Deck 15: Part 1 Abnormal Psychology: Disorders and Treatmentabnormal Psychology: Disorders and Treatment

Question 1

What does DSM refer to?​

A)A licensing board for clinical psychologists
B)​A theory about treatment of depression and schizophrenia
C)​A book about diagnosing mental disorders
D)​An association of psychiatrists and mental hospitals

Answer 1

​A book about diagnosing mental disorders

Question 2

In the United States,are anxiety disorders more common in some groups than in others?​

A)No, they are equally common in all groups.
B)​Yes, they are more common in immigrants from the Caribbean. 
C)​Yes, they are more common in blacks than in whites.
D)​Yes, they are more common in whites than in blacks.

Answer 2

​Yes, they are more common in whites than in blacks.

Question 3

What is the defining symptom of generalized anxiety disorder?​

A)Failure to sympathize with other people's anxiety
B)​Tendency to interpret almost every facial expression as meaning anxiety
C)​Inability to feel anxiety
D)​Frequent, exaggerated anxiety

Answer 3

​Frequent, exaggerated anxiety

Question 4

Why are several disorders such as koro and running amok common in some cultures and not others?​

A)People copy abnormal behaviors from others.
B)​Differences in diet and sleep habits lead to different disorders.
C)​Psychiatrists in various cultures use different standards for diagnosis.
D)​Genetic differences are responsible for many psychological disorders.

Question 5

​What have many psychologists and psychiatrists suggested as an alternative to DSM?

A)Rate people along several dimensions instead of giving a single diagnosis.
B)​Let each therapist diagnose disorders whatever way he or she wishes.
C)​Return to using only the diagnoses of neurosis and psychosis.
D)​Let people who have disorders choose their own diagnosis.

Question 6

What does DSM describe?​

A)Classifications of psychological disorders
B)​Drug treatments for psychological disorders
C)​Cultural differences in psychological disorders
D)​Laws about treatment of psychological disorders

Question 7

Can people with different symptoms get the same psychiatric diagnosis? Why or why not?​

A)No, because each diagnosis pertains to a single symptom.
B)​No, because the symptoms of any disorder make it impossible to have a different disorder.
C)​Yes, because psychiatrists have not established any rules for how to diagnose disorders.
D)​Yes, because several diagnoses depend on an "either-or" rule.

Question 8

Which disorder is characterized by unprovoked periods of rapid breathing,rapid heart rate,chest pains,sweating,faintness,and trembling?​

A)Cotard's syndrome
B)​Panic disorder
C)​Obsessive-compulsive disorder
D)​Narcissistic personality disorder

Question 9

What is defined as "a maladaptive,inflexible way of dealing with the environment and other people"?​

A)Reaction formation
B)​Tardive dyskinesia
C)​Delusion of grandeur
D)​Personality disorder

Question 10

What is currently an alternative to the DSM approach to diagnosing mental illnesses?​

A)Ask each person to diagnose himself or herself.
B)​Use laboratory tests to establish a person's diagnosis.
C)​Rate a person's problems along several dimensions.
D)​Use hypnosis to uncover the repressed memories that caused the problems.

Question 11

​Which idea is central to the biopsychosocial model of mental illness?

A)Any disorder results from a combination of influences.
B)​Three types of disorder occur, differing from one another in their causes.
C)​Biological causes are the most important, and social causes are the least important.
D)​Biological factors cause disorders, but psychological and social factors cure them.

Question 12

What is the abbreviation for the manual of standards for diagnosing mental illness?​

A)DSM
B)​IAT
C)​WISC
D)​MMPI

Question 13

Which of these is a major criticism of DSM?​

A)DSM requires use of difficult and expensive laboratory tests.
B)​DSM applies only to relatively minor psychiatric problems.
C)​If we rely on DSM, very few people qualify as having any psychological disorder.
D)​Establishing a diagnosis does not identify the best treatment.

Question 14

​Which of these is a major criticism of DSM?

A)DSM applies only to the most serious psychiatric problems.
B)​Many people fit several diagnoses partly, and none perfectly.
C)​DSM assumes that all people with a given disorder have the same symptoms.
D)​Psychiatrists were already making accurate diagnoses before they started using DSM.

