Kohlberg's position about moral reasoning?​

A)Morality is a set of arbitrary rules that we have to memorize.
B)​Morality varies enormously from one culture to another.
C)​To evaluate moral reasoning, we have to evaluate people's actual behavior.
D)​Moral reasoning matures through a set of stages. 

Question 16

People who cooperate build a good reputation,and people who don't cooperate risk punishment.What do both of these processes require?​

A)People's ability to recognize one another
B)​People's ability to identify facial expressions of emotion
C)​Moral reasoning based on spiritual purity
D)​Harmony between conscious and unconscious thought processes

Question 17

What does the prisoner's dilemma investigate?​

A)Causes and effects of bullying
B)​Development of social groups
C)​Prejudice toward out-groups
D)​Cooperation and competition

Question 18

​Research suggests that someone feels less responsibility to act under which of these conditions?

A)The apparent need for action has a clear deadline.
B)​Many other people are equally capable of acting.
C)​The person makes moral decisions based on a sense of justice.
D)​The person makes moral decisions based on a sense of spiritual purity.

Question 19

What does a questioner do in the prisoner's dilemma to get someone to confess?​

A)Pretend to sympathize with the accused person.
B)​Offer a lower penalty to someone who confesses.
C)​Refuse all food, water, or comfort until someone confesses.
D)​Ask trick questions that get someone to confess without realizing it.

Question 20

Which of the following would increase cooperation between two people in the prisoner's dilemma?​

A)A promise to cooperate
B)​Constant communication
C)​Relaxation to lower tension
D)​A belief that the other person has already decided what to do

Question 21

​Which mental health condition is most strongly associated with violent behavior?

A)Bipolar disorder
B)​Schizophrenia
C)​Substance abuse
D)​Panic disorder

Question 22

Which instruction would decrease someone's tendency toward social loafing?​

A)"You are unusually good at this task."
B)​"Many other people are working on this task right now."
C)​"We promise to keep your performance anonymous."
D)​"This is an easy task."

Question 23

​What has research shown about the genetic basis of violent behavior?

A)Violent behavior has no genetic influences.
B)​A gene on the Y chromosome is highly associated with violent behavior.
C)​A gene probably increases risk of violence for people who were maltreated as children.
D)​A gene probably increases risk of violence for people after they consume sugar.

Question 24

Which of the following strongly increases the probability of anger and aggression?​

A)Frustration
B)​Low self-esteem
C)​Mental illness
D)​Eating sweets

Question 25

​Violent behavior is most strongly associated with which of these?

A)Low self-esteem
B)Strong responsiveness of the sympathetic nervous system
C)Mental illness
D)Alcohol abuse

Question 26

​Deindividuation and dehumanization often lead to what?

A)Dissociative identity disorder
B)​Violence and injustice
C)​Social anxieties
D)​Depression and low self-esteem

Question 27

How well do our first impressions of people correlate with later impressions?

A)Positively
B)Negatively
C)Zero
D)Positively for women and negatively for men

Question 28

A committee asks for ideas for a fundraiser.You might not try very hard if you think many other people are submitting ideas.Which of the following applies to your behavior?​

A)Altruistic behavior
B)​External attribution
C)​Social loafing
D)​Groupthink

Question 29

​Someone asks you for suggestions about how to improve the college.Under which circumstance will you probably list the fewest suggestions?

A)If you have visited other colleges that seem more successful
B)​If you hope to be a college professor some day
C)​If many other students are also submitting ideas
D)​If you think other students look up to you with admiration

Question 30

What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis?​

A)Expressing your anger makes you frustrated.
B)​Suppressing your anger makes you frustrated.
C)​Frustration is the main cause of aggression.
D)​When someone offends you, you become either frustrated or aggressive.

Question 31

Which people with mental illness,if any,have a greater than average risk of violent behavior?​

A)All mentally ill people
B)​Only those who abuse alcohol or other drugs
C)​Only those who have been in a mental hospital
D)​None of them

Question 32

​What has research shown about the effects of video games on violent behavior?

