Deck 13: Thought and Culture in the Early Nineteenth Century

Question 1

Romantic art emphasized

A) photographic imitations of nature.
B) conscious and precise observations of a subject.
C) harmony between the human mind and the subject.
D) a non-religious attitude toward their art.
E) spontaneous and authentic expressions of the artist's feelings, fantasies and dreams.

Answer 1

spontaneous and authentic expressions of the artist's feelings, fantasies and dreams.

Question 2

Of the following, ____ chose to utilize Hegel's idea that there is system behind the movement of history.

A) Hume
B) Kant
C) de Bonald
D) Freud
E) Marx

Answer 2

Marx

Question 3

Hegel's theories may be associated with

A) glorification of the Prussian state.
B) socialism.
C) technocratic socialism.
D) constitutional monarchy.
E) royal absolutism.

Answer 3

glorification of the Prussian state.

Question 4

According to the romantics, abstract and scientific knowledge are insufficient guides to knowledge because of all the following reasons EXCEPT

A) too much time is spent on establishing specific principles on nature.
B) romantics focus on human diversity and uniqueness.
C) romantics feel that individual needs to find and fulfill an inner self.
D) a person needs to play his own music and write his own poetry.
E) a person can survive by reason alone.

Question 5

German idealism developed as a response to the ideas of

A) de Bonald.
B) Hugo.
C) Schlegel.
D) Schleiermacher.
E) Hume.

Question 6

Which of the following shows the dark side of romanticism?

A) It served as background to the extreme nationalism of the twentieth century.
B) It promoted drama and poetry.
C) It supported the idea that the individual artist should follow his or her imagination.
D) It focused on the creative capacities inherent in human emotions.
E) The Romantics shed light on a side of human nature overlooked by the philosophes.

Question 7

How did Hume cast doubt on scientific certainty and the cause and effect theory?

A) He claimed that regularities observed in the past will happen in the present and future.
B) An objective reality exists which rational creatures can comprehend.
C) There is no law at work in nature that guarantees a specific cause will always produce a specific effect.
D) The mind has the ability to sense natural laws.
E) Science is able to prove a necessary connection that produces scientific laws of cause and effect.

Question 8

Which of the following statements is not correct?

A) Conservatives viewed God and history as the only sources of political authority.
B) Edmund Burke was concerned that fanaticism would lead to terrorism.
C) Conservatism did not point to a limitation of the Enlightenment.
D) Conservatives believed that no legitimate or sound constitution could be drawn up by a group assembled for that purpose.
E) Conservatives did not view human beings as good by nature.

Question 9

Who has been called the dominant figure among French romantics?

A) Flaubert
B) Zola
C) Sand
D) Hugo
E) Bacon

Question 10

By attacking reason with an excessive zeal the romantics undermined which important concept that was made extreme by Hitler?

A) They emphasized the importance of political unity of a nation.
B) The emotionalism and irrationalism of romanticism was applied to politics.
C) Romantics erased the poetry of the world.
D) Nationalism was destroyed and replaced by a feeling of world culture.
E) The past was not an important part of romanticism and only a glorious future was important.

Question 11

All of the following are true statements about the romantics except they

A) denounced the rationalism of the philosophes because it crushed the emotions and impeded creativity.
B) yearned to rediscover in the human soul the pristine freedom that has been squashed by habits, values, rules, and standards imposed by civilization.
C) saw feeling as an obstacle to clear thinking.
D) wanted individuals to play their own music; write their own poetry; paint their own vision of nature; and live, love, and suffer in their own way.
E) saw reason as cold and dreary, and its understanding of people and life meager and inadequate.

Question 12

Romantics were most interested in

A) developing academic rules for the writing of poetry.
B) applying laws of nature to the natural setting that was the subject of poetry.
C) composing musical fugues.
D) expressing primitive feelings.
E) critical thinking.

Question 13

The romantics were among the first to attack

A) human imagination.
B) industrial capitalism.
C) folk culture.
D) creative capacities inherent in emotions.
E) humanism.

Question 14

The term Young Hegelians refers to

A) the docents at the University of Berlin who followed their master teacher.
B) former students of Hegel who spread his ideas in the German gymnasiums.
C) those who believed an understanding of the dialectic could lead to change in the world.
D) conservatives who accepted the world as it was because it was the result of a rational dialectic.
E) those who believed society would never be rational.

Question 15

The best characterization of the romantics' attitude towards history is

A) lack of interest.
B) a search for general laws of history.
C) respect for and interest in each specific historical epoch.
D) a search for edifying moral lessons from history.
E) history served a didactic purpose by providing examples of human folly.