Question 15

Who is most likely to experience panic disorder?​

A)Old men
B)​Old women
C)​Young men
D)​Young women

Question 16

What is a "personality disorder"?​

A)A temporary, unpleasant fluctuation in someone's mood
B)​A social disability caused by brain damage
C)​A combination of three or more DSM diagnoses
D)​A maladaptive, inflexible way of behavior

Question 17

DSM is an abbreviation for what?​

A)Disorders of Sensation and Movement
B)​Deviations, Sadism, and Masochism
C)​Distinct Synaptic Mechanisms
D)​Diagnostic and Statistical Manual

Question 18

Which of these is a major criticism of DSM?​

A)DSM is based too heavily on the theories of Freud.
B)​DSM relies too heavily on genetic testing.
C)​Most people do not fit neatly into any of the DSM categories.
D)​DSM offers too few choices of diagnosis.

Question 19

What is the contribution of DSM to psychological research?​

A)It provides experimental drugs for treating difficult disorders.
B)​It helps different researchers diagnose disorders in the same way.
C)​It helps researchers locate other psychologists with similar interests.
D)​It clarifies the laws regulating psychological research.

Question 20

Which psychiatric disorder,if any,can be definitely established by a laboratory test?​

A)Schizophrenia
B)​Bipolar disorder
C)​Attention deficit disorder
D)​None

Question 21

Why is it difficult to get rid of superstitions and phobias?​

A)The memories are stored deep in the brain.
B)​The memories consolidate unusually quickly.
C)​The responses are based on continuous reinforcement.
D)​The responses are based on avoidance learning.

Question 22

In John B.Watson's attempt to condition a phobia in a child,what was the unconditioned response?​

A)A rat
B)​A loud noise
C)​Crying and other fear reactions
D)​Salivation 

Question 23

Which conditions often occur in the same people?​

A)Panic disorder and agoraphobia
B)​Obsessive-compulsive disorder and substance abuse
C)​Schizophrenia and dissociative identity disorder
D)​Bipolar disorder and anorexia nervosa

Question 24

Why do many people with panic disorder have agoraphobia also?​

A)Both conditions relate to decreased production of oxytocin.
B)​People with panic disorder fear embarrassing themselves.
C)​The treatment for panic disorder increases the risk of agoraphobia.
D)​People with panic disorder have trouble sleeping through the night.

Question 25

How does phobia differ from panic disorder?​

A)Phobia produces more severe changes in the body.
B)​Phobia occurs in adulthood, whereas panic disorder occurs in childhood.
C)​A specific event or object triggers a phobic reaction.
D)​The reaction associated with phobia occurs more briefly.

Question 26

Which fear is common among people with panic disorder?​

A)Fear of open, public places
B)​Fear of the dark
C)​Fear of blood and other body fluids
D)​Fear of loneliness

Question 27

In John B.Watson's attempt to condition a phobia in a child,what was the conditioned response?​

A)A rat
B)​A loud noise
C)​Crying and other fear reactions
D)​Salivation 

Question 28

​In Watson's attempt to produce a phobia in Albert B.,what were the rat and the loud noise?

A)The rat was the unconditioned stimulus and the noise was the unconditioned response.
B)​The rat was the unconditioned response and the noise was the unconditioned stimulus.
C)​The rat was the conditioned stimulus and the noise was the unconditioned stimulus.
D)​The rat was the conditioned stimulus and the noise was the conditioned response.

Question 29

What is a phobia?​

A)An unconscious fear
B)​A fear that interferes with normal living
C)​A fear of something that is harmless
D)​A fear with an unknown cause

Question 30

People with panic disorder are also likely to have which other disorder?​

A)Seasonal affective disorder
B)​Narcolepsy 
C)​Agoraphobia
D)​Attention deficit disorder

Question 31

People with agoraphobia are likely to have which of these conditions also?​

A)Obsessive-compulsive disorder
B)​Panic disorder
C)​Narcolepsy
D)​Sleep apnea

Question 32

In John B.Watson's attempt to condition a phobia in a child,what was the conditioned stimulus?​