A)Even brief use of violent video games causes increased violent behavior.
B)​Playing violent video games more than 30 minutes per day increases violent behavior.
C)Playing violent video games has little effect on violent behavior.
D)Playing violent video games actually decreases the probability of violent behavior.

Question 33

The primacy effect in impression formation emphasizes which of these influences?

A)The most recent thing you learned about someone
B)The first thing you learned about someone
C)The most favorable thing you learned about someone
D)The least favorable thing you learned about someone

Question 34

Are people with mental illness more dangerous than other people?​

A)Not at all
B)​Yes, consistently
C)​Only if they are substance abusers
D)​Only if their diagnosis is schizophrenia

Question 35

What has research demonstrated about first impressions of people?

A)First impressions are no more accurate than chance.
B)People take several minutes to form their first impression of someone.
C)People quickly discard their first impressions after gaining new information.
D)Your first impression influences your behavior and that of the other person.

Question 36

What is social loafing?​

A)Working less hard when others share the task
B)​The tendency to take old friendships for granted
C)​Allowing other people to make your decisions for you
D)​Relaxing and enjoying other people's company

Question 37

If your first impression of someone influences your behavior,and your behavior causes that person to live up to or down to your expectations,the result is an example of what?

A)Fundamental attribution error
B)Reaction formation
C)Actor-observer effect
D)Self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 38

Why is "unwanted sex" a poor definition of rape?​

A)The police investigate only violent crimes.
B)​Definitions should be stated in more vigorous terms.
C)​"Unwanted" means different things to different people.
D)​Some people want sex more often than others do.

Question 39

When is social loafing LEAST likely to occur?​

A)In a group of all men
B)​In a group of all women
C)​In large groups
D)​In team sports

Question 40

​What is the "primacy effect" in social cognition?

A)The leader of a group influences everyone else's opinions.
B)​Children form stronger social judgments than adults do.
C)​A first impression influences us strongly.
D)​One negative fact about someone carries more weight than many positive facts.

Question 41

Which of these does the implicit association test (IAT)measure?​

A)Risk of developing various mental illnesses
B)​Repressed or otherwise forgotten memories
C)​Tendency toward extraversion or introversion
D)​Attitudes that people don't want to admit

Question 42

​"Multiculturalism" refers to what?

A)The process of making a transition between one's home culture and a new culture
B)​The process of blending many influences into a single culture
C)​A policy of treating all people the same way
D)​A policy of accepting and enjoying the differences among people

Question 43

On the implicit association test (IAT),white students responded slowest to which pair?​

A)Black faces and pleasant words
B)​White faces and pleasant words
C)​Black faces and unpleasant words
D)​Flower photos and pleasant words

Question 44

​Which term refers to the tendency for your expectations to influence events such that they confirm your expectations?

A)Pluralistic ignorance
B)​Self-fulfilling prophecy
C)​Primacy effect
D)​Fundamental attribution error

Question 45

To measure people's hidden prejudices,which method do psychologists use?

A)Implicit association test
B)Thematic Apperception Test
C)Guilty knowledge test
D)Handwriting analysis

Question 46

​What is "discrimination"?

A)A typical example of a category
B)Unequal treatment of different groups of people
C)An unfavorable attitude toward a group of people
D)A belief about a group of people

Question 47

Research supports which of these ways to reduce prejudice?​

A)A strict policy to "treat all people the same"
B)​Working toward a common goal
C)​A series of competitions
D)​The primacy effect

Question 48

Why do people sometimes form a false stereotype?​

A)Short-term memory holds only a small amount of information.
B)​The blocking effect interferes with learning.
C)​Procedural memories form more slowly than episodic memories.
D)​People form generalizations quickly.

Question 49

Which policy generally works best for decreasing group prejudices within an organization?