Question 16

Which of the following may not be associated with Kant?

A) One cannot actually know ultimate reality.
B) Objects conform to the human mind because the mind creates order within nature.
C) The mind is a tabula rasa.
D) The mind has its own inherent logic.
E) The mind imposes structure and order on our sense experiences.

Question 17

Many romantics saw a dark side of the unconsciousness and were often compared to

A) Aristotle.
B) Freud.
C) William Blake
D) Dante
E) Hume

Question 18

The most important of the Young Hegelians was

A) Feuerbach.
B) Kierkegaard.
C) Hume.
D) Marx.
E) Kant.

Question 19

According to the authors of your text, the central message of the romantics was

A) the liberty and equality proclaimed by the Revolution must be secured.
B) faith must be upheld.
C) imagination was important, but feelings were not.
D) poetry should not seek to philosophize.
E) the individual imagination was primary in artistic creation.

Question 20

The author describes romanticism as a reaction against

A) scholastic philosophy.
B) nationalism.
C) Enlightenment rationalism.
D) the cult of the Great Man in history.
E) the otherworldly Christian orientation.

Question 21

The bourgeoisie in the nineteenth century usually supported

A) socialism.
B) liberalism.
C) technocratic socialism.
D) Hegelian dialectics.
E) radicalism.

Question 22

Who conceived the idea of the Volksgeist?

A) John Stuart Mill
B) John Locke
C) Johann Gottfried Herder
D) G.W.F. Hegel
E) Immanuel Kant

Question 23

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
tabula rasa

Question 24

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
William Blake

Question 25

Conservatives were likely to blame which of the following as the root of human malevolence?

A) Irrational laws
B) Poor education
C) Human nature
D) A bad environment
E) Liberals

Question 26

One may correctly say that nineteenth-century liberals

A) were followers of de Tocqueville.
B) never engaged in revolutions.
C) wanted political power to be concentrated in the hands of the masses.
D) called for universal manhood suffrage with only age qualifications as a limitation.
E) were concerned that revolution would spread to the masses.

Question 27

The American and French revolutions were crucial phases in the history of

A) conservatism.
B) romanticism.
C) liberalism.
D) radicalism.
E) socialism.

Question 28

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Hume

Question 29

Two ideas that were crucial in shaping nationalism were

A) the rational outlook and folk history.
B) that power belongs to the king and the people are his subjects.
C) that the people possess unlimited sovereignty and that they are united in a nation.
D) that all people must have a right to exist and that the strong must respect the rights of the weak.
E) conservatism and radicalism.

Question 30

Which of the following remarked, "over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign...."?

A) de Maistre
B) Burke
C) David Hume
D) Lemercier
E) John Stuart Mill

Question 31

Political conservatives shared with romantics

A) faith in the unique power and value of the individual imagination.
B) devotion to the principle of equality before the law.
C) anti-Semitism.
D) veneration of the past.
E) the rejection of the past.

Question 32

Conservatives were generally

A) critical of Enlightenment principles that released instincts religion had once controlled.
B) suspicious of the theory of natural rights.
C) fearful of utopian visions and those who would implement them by force.
D) of the view that human wickedness was not caused by a faulty environment, but lay at the core of human nature.
E) All of these

Question 33

Scholars would agree with the statement that

A) in Germany, the romantic view of the state contributed to the rise of twentieth century wars.
B) Jews long settled in Germany could be considered Germans by nationalists.
C) German nationalists rejected history.
D) German nationalists denied the concept of a people's inner spirit and instead proclaimed that conscious effort by a talented people resulted in their superiority.
E) the romantics were not the earliest apostles of German nationalism.

Question 34

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
modern nationalism

Question 35

All of the following helped to shape liberalism except

A) the rational outlook of the Greeks.
B) the view that human wickedness was not caused by faulty environment.
C) the Judeo-Christian respect for the worth and dignity of the individual.
D) John Locke's natural rights philosophy.
E) Montesquieu's theory of the separation of powers and of checks and balances.

Question 36

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Victor Hugo

Question 37

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Conservatism

Question 38

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding

Question 39

Which of these viewed with horror the democratic creed that all people should share in political power?

A) Many bourgeois liberals
B) The romantics
C) The nationalists
D) The idealists
E) The radicals

Question 40

For Hegel, the supreme embodiment of Universal Reason in the world was

A) the individual.
B) the church.
C) extraordinary individuals like Jesus.
D) the German volk.
E) the state.