A)A rat
B)​A loud noise
C)​Crying and other fear reactions
D)​Salivation 

Question 33

When in treatment for panic disorder,what do people try to learn to control?​

A)Eating
B)​Drinking
C)​Sleeping 
D)​Breathing 

Question 34

Which of these is strongly associated with panic disorder?​

A)Déjà vu experiences
B)​Restless leg syndrome
C)​Hyperventilation
D)​Food cravings

Question 35

People with joint laxity ("double-jointedness")are more likely others to have which mental disorder?​

A)Borderline personality disorder
B)​Bipolar disorder
C)​Obsessive-compulsive disorder
D)​Panic disorder

Question 36

Superstitions and phobias are based on what type of learning?​

A)Positive reinforcement
B)​Avoidance learning
C)​Fixed response schedules of reinforcement
D)​Fixed interval schedules of reinforcement

Question 37

In John B.Watson's attempt to condition a phobia in a child,what was the unconditioned stimulus?​

A)A rat
B)​A loud noise
C)​Crying and other fear reactions
D)​Salivation 

Question 38

Suppose you train someone to press a lever to avoid shocks,and then disconnect the shock generator.How could you facilitate extinction of the lever pressing?​

A)Move the lever toward the person's other hand.​
B)​Temporarily prevent the person from pressing the lever.
C)​Take a "time-out" before continuing the session.
D)​Play some music in the background.

Question 39

What is unusual about learned avoidance behaviors?​

A)They are easily forgotten.
B)​They are highly resistant to extinction.
C)​They fail to generalize to similar stimuli.
D)​Only humans can learn them.

Question 40

People with panic disorder are more likely than other people to have which condition?​

A)Joint laxity ("double-jointedness")
B)​ALS ("Lou Gehrig's disease")
C)​Dissociative identity disorder ("multiple personality")
D)​Strabismus ("lazy eye")

Question 41

What type of object is a common basis for a phobia?​

A)Something that seems highly predictable and controllable.
B)​Something that has been dangerous throughout human evolution.
C)​Something that has become dangerous to many people today.
D)​Something that you expect to see almost every day.

Question 42

What is the most effective treatment for phobias?​

A)Megavitamin therapy
B)​Stimulant drugs
C)​Exposure therapy
D)​Psychoanalysis 

Question 43

In Watson's attempt to produce a phobia in Albert B.,what were the rat and the fear response?​

A)The rat was the unconditioned stimulus and fear was the unconditioned response.
B)​The rat was the unconditioned response and fear was the unconditioned stimulus.
C)​The rat was the conditioned stimulus and fear was the unconditioned stimulus.
D)​The rat was the conditioned stimulus and fear was the conditioned response.

Question 44

J.B.Watson suggested that people learn phobias by pairing a stimulus with an unpleasant experience.What is a weakness of that hypothesis?​

A)Phobias are more common in some cultures than in others.
B)​Many people have phobias about objects that have never hurt them.
C)​Evidence demonstrates that most phobias are inherited.
D)​Avoidance learning is acquired slowly and extinguished rapidly.

Question 45

Why do many monkeys show fear of snakes,despite never being bitten by one?​

A)Many monkeys are born with a gene that produces fear of snakes.
B)​Snakes have an unconscious symbolic meaning, to monkeys as well as to humans.
C)​A monkey learns fear by seeing another monkey show fear.
D)​A monkey that receives a bite from any animal generalizes its fear to all animals.

Question 46

Which of these strongly influences your probability of developing a strong fear after an injury?​

A)Do you know other people who had an injury from the same object?
B)​Have you had previous safe experiences with the object that caused the injury?
C)​How brightly colored is the object that caused your injury?
D)​How symmetrical is the shape of the object that caused your injury?

Question 47

Which of these is NOT an explanation for why a phobia of hammers and other tools is rare?​

A)Most people have had many safe experiences with tools.
B)​Tools were not a major threat to our remote ancestors.
C)​The brain has no area specialized for recognizing tools.
D)​Tools seem more controllable than other possible dangers.

Question 48

​What causes a monkey to form a strong fear of snakes?

A)Monkeys are born with that fear.
B)​Monkeys can develop that fear by seeing another monkey show fear of snakes.
C)​Monkeys learn a fear of snakes only by getting a bite from a snake.
D)​Monkeys learn a fear of snakes by pairing a snake with an unpleasant stimulus.