A)Recognizing and enjoying the differences among groups
B)Strong penalties against anyone who makes a prejudiced remark
C)Telling all people to try to avoid seeming prejudiced
D)Emphasizing a policy of treating all people the same

Question 50

You are told to press one button if you see a pleasant word or a child,and a different button if you see an unpleasant word or an old person.Then the pairings reverse.What test is this?

A)Thematic Apperception Test
B)Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
C)Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test
D)Implicit association test

Question 51

What is one thing that the implicit association test tries to measure?

A)Repressed memories
B)Social interest
C)Racial prejudice
D)Aggressive tendencies

Question 52

​What is a "stereotype"?

A)A typical example of a category
B)​Unequal treatment of different groups of people
C)​An unfavorable attitude toward a group of people
D)​A belief about a group of people

Question 53

How did Sherif and other researchers decrease hostility between groups at a summer boys' camp?

A)By telling each group pleasant information about the other group
B)By displaying close friendships between the two sets of counselors
C)By getting the two groups to work together for a common goal
D)By having both groups wear the same uniforms

Question 54

If you were taking an IAT (implicit association test),what would you do?

A)Examine photos and hear messages while someone records your brain activity.
B)Respond quickly to whether you see one pair of categories or another.
C)Look at ambiguous pictures and tell stories about them.
D)Report your dreams and describe what each element in the dream means to you.

Question 55

Implicit association test tries to reveal which of the following?

A)Untapped talents and potential strengths
B)Long-forgotten memories
C)Probability of later developing certain psychological disorders
D)Prejudices that people don't want to admit

Question 56

How did Sherif and other researchers increase hostility between groups at a summer boys' camp?

A)By organizing a series of competitions
B)By requiring two groups to dress differently
C)By telling each group unpleasant information about the other group
D)By having one set of "counselors" attack the other set

Question 57

Why do psychologists use the implicit association test (IAT)to measure racial prejudices?​

A)The IAT produces scores that match the normal distribution.
B)​The IAT measures prejudices that people don't admit.
C)​The IAT measures the way people actually behave in everyday life.
D)​The IAT can be administered without getting informed consent.

Question 58

​What term refers to attempting to understand the causes of a behavior?

A)Association
B)Accommodation
C)Assimilation 
D)Attribution 

Question 59

​What do social psychologists mean by "attribution"?

A)Trying to understand the causes of behaviors
B)​Trying to understand what is expected in a social situation
C)​Trying to understand other people's facial expressions
D)​Trying to understand the risks of a possible action

Question 60

The implicit association test measures which of the following?

A)People's eye movements when surrounded by complex events
B)People's speed of responding to certain pairs of stimuli
C)The memories that people falsely claim to have occurred
D)Similarities between dreams and the events of the day

Question 61

Which of these would lead you to make an internal attribution for someone's behavior?

A)The person behaves consistently from one situation to another.
B)You think you would behave the same way this person does.
C)The person's behavior in this situation resembles that of other people.
D)The person's behavior seems to vary from one day to the next.

Question 62

When are we most likely to make an internal attribution for someone's behavior?

A)The behavior is culture-dependent.
B)The behavior is surprising.
C)The behavior is common.
D)The behavior varies from time to time.

Question 63

Which of these is an example of the actor-observer effect?​

A)You think you exercise to lose weight. Someone else exercises to develop muscles.
B)​You think you hesitate because of danger. Someone else hesitates because of cowardice.
C)​You think you contribute from generosity. Someone else contributes from obligation.
D)​You think you study because of interest. Someone else also studies because of interest.

Question 64

​Which of these is an example of an internal attribution?

A)He got angry with the clerk because the clerk tried to cheat him.
B)He got angry with the clerk because many events had gone badly for him that day.
C)He got angry with the clerk because the store refused to take his check.
D)He got angry with the clerk because he is an angry person.

Question 65

​Which of these is an example of an external attribution?