Question 41

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
romanticism

Question 42

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
John Constable

Question 43

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Immanuel Kant

Question 44

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Lord Byron
​

Question 45

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
John Keats

Question 46

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Absolute Spirit

Question 47

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Ernst Cassirer

Question 48

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
John Stuart Mill

Question 49

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Freud

Question 50

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
German idealism

Question 51

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Johann Gottfried Herder

Question 52

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Horst von Maltitz

Question 53

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
nationalism

Question 54

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
liberalism

Question 55

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
William Wordsworth

Question 56

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

Question 57

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Volksgeist

Question 58

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Edmund Burke

Question 59

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Friedrich Schlegel

Question 60

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
E. J. Hobsbawm

Question 61

​During the nineteenth century, liberal nationalist helped to create all of the following countries except

A) ​Germany.
B) ​Poland.
C) ​Greece.
D) ​Italy.
E) ​Turkey.

Question 62

Romantics and German nationalists ​viewed the German state as

A) ​a human institution.
B) ​a rational arrangement between individuals.
C) ​a holy expression of the Germanic spirit.
D) ​a protection of personal liberty.
E) ​an application of universal norms.

Question 63

Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

Explain the connection between romantic thought and the growth of nationalism.

Question 64

Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

What is meant by the term romanticism? hHow did the romantics differ from the philosophes?

Question 65

Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

What is meant by the term conservatism? Why did the conservatives reject the French revolution?

Question 66

​The French Revolution helped propel the growth of nationalism by

A) ​increasing the power of the French Church compared to the Vatican.
B) ​asserting that the state was not the possession of the ruler.
C) ​breaking the alliance between socialists and liberals.
D) ​demonstrating the power of the urban peasants to create a stable government.
E) ​connecting the landed aristocracy and the liberals against their conservative opposition.

Question 67

Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

What is meant by the term liberalism? How did the liberals seek to promote the gains of the French revolution in the nineteenth century?

Question 68

Nineteenth Century liberals​ espoused all of the following except

A) ​freedom of speech
B) ​freedom from arbitrary arrest
C) ​a government derived its authority from the consent of the governed
D) ​universal voting rights
E) ​protection of property rights

Question 69

​Which statement is least associated with the work of Immanuel Kant?

A) The human mind is an active instrument that coordinates chaotic streams of sensations.
B) ​Laws of science are universally valid but our dependent upon our ability to categorize them.
C) ​Our knowledge is limited to the phenomenal world.
D) ​We can demonstrate constant conjunction of events not cause and effect.
E) ​We can only know things we can experience.

Question 70

Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

On a blank map of Europe, designate with arrows the countries that may be associated with the following cultural figures: Shelley, Wordsworth, Keats, and Byron; Hugo and Chateaubriand; Schlegel, Schiller, Schelling, and Beethoven.

Question 71

​Many Romantics viewed God as

A) ​a great watchmaker.
B) ​inspiring spiritual force.
C) ​a manipulative force.
D) ​ an opiate of the masses.
E) ​dispassionate observer.

Question 72

Romantics viewed folk culture as​

A) ​a expression of simple people with little to offer the modern world.
B) ​a collection of superstitions.
C) ​the deepest expression of national feeling.
D) ​deceptive and dangerous to nationalist goals.
E) ​steeped in past knowledge that had been saved by the Enlightenment.

Question 73

Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

On a blank map of Europe, designate the state where each of the following philosophers worked: Hegel, Kant, Hume, and Mill.

Question 74

​Conservatives view of society included all of the following except

A) ​society needed Christianity or else it became brutalized.
B) ​the community is the building block of society.
C) ​society worked best when individuals were free and autonomous.
D) ​individualism could imperil stability.​
E) ​religion is the basis of civil society.

Question 75

Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

Compare and contrast liberalism with conservatism.

Question 76

Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

What was the relationship between nationalism and liberalism in the nineteenth century? Has this relationship necessarily continued into the twentieth century? Discuss.

Question 77

Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

Why was history a very important part of the work of Hegel? In what way did Hegel's view of freedom actually limit man's freedom of action? How did his ideas contrast with the ideas of the philosophes?

Question 78

Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

What were the political views of Edmund Burke?

Question 79

Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

On a blank map of Europe, mark the point of origin of the following ideas: idealism, romanticism, conservatism and liberalism.

Question 80

Which statement best portrays what ​Romantics thought about history and historians?​

A) History is a collection of unique eras and should emphasize the particular.​
B) ​History should be used to teach people how not to repeat past mistakes.​
C) ​History is a list of human folly and error.​
D) ​Historians can never shed light on the creative spirit of human experience.​
E) ​History is best written as a creative expression of the historian's spirit.