Question 49

What is a reason why you are more likely to develop a phobia of spiders than a phobia of cars?​

A)You are more likely to suffer a severe injury from a spider than a car.
B)​You are more likely to survive an injury from a spider than a car.
C)​You have many safe experiences with cars.
D)​The danger from spiders is more predictable and more controllable.

Question 50

People receive painful shocks after seeing pictures of either snakes or houses.What happens?​

A)Strong learned fear of snakes if the snakes were paired with shock
B)​Strong learned fear of houses if the houses were paired with shock
C)​Strong learned fear of whichever objects were paired with shock
D)​Strong learned fear of snakes, regardless of what was paired with shock

Question 51

In Mineka's first study,a monkey developed a fear of snakes after watching another monkey run away from a snake.Why was it important to do a second experiment before drawing a conclusion?​

A)Possibly the monkey developed more anger than fear.
B)​Possibly the speed of running was more important than the direction.
C)​Possibly any fear generalizes to fear of snakes.
D)​Possibly monkeys imitate fear from male monkeys and not female monkeys.

Question 52

In Watson's attempt to produce a phobia in Albert B.,what were the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus?​

A)The conditioned stimulus was a rat and the unconditioned stimulus was a loud noise.
B)​The conditioned stimulus was a loud noise and the unconditioned stimulus was a rat.
C)​The conditioned stimulus was a rat and the unconditioned stimulus was fear.
D)​The conditioned stimulus was a loud noise and the unconditioned stimulus was fear.

Question 53

In Watson's attempt to produce a phobia in Albert B.,what were the conditioned stimulus and conditioned response?​

A)The conditioned stimulus was a rat and the conditioned response was a loud noise.
B)​The conditioned stimulus was a loud noise and the conditioned response was a rat.
C)​The conditioned stimulus was a rat and the conditioned response was fear.
D)​The conditioned stimulus was a loud noise and the conditioned response was fear.

Question 54

​Which of these is NOT an explanation for why snake phobias are more common than car phobias?

A)Repeated safe experiences reduce the likelihood of a learned fear.
B)​We are more likely to fear objects that are unpredictable and uncontrollable.
C)​Genetic predispositions favor development of some fears rather than others.
D)​Phobias develop by classical conditioning between an object and a painful experience.

Question 55

What type of object is a common basis for a phobia?​

A)Something that we encounter frequently almost every day.
B)​Something that causes injuries to many people today.
C)​Something associated with unpredictable, uncontrollable danger.
D)​Something that people encounter in early childhood.

Question 56

What procedure is used in the most effective treatment for phobia?​

A)Changes in diet and sleeping habits
B)​Prolonged separation from the feared object
C)​Gradual exposure to the feared object
D)​Probing the unconscious memories behind the fear

Question 57

Snake phobias are common and car phobias are rare.What does that fact imply about phobias?​

A)Classical conditioning cannot account for most phobias.
B)​Vicarious learning cannot account for most phobias.
C)​Inherited predispositions are irrelevant to the development of phobias.
D)​Safe experiences are irrelevant to the development of phobias.

Question 58

Other things being equal,what type of object is most likely to be the target of a phobia?​

A)Something you encounter frequently
B)​Something relatively recent in human experience
C)​Something uncontrollable
D)​Something with bright colors 

Question 59

J.B.Watson suggested that people learn phobias by pairing a stimulus with an unpleasant experience.What is evidence against that hypothesis?​

A)Phobias are more common in young adulthood than in old age.
B)​Most phobias can be traced to repressed memories from early childhood.
C)​Phobia of harmless objects is more common than phobia of something dangerous.
D)​Phobia of snakes is more common than phobia of cars.

Question 60

If an observer monkey sees another monkey react with fear in the presence of a snake,will the observer become afraid of snakes also?​

A)No.
B)​Yes, but only if it sees the snake.
C)​Yes, but only if it has the gene for "fear of snakes."
D)​Yes, under all circumstances.

Question 61

Which of these is NOT true for obsessive-compulsive disorder?​

A)It has been linked to a single recessive gene.
B)​The usual age of onset is between ages 10 and 25.
C)​It is associated with the emotions of disgust and guilt.
D)​It usually improves over time, even without treatment.