A)The team lost because it did not practice properly.
B)​The team lost because the other team was extremely strong.
C)​The team lost because its players are not very talented.
D)​The team lost because its players did not try hard enough.

Question 66

According to the actor-observer effect,what attributions do you make for other people's behavior,and for your own?​

A)External attributions for other people; external also for your own
B)​External attributions for other people; internal for your own
C)​Internal attributions for other people; external for your own
D)​Internal attributions for other people; internal also for your own

Question 67

According to the actor-observer effect,whose behavior do you think is most likely to depend on the situation (as opposed to being a consistent personality trait)?

A)You
B)Your close friend
C)Someone you just met
D)Someone you have seen on television

Question 68

​Which of the following would cause you to make an external attribution for your friend's happiness?

A)No one else is happy right now.
B)​Everyone else is happy right now.
C)​Your friend is happy most of the time.
D)​Your friend seems as happy in one situation as in another.

Question 69

"He got lost because the road signs were confusing." This is an example of what?​

A)An internal attribution
B)​An external attribution
C)​The actor-observer effect
D)​The fundamental attribution error

Question 70

Which procedure would make you more likely to make an internal attribution for your own behavior?

A)Think of all the ways you might have behaved differently.
B)Answer questions about yourself while blindfolded.
C)Watch your own behavior on a videotape.
D)Watch someone else do something similar to your own behavior.

Question 71

​Which of these is an example of an internal attribution?

A)She was late for class because the bus did not run on time.
B)​She was late for class because she is not conscientious.
C)​She was late for class because her alarm clock is broken.
D)​She was late for class because of unexpected bad weather.

Question 72

You spend long hours studying in the library one night,and you see other people that you don't know,also studying hard.Because of the actor-observer effect,what do you probably infer?

A)The others are very impressed with how hard you are studying.
B)The others are very studious, although you are there because of tomorrow's test.
C)The others are there because of a test tomorrow, the same as you.
D)The others are probably less serious students than you are.

Question 73

What is one reason for the actor-observer effect?

A)Whatever you watch seems to be the cause of the action.
B)You become self-conscious when you know that other people are watching you.
C)You find it difficult to think about what you are doing, while you are doing it.
D)Many actions take place for reasons we don't fully understand.

Question 74

Liam enjoys his math class.Which of these would influence you toward an external attribution?

A)Liam enjoys his math class more than the other students do.
B)You don't know Liam very well.
C)Liam enjoys his other classes also.
D)Everyone in that math class enjoys it.

Question 75

"I drove fast today because I was in a hurry.That other driver who drove fast is probably a rude,aggressive person." Which phenomenon do these statements illustrate?

A)The actor-observer effect
B)Cognitive dissonance
C)Pluralistic ignorance
D)The forewarning effect

Question 76

Which of the following would cause you to make an internal attribution for your friend's happiness?

A)Most people are happy right now.
B)Your friend is happier now than you have seen in months.
C)You know that your friend is happier around you than around anyone else.
D)Your friend is happy most of the time.

Question 77

​According to Harold Kelley,we make an internal or external attribution based on three types of influence.Which of the following is NOT one of those types?

A)Dominance 
B)Distinctiveness 
C)Consensus
D)Consistency 

Question 78

What is one reason for the actor-observer effect?

A)Some people's behavior is more consistent than others' is.
B)You like to think of yourself as better than other people.
C)You are aware of how much your own behavior varies.
D)You are aware of how much other people's behavior varies.

Question 79

​Which of these is an example of an external attribution?

A)The professor canceled class because he overslept.
B)The professor canceled class because he was not prepared.
C)The professor canceled class because he wasn't feeling well.
D)The professor canceled class because of a power failure.

Question 80

In which of these cases would you make an external attribution based on consensus information?

A)Sophia liked the movie, and she doesn't like many movies.
B)Sophia liked the movie, and she likes nearly all movies.
C)Sophia liked the movie, and most other people didn't.
D)Sophia liked the movie, and so did everyone else.