Question 62

What is a repetitive,almost irresistible action?​

A)A compulsion
B)​An obsession
C)​A delusion
D)​A paranoia

Question 63

Which of these disorders is commonly treated by exposure therapy?​

A)Schizophrenia
B)​Phobia
C)​Bipolar disorder
D)​Bulimia nervosa

Question 64

What is meant by a "compulsion"?​

A)A fear that interferes with everyday life
B)​A repetitive, unwanted thought
C)​A repetitive, almost irresistible action
D)​A belief that is strongly held despite a lack of evidence for it

Question 65

What is a good method to extinguish an avoidance response,and also to treat phobia?​

A)Present the feared stimulus and prevent the avoidance response.
B)​Prevent any contact with the feared stimulus for at least a week.
C)​Provide positive reinforcement for the avoidance response, on an interval schedule.
D)​Provide positive reinforcement for the avoidance response, on a ratio schedule.

Question 66

Trying not to think about a bear might cause you to experience which of the following?​

A)An obsession
B)​Paranoia
C)​Dissociative identity disorder
D)​Depression c

Question 67

In what way is obsessive-compulsive disorder self-sustaining?​

A)Blocking serotonin transmission leads to increased serotonin production.
B)​Any muscle movement leads to an opposing muscle movement.
C)​Anxiety tends to increase as people grow older.
D)​Trying to avoid a thought makes the thought more intrusive.

Question 68

What is a repetitive,unwanted thought?​

A)A compulsion
B)​An obsession
C)​A delusion
D)​A paranoia

Question 69

What is meant by an "obsession"?​

A)A fear that interferes with everyday life
B)​A repetitive, unwanted thought
C)​A repetitive, almost irresistible action
D)​A belief that is strongly held despite a lack of evidence for it

Question 70

What is the key procedure in exposure therapy for phobia?​

A)Discussing the phobia in a group setting
B)​Reducing anxiety with tranquilizers or antidepressant drugs
C)​Bringing the feared object into the person's presence
D)​Probing the unconscious thoughts or memories behind the phobia

Question 71

Which instruction might cause you to experience something similar to obsessive-compulsive disorder?​

A)"Imagine being attacked by a bear."
B)​"Describe what a bear looks like, in detail."
C)​"Pretend you are a bear."
D)​"Try not to think about a bear."

Question 72

Exposure therapy for phobia resembles which of the following?​

A)Skinner's shaping procedure
B)​Piaget's conservation tasks
C)​The Clever Hans procedure
D)​Asch's procedure for studying conformity

Question 73

Which type of therapy is most likely to use virtual reality?​

A)Exposure therapy for phobia
B)​Conditioned aversion therapy for alcohol abuse
C)​Pharmacotherapy for schizophrenia
D)​Light therapy for seasonal affective disorder

Question 74

Why is it important to repeat exposure therapy,even after the phobia seems to be gone?​

A)To prevent stimulus discrimination
B)​To prevent extinction
C)​To prevent spontaneous recovery 
D)​To prevent stimulus generalization

Question 75

Exposure therapy for a phobia of snakes would begin with which instruction?​

A)Briefly look at this picture of a snake.
B)​Let's see how long you can go without thinking about a snake.
C)​Tell me about your childhood experiences with a snake.
D)​Tell me about any dreams you remember about snakes.

Question 76

Exposure therapy for phobia often uses which of these techniques?​

A)Polysomnograph
B)​Functional magnetic resonance imaging
C)​Virtual reality
D)​Implicit association test

Question 77

Exposure therapy for phobia resembles extinction training for which type of learning?​

A)Variable ratio responding
B)​Skill learning
C)​Shock-avoidance learning
D)​Conditioned taste aversion

Question 78

Exposure therapy is an example of which general process?​

A)Conformity​
B)​Unconsciousness
C)​Learning
D)​Self-actualization

Question 79

What is the usual age of onset for obsessive-compulsive disorder?​

A)Before age 10
B)​Between ages 10 and 25
C)​Between ages 25 and 50
D)​After age 50

Question 80

Which disorder is characterized by self-imposed rituals?​

A)Bipolar disorder
B)​Obsessive-compulsive disorder
C)​Seasonal affective disorder
D)​Generalized anxiety disorder